The Smoker’s Body Telo...
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Every 8 seconds someone dies from tobacco use, says the World Health Organization. Research suggests that people who start smoking in their teens (as more than 70 percent do) and continue for two decades or more will die 20 to 25 years earlier than those who never light up. It is not just lung cancer or heart disease that cause serious health problems and death. Below, some of smoking’s less publicized side effects – from head to toe. 1. Hair loss Smoking weakens the immune system, leaving the body more vulnerable to diseases such as lupus erythematosus, which can cause hair loss, ulcerations in the mouth and rashes on the face, scalp and hands. 2. Cataracts Smoking is believed to cause or worsen several eye conditions. Smokers have a 40 percent higher rate of cataracts, a clouding of the eye’s lens that blocks light and may lead to blindness. Smoke causes cataracts in two ways: by irritating the eyes and by releasing chemicals into the lungs that then travel up the bloodstream to the eyes. Smoking is also associated with age-related macular degen- eration, an incurable eye disease caused by the deterioration of the central portion of the retina, known as the macula. The macula is responsible for focusing central vision in the eye and controls our ability to read, drive a car, recognize faces or colors, and see objects in fine detail. 3. Wrinkling Smoking prematurely ages skin by wearing away proteins that give it elasticity, depleting it of vitamin A and restricting blood flow. Smokers’ skin is dry, leathery and etched with tiny lines, especially around the lips and eyes. 4. Hearing loss Because smoking creates plaque on blood vessel walls, decreasing blood flow to the inner ear, smokers can lose their hearing earlier than non-smokers and are more susceptible to hearing loss caused by ear infections or loud noise. Smokers are also three times more likely than non-smokers to get middle ear infections that can lead to further complications such as meningitis and facial paralysis. 5. Skin cancer Smoking does not cause melanoma (a sometimes deadly form of skin cancer), but it does increase the chances of dying from it. Smokers have a two-fold increased risk of contracting cutaneus squamous cell cancer – a cancer that leaves scaly, red eruptions on the skin. 6. Tooth decay Smoking interferes with the mouth’s chemistry, creating excess plaque, yellowing teeth and contributing to tooth decay. Smokers are one and half times more likely to lose their teeth. 7. Emphysema In addition to lung cancer, smoking causes emphysema, a swelling and rupturing of the lung’s air sacs that reduces the lungs’ capacity to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. In extreme cases, a tracheotomy allows patients to breathe. An opening is cut in the windpipe and a ventilator to force air into the lungs (see image). Chronic bronchitis (not shown) creates a build-up of pus-filled mucus, resulting in a painful cough and breathing difficulties. 8. Osteoporosis Carbon monoxide, the main poisonous gas in car exhaust fumes and cigarette smoke, binds to blood much more readily than oxygen, cutting the oxygen-carrying power of heavy smokers’ blood by as much as 15 percent. As a result, smokers’ bones lose density, fracture more easily and take up to 80 percent longer to heal. Smokers may also be more susceptible to back problems: one study shows that industrial workers who smoke are five times as likely to experience back pain after an injury. 9. Heart disease One out of three deaths in the world is due to cardiovascular diseases. Smoking is one of the biggest risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases. These diseases kill more than a million people a year in developing countries. Smoking- related cardiovascular diseases kill more than 600000 people each year in developed countries. Smoking makes the heart beat faster, raises blood pressure and increases the risk of hypertension and clogged arteries and eventually causes heart attacks and strokes. 10. Stomach ulcers Smoking reduces resistance to the bacteria that cause stomach ulcers. It also impairs the stomach’s ability to neutralize acid after a meal, leaving the acid to eat away the stomach lining. Smokers’ ulcers are harder to treat and more likely to recur. 11. Discoloured fingers The tar in cigarette smoke collects on the fingers and fingernails, staining them a yellowish-brown. 12. Uterine cancer and miscarriage Besides increasing the risk of cervical and uterine cancer, smoking creates fertility problems for women and complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of low weight babies and future ill health consequences. Miscarriage is 2 to 3 times more common in smokers, as are stillbirths due to fetal oxygen deprivation and placental abnormalities induced by carbon monoxide and nicotine in cigarette smoke. Sudden infant death syndrome is also associated with smoking. In addition, smoking can lower estrogen levels causing premature menopause. 13. Deformed sperm Smoking can deform sperm and damage its DNA, which could cause miscarriage or birth defects. Some studies have found that men who smoke have an increased risk of fathering a child who contracts cancer. Smoking also diminishes sperm count and reduces the blood flow to the penis, which can cause impotence. Infertility is more common among smokers. 14. Psoriasis Smokers are two to three times as likely to develop psoriasis, a noncontagious inflammatory skin condition that leaves itchy, oozing red patches all over the body. 15. Buerger’s disease Buerger's disease, also known as thromboangitis obliterans, is an inflammation of the arteries, veins, and nerves in the legs, principally, leading to restricted blood flow. Left untreated, Buerger's disease can lead to gangrene (death of body tissue) and amputation of the affected areas. 16. Cancer More than 40 elements in tobacco smoke have been shown to cause cancer. Smokers are 22 times more likely to develop lung cancer 16a than non-smokers. And according to a number of studies, the longer one smokes, the greater the risk of developing a number of other cancers, including cancer of the nose (2 times greater) 16b; tongue 16c; mouth, salivary gland and pharynx (6 to 27 times): throat (12 times); oesophagus (8 to 10 times); larynx (10 to 18 times); stomach (2 to 3 times); kidneys (5 times) 16d; bladder (3 times); penis (2 to 3 times); pancreas (2 to 5 times) 16e; colon-rectus (3 times) and anus (5 to 6 times). Some studies have also found a link between smoking and breast cancer 16f. 1. Strata vlasov. Fajãenie oslabuje imunitn˘ systém a telo sa stáva náchylnej‰ie na niektoré autoimunitné ochorenia, ako lupus erytematosus, ktor˘ môÏe viesÈ k strate vlasov, vzniku vredov v ústnej dutine a vyráÏok na tvári, vlasatej ãasti hlavy a rukách. 2. Oãné choroby. Fajãením sa môÏu zhor‰ovaÈ niektoré oãné choroby. V˘skyt katarakty (siv˘ zákal oãnej ‰o‰ovky) je u fajãiarov o 40% vy‰‰í ako u nefajãiarov. Zákal ‰o‰ovky blokuje vstup sveteln˘ch lúãov do oka a vedie postupne k slepote. Fajãenie je tieÏ spojené s vy‰‰ím v˘skytom makulárnej degenerácie. Je to nevylieãiteºné ochorenie, pri ktorom je poru‰ená centrálna ãasÈ sietnice, zvaná makula. Makula je zodpovedná za zrakovú ostrosÈ – na‰u schopnosÈ ãítaÈ, rozoznávaÈ tváre a farby, riadiÈ auto alebo rozpoznaÈ detaily objektu. 3. Tvorba vrások. Fajãenie ur˘chºuje starnutie pokoÏky, pretoÏe redukuje jej prekrvenie a vedie k úbytku bielkovín, ktoré jej dodávajú elasticitu. KoÏa fajãiara je suchá, neelastická, posiata drobn˘mi lineárnymi vráskami najmä okolo oãí a úst. 4. Strata sluchu. Fajãenie zvy‰uje ukladanie patologick˘ch látok do cievnych stien (skleróza), ãím sa zniÏuje prietok krvi vnútorn˘m uchom. Fajãiari môÏu stratiÈ sluch oveºa skôr ako nefajãiari a sú náchylnej‰í na stratu sluchu následkom rôznych infekcií alebo hluku. Fajãiari tieÏ ãastej‰ie trpia na zápaly stredného ucha, ktoré môÏu byÈ komplikované zápalom mozgov˘ch blán (meningitída) alebo ochrnutím tvárového nervu. 5. Rakovina koÏe. Fajãiari majú dvojnásobne vy‰‰ie riziko vzniku skvamóznej formy rakoviny koÏe – rakoviny, ktorá spôsobuje nehojace sa vredy na koÏi. 6. Zubn˘ kaz. Fajãenie narú‰a fyziologické zloÏenie chemick˘ch látok v ústach, následkom ãoho sa vytvára zubn˘ povlak, zuby Ïltnú a r˘chlej‰ie sa kazia. Fajãiari majú 1,5-krát vy‰‰iu ‰ancu prísÈ o svoje zuby. 7. Chronická bronchitída a emfyzém. Okrem rakoviny pºúc spôsobuje fajãenie aj chronickú bronchitídu a emfyzém. Chronická bronchitída (nie je znázornená) je sprevádzaná vyka‰liavaním hustého hlienu, du‰nosÈou a zníÏenou toleranciou fyzickej námahy. Emfyzém je nadmerné nafúknutie a potom de‰trukcia pºúcnych mechúrikov, ãím sa zmen‰uje kapacita pºúc, ktorá prijíma kyslík a vyluãuje kysliãník uhliãit˘. V extrémnych prípadoch moÏe dôjsÈ k respiraãnému zlyhaniu a nutnosti vykonaÈ tracheostómiu (otvor v priedu‰nici), a napojiÈ pacienta na ventilátor. 8. Osteoporóza. Kysliãník uhoºnat˘, naj‰kodlivej‰í z automobilov˘ch plynov, je obsiahnut˘ aj v cigaretovom dyme. ViaÏe sa na krvné farbivo (hemoglobín) oveºa pevnej‰ie neÏ kyslík a tak ho vytláãa z krvného obehu. Fajãiari majú schpnosÈ hemoglobínu viazaÈ kyslík zníÏenú aÏ o 15%. Následkom je zníÏenie kostnej denzity (hustoty), kosti sa ºah‰ie lámu a proces hojenia môÏe byÈ predæÏen˘ aÏ o 80%. Fajãiari sú tieÏ náchylnej‰í na bolesti chrbtice. 9. Srdcovocievne ochorenia. KaÏd˘ tretí ãlovek dnes zomiera na následky srdcovocievneho ochorenia. Fajãenie patrí medzi najväã‰ie rizikové faktory rozvoja srdcovocievnych ochorení. V rozvojov˘ch krajinách na tieto ochorenia roãne umiera viac neÏ milión ºudí. V rozvinut˘ch krajinách je to 600 000 úmrtí roãne, pri ktor˘ch zohráva úlohu aj tabak. Fajãenie ur˘chºuje proces cievnej aterosklerózy, pri fajãení sa zr˘chºuje tep, zvy‰uje sa krvn˘ tlak, ãím sa zvy‰uje riziko vzniku hypertenzie a vytvárania krvn˘ch zrazením v krvnom rieãi‰ti, ktoré môÏu vyústiÈ do srdcového infarktu alebo mozgovej m⁄tvice. 10. Îalúdoãné vredy. Fajãenie zniÏuje odolnosÈ voãi baktériam, ktoré spôsobujú zápal aÏ vredy Ïalúdoãnej sliznice a zniÏuje schopnosÈ neutralizovaÈ Ïalúdoãnú kyselinu.Nadbytok kyseliny nahlodáva obrannú bariéru Ïalúdka a vedie k po‰kodeniu Ïalúdoãnej sliznice aÏ vzniku vredov. Vredy sa u fajãiara hoja oveºa pomal‰ie neÏ u nefajãiara a ãasto sa opakujú. 11. ZaÏltnutie prstov. Cigaretov˘ decht sa usadzuje na konãekoch prstov a nechtoch a dodáva im Ïltohnedú farbu. 12. Rakovina maternice a potraty. Popri zv˘‰enom riziku rakoviny maternice zniÏuje fajãenie moÏnosÈ otehotnenia a zvy‰uje frekvenciu komplikácii v tehotenstve a pri pôrode. Fajãenie poãas tehotenstva zvy‰uje riziko nízkej pôrodnej hmotnosti dieÈaÈa a jeho chorºavosÈ. Potraty sú u fajãiarok 2 aÏ 3 – krát ãastej‰ie neÏ u nefajãiarok, rovnako ako pôrod m⁄tveho plodu pre nedostatoãn˘ prívod kyslíka, abnormality placenty spôsobené kysliãníkom uhoºnat˘m a nikotínom v cigaretovom dyme. Syndróm náhleho úmrtia dieÈaÈa sa tieÏ vyskytuje ãastej‰ie u detí fajãiarok. Navy‰e fajãenie zniÏuje hladinu estrogénov, ão vedie k predãasnej menopauze. 13. Po‰kodené spermie. Fajãenie po‰kodzuje kvantitu a kvalitu spermií, mení ich DNA, ão môÏe maÈ za následok potrat alebo vrodené chyby dieÈaÈa. Niektoré ‰túdie ukázali, Ïe muÏi – fajãiari majú zv˘‰ené riziko, Ïe ich deti budú maÈ rakovinu. Fajãenie tieÏ ur˘chºuje aterosklerotické zmeny na cievach, zniÏuje prítok krvi do penisu a môÏe viesÈ k impotencii. NeplodnosÈ je u fajãiarov ãastej‰ia. 14. Psoriáza. U fajãiarov sa vyskytuje 2 aÏ 3 –krát ãastej‰ie. Je to neinfekãné zápalové ochorenie koÏe, ktoré zanecháva na koÏi celého tela svrbivé zdurené zvráskavené ãervené plochy a fºaky. 15. Bürgerova choroba. Známa tieÏ ako obliterujúca trombangitída, je zápalové ochorenie ciev doln˘ch konãatín, ãím sa zniÏuje prísun krvi a Ïivín do tkanív. Nelieãená vedie ku gangréne (odumretie tkaniva) a amputácii postihnutej oblasti. 16. Rakovina. Viac neÏ 40 rôznych súãastí cigariet a ich dymu spôsobuje rakovinu. Fajãiar má oproti nefajãiarovi 22-násobne vy‰‰iu ‰ancu ochorieÈ na rakovinu pºúc 16a. âím dlh‰ie niekto fajãí, t˘m vy‰‰ie riziko vzniku rôznych foriem rakoviny vrátane rakoviny nosa 16b, rakoviny jazyka 16c ústnej dutiny, slinn˘ch Ïliaz a hltana, paÏeráka, hrtana, Ïalúdka, obliãiek 16d moãového mechúra, pohlavného údu, pankreasu, 16e hrubého ãreva a koneãníka, niektoré ‰túdie ukázali súvislosÈ aj medzi fajãením a rakovinou prsníka 16f. The Smoker’s Body Telo fajãiara 1 2 3 5 16c 16b 16a 16d 16e 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 14 15 15 14 16f 7 9 8 4 KaÏd˘ch osem sekúnd niekto, kto fajãí, zomrie, hovorí Svetová zdravotnícka organizácia. Vedci sa domnievajú, Ïe ºudia, ktorí zaãnú fajãiÈ v období dospievania (a je to viac neÏ 70% v‰etk˘ch fajãiarov) a pokraãujú vo fajãení ìal‰ích dvadsaÈ rokov, zomrú o 20 aÏ 25 rokov skôr neÏ tí, ão si nikdy nezapálili. Nie sú to len rakovina pºúc alebo srdcové ochorenia, ão im spôsobujú závaÏné zdravotné problémy, prípadne smrÈ. Na tomto obrázku sa zoznámite s in˘mi, laickej verejnosti menej známymi, vedºaj‰ími úãinkami fajãenia – od hlavy po päty. This poster is an updated reproduction of “The smoker’s body” originally produced by COLORS magazine, issue 21, July-August 1997. A product of NMH Communications. Creating space for public health. WHO, Geneva, 2001 Tento dokument bol vypracovan˘ s finanãnou podporou Európskej únie.Za obsah tohto dokumentu je v˘luãne zodpovedné Stop fajãeniu,obãianske zdruÏenie a za Ïiadnych okolností nemôÏe byÈ povaÏovan˘ za postoj Európskej únie. Kancelária WHO na Slovensku
Transcript of The Smoker’s Body Telo...
Every 8 seconds someone dies from tobacco use, says the World Health Organization. Research suggests thatpeople who start smoking in their teens (as more than 70 percent do) and continue for two decades or morewill die 20 to 25 years earlier than those who never lightup. It is not just lung cancer or heart disease that causeserious health problems and death. Below, some ofsmoking’s less publicized side effects – from head to toe.
1. Hair loss Smoking weakens the immune system,leaving the body more vulnerable to diseases such as lupuserythematosus, which can cause hair loss, ulcerations in the mouthand rashes on the face, scalp and hands.
2. Cataracts Smoking is believed to cause orworsen several eye conditions. Smokers have a 40 percent higherrate of cataracts, a clouding of the eye’s lens that blocks lightand may lead to blindness. Smoke causes cataracts in two ways:by irritating the eyes and by releasing chemicals into the lungsthat then travel up the bloodstream to the eyes.Smoking is also associated with age-related macular degen-eration, an incurable eye disease caused by the deterioration ofthe central portion of the retina, known as the macula. Themacula is responsible for focusing central vision in the eye andcontrols our ability to read, drive a car, recognize faces or colors,and see objects in fine detail.
3. Wrinkling Smoking prematurely agesskin by wearing away proteins that give it elasticity,depleting it of vitamin A and restricting blood flow.Smokers’ skin is dry, leathery and etched with tinylines, especially around the lips and eyes.
4. Hearing loss Becausesmoking creates plaque on blood vessel walls,decreasing blood flow to the inner ear, smokers canlose their hearing earlier than non-smokers and aremore susceptible to hearing loss caused by earinfections or loud noise. Smokers are also three timesmore likely than non-smokers to get middle ear infectionsthat can lead to further complications such as meningitis andfacial paralysis.
5. Skin cancer Smoking does not causemelanoma (a sometimes deadly form of skin cancer), but it doesincrease the chances of dying from it. Smokers have a two-foldincreased risk of contracting cutaneus squamous cell cancer –a cancer that leaves scaly, red eruptions on the skin.
6. Tooth decay Smoking interferes with themouth’s chemistry, creating excess plaque, yellowing teeth andcontributing to tooth decay. Smokers are one and half timesmore likely to lose their teeth.
7. Emphysema In addition tolung cancer, smoking causes emphysema,a swelling and rupturing of the lung’s air sacsthat reduces the lungs’ capacity to take inoxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Inextreme cases, a tracheotomy allowspatients to breathe. An opening is cut inthe windpipe and a ventilator to forceair into the lungs (see image).Chronic bronchitis (not shown)creates a build-up of pus-filledmucus, resulting in a painfulcough and breathing difficulties.
8. OsteoporosisCarbon monoxide, the mainpoisonous gas in car exhaust fumesand cigarette smoke, binds to bloodmuch more readily than oxygen,cutting the oxygen-carrying power ofheavy smokers’ blood by as much as15 percent. As a result, smokers’bones lose density, fracture moreeasily and take up to 80 percentlonger to heal. Smokers may also bemore susceptible to back problems:one study shows that industrialworkers who smoke are five timesas likely to experience back painafter an injury.
9. Heart diseaseOne out of three deaths in the world is due tocardiovascular diseases. Smoking is one of thebiggest risk factors for developing cardiovasculardiseases. These diseases kill more than a millionpeople a year in developing countries. Smoking-related cardiovascular diseases kill more than 600000people each year in developed countries. Smokingmakes the heart beat faster, raises blood pressureand increases the risk of hypertension and cloggedarteries and eventually causes heart attacks andstrokes.
10. Stomach ulcersSmoking reduces resistance to the bacteria that causestomach ulcers. It also impairs the stomach’s abilityto neutralize acid after a meal, leaving the acid to eataway the stomach lining. Smokers’ ulcers are harderto treat and more likely to recur.
11. Discoloured fingersThe tar in cigarette smoke collects on the fingers andfingernails, staining them a yellowish-brown.
12. Uterine cancer andmiscarriage Besides increasing the risk of cervical and uterine cancer, smoking createsfertility problems for women and complicationsduring pregnancy and childbirth. Smoking duringpregnancy increases the risk of low weight babiesand future ill health consequences.Miscarriage is 2 to 3 times more common insmokers, as are stillbirths due to fetal oxygendeprivation and placental abnormalities inducedby carbon monoxide and nicotine in cigarettesmoke. Sudden infant death syndrome is alsoassociated with smoking. In addition, smokingcan lower estrogen levels causing prematuremenopause.
13. Deformed spermSmoking can deform sperm and damage itsDNA, which could cause miscarriage or birthdefects. Some studies have found that menwho smoke have an increased risk offathering a child who contracts cancer.Smoking also diminishes sperm count andreduces the blood flow to the penis, whichcan cause impotence. Infertility is morecommon among smokers.
14. Psoriasis Smokers are two tothree times as likely to develop psoriasis,a noncontagious inflammatory skin condition thatleaves itchy, oozing red patches all over the body.
15. Buerger’s diseaseBuerger's disease, also known as thromboangitisobliterans, is an inflammation of the arteries, veins,and nerves in the legs, principally, leading to restrictedblood flow. Left untreated, Buerger's disease can leadto gangrene (death of body tissue) and amputation ofthe affected areas.
16. Cancer More than 40 elements in tobaccosmoke have been shown to cause cancer. Smokers are 22 timesmore likely to develop lung cancer 16a than non-smokers. Andaccording to a number of studies, the longer one smokes, thegreater the risk of developing a number of other cancers,including cancer of the nose (2 times greater) 16b; tongue 16c;mouth, salivary gland and pharynx (6 to 27 times): throat (12 times); oesophagus (8 to 10 times); larynx (10 to 18 times);stomach (2 to 3 times); kidneys (5 times) 16d; bladder (3 times);penis (2 to 3 times); pancreas (2 to 5 times) 16e; colon-rectus (3 times) and anus (5 to 6 times). Some studies have also founda link between smoking and breast cancer 16f.
1. Strata vlasov. Fajãenie oslabujeimunitn˘ systém a telo sa stáva náchylnej‰ie na niektoré
autoimunitné ochorenia, ako lupus erytematosus, ktor˘môÏe viesÈ k strate vlasov, vzniku vredov v ústnej dutine
a vyráÏok na tvári, vlasatej ãasti hlavy a rukách.
2. Oãné choroby. Fajãením samôÏu zhor‰ovaÈ niektoré oãné choroby. V˘skyt
katarakty (siv˘ zákal oãnej ‰o‰ovky) je u fajãiarovo 40% vy‰‰í ako u nefajãiarov. Zákal ‰o‰ovky blokuje
vstup sveteln˘ch lúãov do oka a vedie postupnek slepote. Fajãenie je tieÏ spojené s vy‰‰ím v˘skytom
makulárnej degenerácie. Je to nevylieãiteºnéochorenie, pri ktorom je poru‰ená centrálna ãasÈ
sietnice, zvaná makula. Makula je zodpovedná zazrakovú ostrosÈ – na‰u schopnosÈ ãítaÈ, rozoznávaÈ
tváre a farby, riadiÈ auto alebo rozpoznaÈ detailyobjektu.
3. Tvorba vrások.Fajãenie ur˘chºuje starnutie pokoÏky, pretoÏe
redukuje jej prekrvenie a vedie k úbytkubielkovín, ktoré jej dodávajú elasticitu. KoÏa
fajãiara je suchá, neelastická, posiata drobn˘milineárnymi vráskami najmä okolo oãí a úst.
4. Strata sluchu. Fajãenie zvy‰ujeukladanie patologick˘ch látok do cievnych stien (skleróza),ãím sa zniÏuje prietok krvi vnútorn˘m uchom. Fajãiari môÏu
stratiÈ sluch oveºa skôr ako nefajãiari a sú náchylnej‰í nastratu sluchu následkom rôznych infekcií alebo hluku.
Fajãiari tieÏ ãastej‰ie trpia na zápaly stredného ucha, ktorémôÏu byÈ komplikované zápalom mozgov˘ch blán
(meningitída) alebo ochrnutím tvárového nervu.
5. Rakovina koÏe. Fajãiari majúdvojnásobne vy‰‰ie riziko vzniku skvamóznej formy rakovinykoÏe – rakoviny, ktorá spôsobuje nehojace sa vredy na koÏi.
6. Zubn˘ kaz. Fajãenie narú‰a fyziologickézloÏenie chemick˘ch látok v ústach, následkom ãoho sa vytvára
zubn˘ povlak, zuby Ïltnú a r˘chlej‰ie sa kazia. Fajãiari majú 1,5-krát vy‰‰iu ‰ancu prísÈ o svoje zuby.
7. Chronická bronchitída a emfyzém. Okrem rakoviny pºúc
spôsobuje fajãenie aj chronickú bronchitídua emfyzém. Chronická bronchitída (nie je znázornená)
je sprevádzaná vyka‰liavaním hustého hlienu,du‰nosÈou a zníÏenou toleranciou fyzickej námahy.
Emfyzém je nadmerné nafúknutie a potomde‰trukcia pºúcnych mechúrikov, ãím sa zmen‰uje
kapacita pºúc, ktorá prijíma kyslík a vyluãujekysliãník uhliãit˘. V extrémnych prípadoch moÏe
dôjsÈ k respiraãnému zlyhaniu a nutnosti vykonaÈtracheostómiu (otvor v priedu‰nici), a napojiÈ
pacienta na ventilátor.
8. Osteoporóza.Kysliãník uhoºnat˘, naj‰kodlivej‰í
z automobilov˘ch plynov, je obsiahnut˘ ajv cigaretovom dyme. ViaÏe sa na krvné
farbivo (hemoglobín) oveºa pevnej‰ie neÏkyslík a tak ho vytláãa z krvného obehu.
Fajãiari majú schpnosÈ hemoglobínu viazaÈkyslík zníÏenú aÏ o 15%. Následkom je
zníÏenie kostnej denzity (hustoty), kosti saºah‰ie lámu a proces hojenia môÏe byÈ
predæÏen˘ aÏ o 80%. Fajãiari sú tieÏnáchylnej‰í na bolesti chrbtice.
9. Srdcovocievneochorenia. KaÏd˘ tretí ãlovek
dnes zomiera na následky srdcovocievnehoochorenia. Fajãenie patrí medzi najväã‰ierizikové faktory rozvoja srdcovocievnych
ochorení. V rozvojov˘ch krajinách na tietoochorenia roãne umiera viac neÏ milión ºudí.V rozvinut˘ch krajinách je to 600 000 úmrtí
roãne, pri ktor˘ch zohráva úlohu aj tabak.Fajãenie ur˘chºuje proces cievnej
aterosklerózy, pri fajãení sa zr˘chºuje tep,zvy‰uje sa krvn˘ tlak, ãím sa zvy‰uje riziko
vzniku hypertenzie a vytvárania krvn˘chzrazením v krvnom rieãi‰ti, ktoré môÏu
vyústiÈ do srdcového infarktu alebo mozgovejm⁄tvice.
10. Îalúdoãné vredy.Fajãenie zniÏuje odolnosÈ voãi baktériam,
ktoré spôsobujú zápal aÏ vredy Ïalúdoãnej sliznice a zniÏuje schopnosÈ neutralizovaÈ
Ïalúdoãnú kyselinu.Nadbytok kyseliny nahlodávaobrannú bariéru Ïalúdka a vedie k po‰kodeniu
Ïalúdoãnej sliznice aÏ vzniku vredov. Vredy sa u fajãiara hoja oveºa pomal‰ie neÏ u nefajãiara
a ãasto sa opakujú.
11. ZaÏltnutie prstov.Cigaretov˘ decht sa usadzuje na konãekoch prstov
a nechtoch a dodáva im Ïltohnedú farbu.
12. Rakovinamaternice a potraty.
Popri zv˘‰enom riziku rakoviny maternicezniÏuje fajãenie moÏnosÈ otehotnenia a zvy‰uje
frekvenciu komplikácii v tehotenstve a pri pôrode.Fajãenie poãas tehotenstva zvy‰uje riziko nízkej pôrodnej
hmotnosti dieÈaÈa a jeho chorºavosÈ. Potraty sú u fajãiarok2 aÏ 3 – krát ãastej‰ie neÏ u nefajãiarok, rovnako ako
pôrod m⁄tveho plodu pre nedostatoãn˘ prívod kyslíka,abnormality placenty spôsobené kysliãníkom uhoºnat˘m
a nikotínom v cigaretovom dyme. Syndróm náhleho úmrtiadieÈaÈa sa tieÏ vyskytuje ãastej‰ie u detí fajãiarok. Navy‰efajãenie zniÏuje hladinu estrogénov, ão vedie k predãasnej
menopauze.
13. Po‰kodené spermie.Fajãenie po‰kodzuje kvantitu a kvalitu spermií, mení ich DNA,
ão môÏe maÈ za následok potrat alebo vrodené chyby dieÈaÈa. Niektoré ‰túdie ukázali, Ïe muÏi – fajãiari majú
zv˘‰ené riziko, Ïe ich deti budú maÈ rakovinu. Fajãenie tieÏ ur˘chºuje aterosklerotické zmeny na cievach, zniÏuje
prítok krvi do penisu a môÏe viesÈ k impotencii. NeplodnosÈ je u fajãiarov ãastej‰ia.
14. Psoriáza. U fajãiarov sa vyskytuje 2 aÏ 3–krát ãastej‰ie. Je to neinfekãné zápalové ochorenie koÏe, ktoré
zanecháva na koÏi celého tela svrbivé zdurené zvráskavenéãervené plochy a fºaky.
15. Bürgerova choroba. ZnámatieÏ ako obliterujúca trombangitída, je zápalové ochorenie ciev
doln˘ch konãatín, ãím sa zniÏuje prísun krvi a Ïivín do tkanív.Nelieãená vedie ku gangréne (odumretie tkaniva) a amputácii
postihnutej oblasti.
16. Rakovina. Viac neÏ 40 rôznych súãastícigariet a ich dymu spôsobuje rakovinu. Fajãiar má oproti
nefajãiarovi 22-násobne vy‰‰iu ‰ancu ochorieÈ na rakovinu pºúc16a. âím dlh‰ie niekto fajãí, t˘m vy‰‰ie riziko vzniku rôznych
foriem rakoviny vrátane rakoviny nosa 16b, rakoviny jazyka 16cústnej dutiny, slinn˘ch Ïliaz a hltana, paÏeráka, hrtana, Ïalúdka,
obliãiek 16d moãového mechúra, pohlavného údu, pankreasu,16e hrubého ãreva a koneãníka, niektoré ‰túdie ukázali súvislosÈ
aj medzi fajãením a rakovinou prsníka 16f.
The Smoker’s Body Telo fajãiara
1
2
3
5
16c
16b
16a
16d
16e
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7
10
11
12
13 14
15
15
14
15
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14
16f
7
9
8
4
KaÏd˘ch osem sekúnd niekto, kto fajãí, zomrie, hovoríSvetová zdravotnícka organizácia. Vedci sa domnievajú,Ïe ºudia, ktorí zaãnú fajãiÈ v období dospievania (a je toviac neÏ 70% v‰etk˘ch fajãiarov) a pokraãujú vo fajãeníìal‰ích dvadsaÈ rokov, zomrú o 20 aÏ 25 rokov skôr neÏ
tí, ão si nikdy nezapálili. Nie sú to len rakovina pºúc alebosrdcové ochorenia, ão im spôsobujú závaÏné zdravotné
problémy, prípadne smrÈ. Na tomto obrázku sa zoznámites in˘mi, laickej verejnosti menej známymi, vedºaj‰ími
úãinkami fajãenia – od hlavy po päty.
This poster is an updated reproduction of “The smoker’s body” originally produced by COLORS magazine, issue 21, July-August 1997.
A product of NMH Communications.Creating space for public health.WHO, Geneva, 2001
Slovenské vydanie plagátu zabezpeãili:Kancelária Svetovej zdravotníckej organizácie v SR
Obãianske zdruÏenie Stop fajãeniuStrana, s. r. o.
Pfizer H.C.P. Slovakia
Tento dokument bol vypracovan˘ s finanãnou podporou Európskej únie. Za obsah tohto dokumentu je v˘luãne zodpovedné Stop fajãeniu, obãianske zdruÏenie a za Ïiadnych okolností nemôÏe byÈ povaÏovan˘ za postoj Európskej únie.
Kancelária WHO na Slovensku
