THE SOIL FOOD WEB. Soil Biology and the Landscape.
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Transcript of THE SOIL FOOD WEB. Soil Biology and the Landscape.
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THE SOIL FOOD WEB
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Soil Biology and the Landscape
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The Soil Food Web
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Components of Soil Organic Matter
Decomposing organic matter(active fraction) 33% - 50%
Stabilized organic matter
(humus) 33% - 50%
Fresh residue <10%
Living organisms
<5%
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Rhizosphere
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Microbial Biomass with Depth
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Seasonal Microbial Activity
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FOOD WEB & SOIL HEALTH
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Biomass of Soil Organisms in Four Ecosystems
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Typical Numbers of Soil Organisms in Healthy Ecosystems
Ag Land Prairie Forest
Organisms per gram (teaspoon) of soil
Bacteria 100 mil. -1 bil. 100 mil. -1 bil. 100 mil. -1 bil.
Fungi Several yards 10s – 100’s of yds 1-40 miles
(in conifers)
Protozoa 1000’s 1000’s 100,000’s
Nematodes 10-20 10’s – 100’s 100’s
Organisms per square foot
Arthropods < 100 500-2000 10,000-25,000
Earthworms 5-30 10-50 10-50
(0 in conifers)
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Methods for Measuring the Food Web
Counting •Direct counts of individuals
•Plate counts of colonies
Activity levels •Respiration (CO2 production)
•Nitrification rates
•Decomposition rates
Cellular constituents •Biomass C, N, or P
•Enzymes
•Phospholipids
•DNA and RNA
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Bacteria with fluorescent stain for counting
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A Complex Food Web
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Complexity of the Soil Food Web in Several Ecosystems
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Two Bugs are Better Than One
Effects of bacteria and bacterial-feeding nematodes on blue grama grass growth
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BACTERIA
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Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria
Nodules formed where Rhizobium bacteria infected soybean roots.
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Actinomycetes
• Bacterial cells• Grow like fungal hyphae
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Bacteria vs. fungi
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FUNGI
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Fungi and Soil Quality
• Decompose carbon compounds• Improve OM accumulation• Retain nutrients in the soil• Bind soil particles• Food for the rest of the food web• Mycorrhizal fungi• Compete with plant pathogens
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Mycorrhizae
Tree root
Mycorrhizal structure
Fungal hyphae
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Ectomycorrhizae
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM)
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Mushrooms:The fruiting body of some fungi
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Mycorrhizal Fungi
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PROTOZOA
Ciliates • Largest of the three
• Move by means of hair-like cilia
• Eat the other protozoa and bacteria
Amoebae • Also large
• Move by means of a temporary foot (pseudopod)
• Include testate amoebae (with shell-like covering), and naked amoebae
Flagellates • Smallest of the three
• Move by means of a few ship-like flagella.
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PROTOZOA
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Flagellate
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Ciliate
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Amoebae
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Mineralization and Immobilization
Organisms consume other organisms and excrete inorganic wastes.
Inorganic nutrients are usable by plants, and are mobile in soil.
Organic nutrients are stored in soil
organisms and organic matter.
Organisms take up and retain nutrients
as they grow.
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Soil-Dwelling “Vampires”
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NEMATODES
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NEMATODES
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Predatory Nematode
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Root-feeding nematodes
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Nematode Trappers
Fungal hyphal rings constrict when a nematode swims through.
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ARTHROPODS
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Mites and Biodiversity
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Types of Arthropods
Shredders
Predators
Herbivores
Fungal-feeders
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Shredders
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Predators (1)
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Predators (2):Pseudoscorpions
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Predators (4): Centipedes
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Predators (5): Scorpions
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Predators (6)
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Herbivores
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Springtails (fungal feeders)• Abundant in many soils.• Feed on some disease-causing fungi.• Jump by slamming their tail down.
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What is in Your Soil?
Berlese funnel
Pitfall trap
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EARTHWORMS
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Earthworms bury litter
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Earthworm burrow
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Vertical burrows
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Earthworm casts
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Earthworm burrow opening
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Earthworm burrow opening
Midden pile
Burrow opening
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Reproduction
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Night crawlers and tillage
With Lumbricus terrestrisWithout Lumbricus terrestris