The So Called

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    N O T E S 2 9 9

    T h e r o u t i n e n o w i s t o m e a s u r e U sb ( b y m e a s u r i n g J g ,J ~, a n d ) , e s t i m a t e U T f r o m E q . [ 2 ] ( w i t h m = 2 ) , a n di t e r a ti v e l y s o l v e f o r d b i n E q s . [ 3 ] a n d [ 4 ] .

    O t h e r e x p r e s s i o n s f o r U x , p r o v i d e d d b ~< 1 .5 m m , c o u l db e s u b s ti t u t e d ( D o b b y et al. ( 1 ) ) . O n e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n t h a tb e c o m e s a p p a r e n t o n u s e i s t h a t t h e r e i s n o w o n l y o n ed e f i n i t i o n f o r R e i n s t e a d o f , a s b e f o r e , o n e f o r t h e d e t e r -m i n a t i o n o f m a n d a n o t h e r f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f U ~b.

    U s i n g t h i s n e w r o u t i n e t h e d a t a o f Y i a n a t o s et al . (6)w e r e r e e x a m i n e d ; a n e x t r a c t o f t h e r e su l t s , s e l e c t e d t o c o v e rt h e f u ll r a n g e i n d b , is g i v e n i n T a b l e I . E s s e n t i a l ly n od i f f e re n c e w i t h t h e p r e v i o u s r e s u l t is f o u n d .

    C O N C L U S I O NT h e s i m p l i f i e d a p p r o a c h , b a s e d o n a d r if t f lu x a n a l y si s

    w i t h m = 2 a n d a n e x p r e s s i o n f o r U T a p p l i c a b l e t o d b~< 1 .5 m m , g i v e s a d e q u a t e e s t i m a t i o n o f d b i n t h e t e s t e dr a n g e o f 0 .5 t o 1 .5 m m ,

    A P P E N D I X : N O M E N C L A T U R Ed b b u b b l e d i a m e t e r , g e n e r a l t e r m , c mg a c c e l e r a t i o n d u e t o g r a v i ty , cm s 2J g s u p e r f ic i a l g a s v e l o c i ty , c m / sJ l s u p e r f ic i a l l i q u i d d o w n w a r d v e l o c i ty , c m / sm p a r a m e t e r , E q . [ 1R e b u b b l e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r , E q . [ 4 ]U sb s l ip v e l o c i t y b e t w e e n b u b b l e s a n d l i q u i d , e m / sU x b u b b l e t e r m i n a l v e lo c it y , c m / s

    G r e e k S y m b o l seg f r a c t i o n a l g a s h o l d u po l l i q u i d d e n s i t y , g / c m 3//1 l i q u i d v i s c o s i t y , g / c m . s

    R E F E R E N C E S1 . D o b b y , G . S . , Y i a n a t o s , J . B ., a n d F i n c h , J . A . , Canad.

    Metal l Q. 2 7 ( 2 ) , 8 5 (1 9 8 8 ) .2 . M a s l i y a h , J . H . , Chem. Eng. Sci. 3 4 , 1 1 6 6 ( 1 9 7 9 ) .3 . R i c h a r d s o n , J . F . , a n d Z a k i , W . N . , Trans. Inst. Chem.

    Eng. 3 2 , 3 5 ( 1 9 5 4 ) .4 . S c h i ll e r L ., a n d N a u m a n n , A., Z . Ver. Dtsch. Ing. 7 7 ,

    3 1 8 ( 1 9 3 3 ) .5 . S h a h , Y . T . , K e l k a r , B . G . , a n d G o d b o l e , S . P . , A I C h E

    J . 2 8 ( 3 ) , 3 5 3 ( 1 9 8 2 ) .6 . Y i a n a t o s , J . B . , F i n c h , J . A . , D o b b y , J . S . , a n d X u ,M., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2 6 ( 1 ) , 3 7 ( 1 9 8 8 ) .

    M A N Q I U X uJ . A . F I N C H

    Departm ent of Min ing Metallurgical EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontreal, QuebecCanada H 3A 2A 7Received Mar ch 5, 1990 ; accepted Apr i l 13, 1990

    Journal of Colloid and lnterface Science,Vo l. 140, No. 1, November 1990

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    The So-Ca lled Ohneso rge EquationI n a p a p e r p u b l i s h e d i n t h i s j o u r n a l , R i c h a r d s o n ( 1 )

    d i s c u s se d e m u l s i f ic a t i o n b y j e t i n j e c t io n . T h e p r e m i s e o ft h e p a p e r w a s t h a t t h e j e t v e l o c i t y h a d t o e x c e e d a c r i t ic a lv a l u e V o i n o r d e r f o r t h e j e t t o b r e a k u p , a n d t h u s f o re m u l s i f i c a t i o n t o o c c u r . R i c h a r d s o n p r e s e n t e d t h e f o l l ow -i n g e q u a t i o n f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h i s c r it i c a l v e lo c i t y

    r h / ( p i Y i D ) 1 /2 = 2 0 0 0 ( r h / V o P l D ) 4 / 3, [1]w h e r e D i s t h e n o z z l e d i a m e t e r , p l a n d ~/1 a r e t h e d e n s i t ya n d v i s c o s it y , r e s p e c ti v e l y , o f t h e i n t e r n a l p h a s e ( i .e . , o ft h e l i q u i d b e i n g f o r c e d t h r o u g h t h e n o z z l e ) , a n d 3 'i i s t h ei n t e r f a c i a l t e n s i o n .

    R i c h a r d s o n a t t r ib u t e s t h is e q u a t i o n t o O h n e s o r g e ( 2 ) ,a n d i t h a s b e e n r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e li t e ra t u r e a s t h e O h n e -s o r g e E q u a t i o n ( 3 ) . T h e c r i ti c a l v e l o c it y V 0 f o r j e t b r e a k u pi s t h e v a l u e o f V o w h i c h s a t i s fi e s E q . [ 1 ], a n d R i c h a r d s o n( 1 ) g i v e s a n u m b e r o f s u c h c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s .

    R e c e n t l y , h a v i n g b e c o m e a g a i n i n t e r e s te d i n t h e p h e -n o m e n o n o f j e t b r e a k u p , I r e i n v e st i g at e d t h i s w o rk . T om y s u r p ri s e , I c o u l d n o t d u p l i c a t e R i c h a r d s o n ' s c a l c u la t i o no f t h e c r i t i c a l ve l o c i ti e s . I n f a c t, s o m e o f t h e v a l u e s a p p e a rt o b e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t (c f . T a b l e I ) . A l t h o u g h t h e v a l u e s f o rD = 0 .1 c m a n d D = 0 . 1 5 c m a r e fa i r ly c l o s e, R i c h a r d s o n ' sv a l u e s fo r D = 0 . 2 7 5 c m d i f f e r r a t h e r s t r o n g l y f r o m m yc a l c u la t i o ns . F u r t h e r m o r e , R i c h a r d s o n ' s v a l u e s a r e e v i -d e n t l y r o u n d e d , b u t t h e e x t e n t o f t h e r o u n d i n g i s u n k n o w n( p r e s u m a b l y R i c h a r d s o n u s e d l o g a r i t h m s t o d o h i s c a l -c u l a t i o n ) . H o w e v e r , f r o m E q . [ 1] t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h ej e t v e l o c i t y o n t h e d i a m e t e r i s a s D 5 / 8 ; t h u s , fo r a g iv ense t o f l i q u id s , t h e v e lo c i t i e s sh o u ld v a ry a s 1 :0 .7 7 6:0. 53 1f o r th e d i a m e t e r s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n h e r e . W h i l e o u r r e -s u l t s m e e t t h i s t e s t , R i c h a r d s o n ' s f a i l r a t h e r s u b s t a n t i a l l y

    (esp ec i a l ly fo r D = 0 . 2 7 5 ) , p o in t i n g to , i n a ll p ro b ab i l i t y ,a c o m p u t a t i o n a l e r r o r .

    A t t h i s p o i nt , i t b e c a m e c l e a r t h a t t o m a k e a n y s e n s e o ft h e s e r e s u l ts , i t w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y t o r e f e r to O h n e s o r g e ' so r i g i n a l p a p e r . A l t h o u g h w r i t t e n i n t h e t u r g i d a c a d e m i cG e r m a n o f it s p e r i o d , i t i s p e r f e c t l y c l e a r t h a t t h i s p a p e rd o e s n o t c o n t a i n E q . [ 1 ] i n a n y f o r m . R a t h e r , O h n e s o r g ei n t r o d u c e s a d i m e n s i o n l e s s g ro u p

    Z = o / ( 3 , i o D ) 1/ 2, [21w h e r e t h e q u a n t i t i e s a r e d e f i n e d a s i n E q . [ 1 ] . Z i s k n o w na s t h e O h n e s o r g e N u m b e r , a n d E q . [ 1 ] m a y n o w b e w r i t t e n

    Z X R e 4 /3 = 2 0 0 0 . [3 ]A l t h o u g h O h n e s o r g e i m p l i e s a r e l a t i on s h i p b e t w e e n Z

    a n d R e , t h e r e i s n o t h i n g i n R e f . ( 2 ) t o s u g g e s t a n y t h i n go f t h e f o r m o f E q . [ 3 ] . O h n e s o r g e d o e s p r e s e n t a l o g - l o gp l o t o f Z v s R e ( w h i c h , u n f o r t u n a t e ly , c a n n o t b e r e p r o -d u c e d h e r e ) , s h o w i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l p o i n t s c o r r e s p o n d i n gt o v a r i o u s l i q u i d p a i r s . T h e p l o t i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e z o n e sco r res p o n d in g , re sp ec t iv e ly , t o I : d ro p le t b reak u p acco rd in ga x i s y m m e t r i c s u r f a c e o s c i l l a t i o n s ( R a y l e i g h o s c i l l a t i o n ) ;I I: b r e a k u p b y s c r e w - s y m m e t r i c o s c i l la t i o n ; a n d I II : a t -o m i z a t i o n . T h e t h r e e z o n e s a r e d e l i m i t e d o n t h i s p lo t b yt w o p a r a ll e l l i n e s w i t h a s lo p e o f - 4 / 3 . H e n c e , t h e e q u a t i o no f t h e s e l i n e s i s

    Z = f ( R e - 4 / 3 ) . [ 4 ]T h e f a c t o r 2 0 0 0 ( i n E q . [ l ] ) i s n o w h e r e t o b e f o u n d i n

    O h n e s o r g e , a n d i t s o r i g i n i s a m y s t e r y ( e x c e p t , o f c o u r s e ,f o r t h e f a c t t h a t R e = 2 0 0 0 i s u s u a l ly r e g a r d e d a s a c r i ti c a l

    T A B L E IC r i ti c a l V e l o c i ti e s f r o m t h e O h n e s o r g e E q u a t i o n

    D -0 .1 D=0.15 D - 0 .275Liquid From (1) This work From (1) This work From (1) This work

    A n i l i n e - w a t e r 7 0 6 6 . 0 5 0 5 1 2 1 9 3 5 1B e n z e n e - w a t e r 1 00 9 0 .5 7 0 7 0 . 2 2 5 4 8.1Pa ra ff i n - wa ter 150 150 .2 110 116 .6 90 79 .8

    0 0 2 1 - 9 7 9 7 / 9 0 $ 3 . 0 0Copyright 1990 by AcademicPress, nc.AI1 righ tsof reproduction n any form reserved.

    3 0 0

    Journal o f Colloid and Interface Science, Vo l. 140, No. 1, Novemb er 1990

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    N O T E S 3 0 1va lue ) , and Ohnes o rge , wh i l e emphas iz ing the e f fec t o fthe je t ve loc i ty , never specif ica l ly m en t io ns a c r i t ica l ve-l o c it y . I t s h o u l d h e n o t e d t h a t t h e v al u e s o f Z a n d R ec o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h e d a t a o f T a b l e I p u t all t he s ys t emsin to the f i rs t Ohn es o rge ca tegory I (R ay le igh in s t ab i l i t y ) ,w h i c h , I c a n n o t b e l i e ve , is w h a t R i c h a r d s o n i n t e n d e d t od e m o n s t r a t e .

    B o t h R i c h a r d s o n ( 1 ) a n d O h n e s o r g e ( 2 ) p r e s e n t p h o -tog raph ic ev idence tha t pu rpor t t o s how the e f fec t o f thec r i t ic a l ve loc i ty . Thes e pho tog raphs , a l thoug h s t r ik ing , dono t make a quan t i t a t ive po in t . Pe rhaps i t wou ld be we l l ,i n t h e f u t u r e, t o ca l l E q . [ 1] R i c h a r d s o n ' s E q u a t i o n .N e w e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a m i g h t b e o f v a lu e .

    R E F E R E N C E S1 . R icha rds on , E . G . , J . ColloidSci. 5 , 404 (1950) .2 . Ohnes o rge , W. v. Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 16, 355

    ( 1 9 3 6 ) .3 . B eche r , P . , Em uls ions : The ory and Prac t i c e , 2nded . , p . 279 . Kr ieger , M e lbou rne , FL, 1977 ( rep r in t

    of 1966 ed.) .PAUL BECHER

    Paul Becher Associates Ltd.Wilmington Delaware

    Received March 5 1990; accepted Apri l 25 1990

    Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Vol. 140,No. 1, November1990