The Solar Revolution:Finally . . . It Begins

Photon International, December, 2007

Thin-Film PV Companies (USA)a-Si/Thin-SiUni-Solar – MIApplied Materials – CAPower Films – IAEnergy PV – NJMV Systems – COXsunX – CAOptiSolar – CASignet Solar – CANano PV – NJMWOE Solar – OHProto Flex – CONew Solar Ventures – NMInnovalight – CANanogram – CASoltaix – CAXunlight Corp. - OH

CdTeFirst Solar – OHPrimeStar Solar – COAVA Solar – COSolar Fields – OHCanrom – NYAscentool – CANuvo Solar Energy – COZia Watt Solar – TXSolexant – CABloo Solar – CA

CISGlobal Solar – AZMiasole – CAEnergy PV – NJAscent Solar – COISET – CAITN/ES – CODaystar – NYNanosolar – CAHeliovolt – TXSolo Power – CASolyndra – CARESI – NJLight Solar – NVAmpulse – TNStion – CA

OrganicKonarka – MAPlextronix – PAGPEC – NJLumoFlex – GAMicroFab – TXLuna Innovations – VA

4 5 6 7 8 91

2 3 4

Energy (eV)

Terrestrial solar spectrum

4 5 6 7 8 91

2 3 4

Energy (eV)

Single-junction cells respond to a specific portion of the solar spectrum

in

4 5 6 7 8 91

2 3 4

Energy (eV)

Multijunction cells use multiple materials to more fully match the solar spectrum

Concentrator Photovoltaics

Shifts the major system cost from the cell to the opticsCan afford more efficient, expensive cells

solar cell

Flat Plate Concentrator

lens ormirror

Use optics to reduce the cell area (from 2 to more than 1000 times)

CPV Companies (USA)Triple-JunctionHigh Efficiency(cells/modules/systems)Spectrolab - CAEmcore - NMMicroLink Devices - ILOpel International - CT

Modules/SystemsAmonix - CAJX Crystals - WASolFocus - CAPractical Instruments - CA Stellaris - MASoliant - CAEnergy Innovations - CAMidway Labs - ILPrism Solar Technologies - NYEnfocus Engineering - CASolaria - CACool Earth Solar - CAGreenvolts Inc. - CA

CPV Systems

www.amonix.com

Solar Systems (reflective)

www.solarsystems.com.au

Amonix (refractive)

www.Solfocus.com

Solfocus (reflective & optical rod)

Low-Profile CPV Systems

www.energyinnovations.com

Energy Innovations (800-suns)www.soliant-energy.com

Commercial rooftops and utility targeted

Soliant Energy (500-suns)

100%

74%68%

54%49%44%39%31%

0%

58%

multiple junction (n ∞ ) hot carrier, MEG

Intermediate band, impurity PV, up-con-vertersimpact ionisation

down converterssingle-junction cell

{

thermal, thermo PV (TPV), thermionics(multiple junction (n = 6)

(multiple junction (n = 3)

(multiple junction (n = 2)

Efficiency

CSG Solar approach

. high-T silicon

. high-density contacts

. good optics

. deposit then process

Polycrystalline Thin Film

CSG Solar approach

. high-T silicon

. high-density contacts

. good optics

. deposit then process

• excellent structure forinnovation value-added(multiple junction, quantumdot technology)

Polycrystalline Thin Film

100nm100nm

01.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Photon Energy (eV)

5nm (270s)4nm (240s)3nm (180s)2nm (120s)

Normalized PL Spectra (2-5 nm dots, 300K)

Si quantum dot photoluminescence