The Smithsonian Adventure

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The Smithsonian The Smithsonian Adventure Adventure The Smithsonian presents. . . The Smithsonian presents. . . http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/ http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/

description

The Smithsonian Adventure. The Smithsonian presents. . . http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/. WELCOME TO THE VIKINGS!!!. The Vikings in America. Objectives. Identify the reasons for Viking movement westward. Name the prominent Viking explorers and describe their contributions. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of The Smithsonian Adventure

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The Smithsonian AdventureThe Smithsonian Adventure The Smithsonian presents. . .The Smithsonian presents. . .

http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/

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WELCOME TO THE VIKINGS!!!WELCOME TO THE VIKINGS!!!

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The Vikings in AmericaThe Vikings in America

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ObjectivesObjectives Identify the reasons for Viking movement westward.Identify the reasons for Viking movement westward.

Name the prominent Viking explorers and describe their contributions.Name the prominent Viking explorers and describe their contributions.

Summarize the Viking experience in North America.Summarize the Viking experience in North America.

Using websites provided, understand the Viking culture.Using websites provided, understand the Viking culture.

Compare and contrast the Viking explorations with your previous Compare and contrast the Viking explorations with your previous understanding of Columbus’s voyages.understanding of Columbus’s voyages.

Be prepared to debate the question: Who really discovered America? Be prepared to debate the question: Who really discovered America?

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Who were the Vikings?Who were the Vikings?

Germanic tribe that lived in ScandinaviaGermanic tribe that lived in Scandinavia– DenmarkDenmark– NorwayNorway– SwedenSweden

Called “Norsemen”. Called “Norsemen”. They were They were

– FarmersFarmers– HuntersHunters– HerdersHerders– skilled seamen.skilled seamen.

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Who Were The Vikings?Who Were The Vikings?

The name Viking originated with a pirate The name Viking originated with a pirate center located in southern Norway. center located in southern Norway.

They used an expression “go a-Viking” They used an expression “go a-Viking” whenever they referred to exploits in other whenever they referred to exploits in other lands that equated to fighting as a pirate or lands that equated to fighting as a pirate or warrior. warrior.

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the years 700 to 1100 A.D. the years 700 to 1100 A.D.

A vast population explosion in ScandinaviaA vast population explosion in Scandinavia Needed landNeeded land Needed foodNeeded food

Established themselves on the Faeroe Established themselves on the Faeroe Islands, north of Scotland.Islands, north of Scotland.

Soon exploration westward uncovered Iceland.Soon exploration westward uncovered Iceland. Greenland followedGreenland followed

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Viking warships

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Lindisfarne Monastery RaidLindisfarne Monastery RaidJune 8, 793 A.DJune 8, 793 A.D

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Vikings and the Early Dark Ages of Europe

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Invaded northern England & France. Invaded northern England & France.

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Invaded RussiaInvaded Russia

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They were everywhereThey were everywhere

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During this period they explored the North During this period they explored the North Atlantic Ocean and North AmericaAtlantic Ocean and North America

The Vikings venture westwardThe Vikings venture westward

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Viking SettlementsViking Settlements

The Vikings settled IcelandThe Vikings settled Iceland in 872 A.D.in 872 A.D. They remained in Greenland for almost 500 years They remained in Greenland for almost 500 years

until the climate changed. until the climate changed. Recent evidence proves that they actually Recent evidence proves that they actually

established settlements in North America in the established settlements in North America in the year 1000 A.D. almost 500 years before Columbus year 1000 A.D. almost 500 years before Columbus set sail from Spain. set sail from Spain.

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Viking Explorers and ExplorationViking Explorers and Exploration

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Gunnbjorn OlfssonGunnbjorn Olfsson The international The international 'gold standard'gold standard ' in trading was ivory ' in trading was ivory By the end of the 900s, Walrus stocks around Iceland were dangerously By the end of the 900s, Walrus stocks around Iceland were dangerously

low.low. Hunters had to range further and further out to sea. Hunters had to range further and further out to sea.

– Ivory could be traded to anyone in Europe for any goodsIvory could be traded to anyone in Europe for any goods The value went up the further you went inside the continent. The value went up the further you went inside the continent.

Narwhal ivory probably more valuable because of it's resemblance to a Narwhal ivory probably more valuable because of it's resemblance to a unicorn's horn. unicorn's horn.

(The word 'narwhal' comes from the Old Norse náhvalr meaning 'corpse whale' since (The word 'narwhal' comes from the Old Norse náhvalr meaning 'corpse whale' since its white color resembles that of a floating corpse!) its white color resembles that of a floating corpse!)

But!!!!But!!!! – Walrus was the real prey and driving force in trade. Walrus was the real prey and driving force in trade.

Gunnbjorn Olfsson was the one who told Eric the Red of some Gunnbjorn Olfsson was the one who told Eric the Red of some islands that lay west of Iceland. He found them while looking for islands that lay west of Iceland. He found them while looking for better hunting grounds for Walrus!better hunting grounds for Walrus!

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Eric the RedEric the Red

Born in Norway around 950 A.D. Born in Norway around 950 A.D.

When he was about ten years old, his father, Thorvald Asvaldsson, When he was about ten years old, his father, Thorvald Asvaldsson, killed a man and was banished. killed a man and was banished.

Eric’s family settled in western Iceland and this is where he grew up. Eric’s family settled in western Iceland and this is where he grew up.

In 982 A.D., Eric followed in his father’s footsteps and killed a man while In 982 A.D., Eric followed in his father’s footsteps and killed a man while at the at the Thingvellir (The Thing), the lawmaking body of the Vikings . Thingvellir (The Thing), the lawmaking body of the Vikings . He had quarreled with the man before.He had quarreled with the man before. Leif was with him.Leif was with him. He was asked to appear at the council for He was asked to appear at the council for

another reason.another reason.

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Eric the RedEric the Red

Since Eric was a renowned warrior and sailor, it was Since Eric was a renowned warrior and sailor, it was decided that he be banished from Iceland for three years. decided that he be banished from Iceland for three years. Eric really did not know where to go. Eric really did not know where to go. heard about some lands that lay to the west from heard about some lands that lay to the west from Gunnbjorn Gunnbjorn

OlfssonOlfsson.. Eric decided to hire a crew and set sail west with his family. Eric decided to hire a crew and set sail west with his family. landed on the eastern coast of Greenland landed on the eastern coast of Greenland

found it very harsh and unappealing, calling it Midjokull, which found it very harsh and unappealing, calling it Midjokull, which means “Middle Glacier.” means “Middle Glacier.”

He continued, sailed around the southern tip of Greenland, and He continued, sailed around the southern tip of Greenland, and landed on the southwestern shore. landed on the southwestern shore.

He explored this area for the next three years until his banishment He explored this area for the next three years until his banishment was over. was over.

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The Greenland SettlementThe Greenland Settlement

Eric returned to Iceland, but he really wasn’t interested Eric returned to Iceland, but he really wasn’t interested in staying because he had too many enemies to deal in staying because he had too many enemies to deal with.with.

He called the new land “Greenland” to make it sound He called the new land “Greenland” to make it sound nicer and talked about 750 people into returning there nicer and talked about 750 people into returning there with him the following year. with him the following year.

Of the twenty-five ships that set sail from Iceland, only Of the twenty-five ships that set sail from Iceland, only fourteen ships and about 450 people made it, but it was fourteen ships and about 450 people made it, but it was enough to begin a new life. enough to begin a new life.

For Eric, it meant a chance to be in charge and to make For Eric, it meant a chance to be in charge and to make the rules. the rules.

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Life in GreenlandLife in Greenland

Two settlements were Two settlements were developeddeveloped

South: Eastern Settlement South: Eastern Settlement North: Western Settlement. North: Western Settlement.

Years later, this caused Years later, this caused much confusion when much confusion when explorers tried to retrace explorers tried to retrace Eric’s voyages.Eric’s voyages.

The settlements continued The settlements continued to thrive until the climate to thrive until the climate changed around 1438 A.D.changed around 1438 A.D.

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Bjarni HerjolfssonBjarni Herjolfsson A merchant from Iceland. A merchant from Iceland. Around 985 A.D., sailed from Norway to Iceland Around 985 A.D., sailed from Norway to Iceland

to visit father.to visit father. When he got there, he was told that his dad had When he got there, he was told that his dad had

taken off for Greenland with Eric.taken off for Greenland with Eric. Unsure exactly where Greenland was, Bjarni Unsure exactly where Greenland was, Bjarni

used the landmarks provided and headed west. used the landmarks provided and headed west. On his way, he was pulled off course by either a On his way, he was pulled off course by either a

storm or bad seas and came upon the coast of storm or bad seas and came upon the coast of present-day Canada. present-day Canada.

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Bjarni HerjolfssonBjarni Herjolfsson

Bjarni wasn’t an Bjarni wasn’t an explorer explorer

Didn’t land.Didn’t land. Wanted to find his father.Wanted to find his father.

When he finally found When he finally found Greenland and landed, Greenland and landed, he told of three he told of three different landmasses different landmasses he had seen. he had seen.

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The new landsThe new lands One of these lands was barren and rocky, which One of these lands was barren and rocky, which

Leif later called Helluland (Slabland). Today we Leif later called Helluland (Slabland). Today we know it as know it as Baffin IslandBaffin Island. .

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New LandsNew Lands A second area was full of trees, and Leif named it A second area was full of trees, and Leif named it

Markland Markland (Forestland) which we believe to be (Forestland) which we believe to be present-day Labrador.present-day Labrador.

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The new landsThe new lands The third area went unnamed but was an The third area went unnamed but was an islandisland

south of Markland. Today, we know this region as south of Markland. Today, we know this region as Newfoundland. Leif called it “Vinland”.Newfoundland. Leif called it “Vinland”.

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Leif ErikssonLeif Eriksson Leif the Lucky was the son of Eric the Red. Leif the Lucky was the son of Eric the Red. While living on Greenland with his father, brothers While living on Greenland with his father, brothers

and sister, Leif heard of Bjarni’s voyage and was and sister, Leif heard of Bjarni’s voyage and was determined to see for himself. determined to see for himself.

He set sail in 1000 A.D. with a crew of thirty-five and He set sail in 1000 A.D. with a crew of thirty-five and traveled Bjarni’s course in reverse. traveled Bjarni’s course in reverse.

After coming upon both Baffin Island and Labrador, After coming upon both Baffin Island and Labrador, Leif landed in Newfoundland, called it Vinland Leif landed in Newfoundland, called it Vinland (possibly because of the abundance of grapes there (possibly because of the abundance of grapes there at the time) and established a small settlement. at the time) and established a small settlement.

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L’Anse Aux Meadows SiteL’Anse Aux Meadows Site

The settlement only lasted about one year under The settlement only lasted about one year under Leif. Leif.

It was a very harsh climate and the Vikings had a It was a very harsh climate and the Vikings had a lot of trouble with the natives, which they called lot of trouble with the natives, which they called “skraelings” (wretched ones). “skraelings” (wretched ones).

The remains of this settlement were found in 1961 The remains of this settlement were found in 1961 at L’Anse aux Meadows and have been at L’Anse aux Meadows and have been reconstructed. reconstructed.

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L’ Anse Aux Meadows Site

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Settlement

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Fencing around compound

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The settlement in Vinland

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Living quarters

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Communal fireplace

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Viking Pin

Ship’s tool

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Viking Whorl

Lamp

Tools

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The Vinland Map parchment dates to approximately 1434 A.D. Many consider it a fraud, designed to prove the Viking claims!

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Smithy Uncovered

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Smithy Reconstructed

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Interesting TidbitsInteresting Tidbits

Before I turn you loose on some great sites Before I turn you loose on some great sites for individual study, a couple of little known for individual study, a couple of little known facts should be shared. facts should be shared.

Eric the Red was supposed to go on the journey with Eric the Red was supposed to go on the journey with Leif; however, on the way to the dock his horse threw Leif; however, on the way to the dock his horse threw him. He felt it was a bad omen so he stayed behind.him. He felt it was a bad omen so he stayed behind.

After the first journey failed, Leif stayed in Greenland to After the first journey failed, Leif stayed in Greenland to live out his days. He became the chieftain of the live out his days. He became the chieftain of the settlement after his father died. Christianity was settlement after his father died. Christianity was introduced around 1000 A.D. and many churches were introduced around 1000 A.D. and many churches were built replicating the Norse style. built replicating the Norse style.

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More neat stuffMore neat stuff

The remains of one of the most prominent churches, The remains of one of the most prominent churches, built around 1300 A.D., can be seen today at built around 1300 A.D., can be seen today at HvalseyHvalsey. .

Leif’s sister, Leif’s sister, FreydisFreydis, led another expedition along with , led another expedition along with her husband. She was intent on exploring deeper into her husband. She was intent on exploring deeper into the region. She was also pretty bloodthirsty. She the region. She was also pretty bloodthirsty. She convinced her husband to kill two Icelandic brothers convinced her husband to kill two Icelandic brothers who had accompanied them on the voyage while she who had accompanied them on the voyage while she killed all the women single-handedly.killed all the women single-handedly.

It is believed they made their way into the St. It is believed they made their way into the St. Lawrence Seaway.Lawrence Seaway.

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Even more spiffy stuffEven more spiffy stuff

Torfinn KarlsamneTorfinn Karlsamne, related to Leif through marriage to his , related to Leif through marriage to his sister-in-law, sister-in-law, GudridGudrid, attempted to colonize the settlement , attempted to colonize the settlement in 1009 A.D. He brought cattle and farming equipment in 1009 A.D. He brought cattle and farming equipment along with his wife, sixty men, and five women. along with his wife, sixty men, and five women.

They stayed for two years but they couldn’t get along with They stayed for two years but they couldn’t get along with the skraelings or each other. However, his wife gave birth the skraelings or each other. However, his wife gave birth to a son, to a son, SnorreSnorre, the first European born in America., the first European born in America.

The first European to die in the New World is reported to The first European to die in the New World is reported to have been have been Leif’s brother Leif’s brother ThorwaldThorwald, killed by the skraelings , killed by the skraelings in 1003-04 A.D.in 1003-04 A.D.

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And Finally. . . And Finally. . .

The Vikings final left Greenland around 1458 A.D. because The Vikings final left Greenland around 1458 A.D. because of a of a sudden shift in the climatesudden shift in the climate. It is not known whether they . It is not known whether they left voluntarily, but there is some evidence in the Eastern left voluntarily, but there is some evidence in the Eastern Settlement that they were Settlement that they were killed by the Inuitkilled by the Inuit (present-day (present-day Eskimos) based on the remains of unburied inhabitants.Eskimos) based on the remains of unburied inhabitants.

The settlements in North America never survived, again The settlements in North America never survived, again because of difficulty getting along with the skraelings. because of difficulty getting along with the skraelings. However, However, evidence has been found in the remains of Viking evidence has been found in the remains of Viking ships uncovered in Iceland, Greenland, and Denmark that ships uncovered in Iceland, Greenland, and Denmark that indicates that the Vikings continued to visit the Labrador indicates that the Vikings continued to visit the Labrador coast well into the early 1400’s for timber to build ships.coast well into the early 1400’s for timber to build ships. This is based on a study of tree rings.This is based on a study of tree rings.

PRETTY NEAT HUH? PRETTY NEAT HUH?

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Web SiteWeb Site

Another story of Leif Another story of Leif and Snorriand Snorri

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Viking Runes and QuizzesViking Runes and Quizzes

http://www.viking.no/http://www.viking.no/e/heritage/eruner.htme/heritage/eruner.htm

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Nova Link to the VikingsNova Link to the Vikings

While here, learn how While here, learn how to write your name in to write your name in Runes (Norse Runes (Norse alphabet). You’ll see alphabet). You’ll see the link on the lower the link on the lower right side of the shield. right side of the shield.

http://www.pbs.org/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/ wgbh/nova/vikings/

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Questions????????Questions????????

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HomeworkHomework

For homework, answer For homework, answer the questions you will the questions you will find at this link:find at this link:

http:teacherweb.com/nj/http:teacherweb.com/nj/indianmillsmemorial/indianmillsmemorial/rudman/response3.stm rudman/response3.stm

HAVE A GREAT MILZ HAVE A GREAT MILZ DAY!DAY!