The skeletal System. Skeletal System An anatomical reference system called directional terms is used...
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![Page 1: The skeletal System. Skeletal System An anatomical reference system called directional terms is used to identify the location of bones. The starting point.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d965503460f94a7fd29/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Core 2-The Body in Motion
The skeletal System
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Skeletal SystemAn anatomical reference system called
directional terms is used to identify the location of bones.
The starting point assumes that the body is in the Anatomical position; that is, a reference position where the subject is standing erect, facing front on and with palms facing forward. (Diagram next slide)
This enables us to locate a bone in reference to how it is relative to another part of the body.
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Anatomical Position
Sagittal PlaneFrontal (Coronal) Plane
Transverse Plane
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Directional Terms DefinedSuperior-towards the head; for example, the chest is superior to
the hips.Inferior- towards the feet; for example, the foot is inferior to the
leg.Anterior-towards the front; for example, the nose is anterior to
the ear.Posterior-towards the back; for example, the backbone is
posterior to the heart. Medial-towards the midline of the body; for example, the big toe
is on the medial side of the foot.Lateral-towards the side of the body; for example, the little toe is
on the lateral side of the foot. Proximal- towards the body’s mass; for example, the shoulder is
proximal to the elbow.Distal- away from the body’s mass; for example, the elbow is
distal to the shoulder.
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Skeletal System IntroductionThe adult human skeleton has 206 bones.
They range in shape and size, a feature that allows them to perform specialised functions.
Functions of bones:1. Protection to vital organs, for example the
cranium and ribs.2. Support framework for the body3. Movement-site of muscle attachment4. Storage- minerals, for example calcium 5. Production of Red Blood Cells and White
Blood Cells
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Skeletal System IntroductionThe skeleton is divided into two (2) major
portions: The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
1. Axial skeleton-consists of the bones of the skull, the vertebral column and the rib cage.
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Skeletal System Introduction2. Appendicular skeleton-consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bony girdles that support them on the body trunk. Pectoral girdle
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Types of BoneThere are five (5) types of bone-long, short, flat, irregular and
sesamoid.1. Long Bones- are hollow, tubular in shape and have along shaft. The ends of long bones form the articulating or connecting surfaces at joints. - these bones can withstand heavy stress and are important in weight bearing.- examples: humerus, femur, radius, tibia, ulna and phalanges.
2. Short Bones- are shaped like a cube and almost equal in length and width.- examples: bones in the wrist (carpals) and ankle bones (tarsals)
3. Flat Bones- generally thin with a layer of spongy bone in their centre. - they are usually broad in shape and have a smooth surface allowing a large area for muscle attachment.-examples: scapula, cranial bones, sternum and ribs
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Types of Bone4. Irregular Bones- complex shapes, for example vertebrae
5. Sesamoid Bones- this type of bone is small and found in special tissue called tendons, where there can be more than usual pressure applied.- examples: the patella
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Overview of skeletal bones
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Overview of skeletal bones
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Vertebral Column
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Joint Types (page 133-Outcomes)Joint Classification
Definition Movement actions allowed
Examples
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
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Types of synovial jointsType of synovial joint
Definition Examples
Hinge joint
(Uniaxial)
Hinge joints are UNIAXIAL like a door hinge.-movement restricted to flexion and extension
• Knee Joint• Elbow Joint
Ball and socket joint
(Multiaxial)
Consists of a head that fits into a cup like depression.-Most flexible joint-MULTIAXIAL joint
• Shoulder• Hip
Condyloid/ellipsoidal joint
(Biaxial)
Convex condyle that fits into a concave surface. -BIAXIAL
• Metacarpophalangeal joint (Knuckles)
• Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction and Circumduction
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Types of synovial jointsType of synovial joint
Definition Examples
Pivot Joint
(Uniaxial)
Consist of a bony pivot projection with a osteoligamentous.
• C1 and C2-move head from side to side.
• Radius and ulna joint at proximal end. (supination/pronation)
Plane/gliding Joint
(Non-Axial)
-Only example of a non-axial joint. Articular surfaces are flat and only allow slipping or gliding movements.
• Carpals• Tarsals
Saddle Joint
(Biaxial)
Each articular surface has both a concave and convex areas that fit together. It is shaped like a saddle.
• Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs.
• Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction and Circumduction
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Function and structure of the knee joint
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Feature of synovial jointsWrite notes on features from page 133-134 outcomes textbook. (Ligaments, tendons, synovial fluid and hyaline cartilage).