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![Page 1: The Skeletal System: Intro and Axial - Biology Building Blocksbioblocks.weebly.com/uploads/8/7/0/6/8706802/notes_-_skull_axial... · The Skeletal System: Intro and Axial Structure,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042611/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd53/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Skeletal System: Intro
and AxialStructure, Function, and
Diseases
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Is this the correct anatomical position?
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The Skeletal System
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Parts of the skeletal system•Bones (skeleton)
• Joints
•Cartilages
• Ligaments (bone to bone)
• Tendon bone to muscle)
• Divided into two divisions•Axial skeleton- skull, spinal column
•Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
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Functions of Bones
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
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Bones of the Human Body
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue•Compact bone• Homogeneous
•Spongy bone• Small needle-like
pieces of bone
• Many open spacesFigure 5.2b
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Bones are classified by their shape:
1.Long- bones are longer than they are wide (arms, legs)
2.Short- usually square in shape, cube like (wrist, ankle)
3.Flat- flat , curved (skull, Sternum)
4.Irregular- odd shapes (vertebrae, pelvis)
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
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Types of Bone Cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteocytes• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts• Bone-destroying cells• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and trunkAxial skeleton:• skull - cranium and facial bones)• hyoid bone - anchors tongue and
muscles.– associated with swallowing
• vertebral column - vertebrae and disks
• bony thorax - ribs and sternum
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The Axial Skeleton
Slide 5 20a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
• Divided into three parts•Skull•Vertebral Column•Rib Cage
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The Axial Skeleton
Slide 5 20b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6
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The Skull
•8 sutured bones in cranium•Facial bones:
–13 sutured bones –1 mandible
Craniumencases brainattachments for musclessinuses
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Bones of the Skull
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11
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Allows forgrowth
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Paranasal Sinuses
Slide 5 25a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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The Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue, and other muscle attachments
Figure 5.12
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The Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs made of cartilage
• The spine has a normal S curvature
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14
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Thoracic cageribsthoracic
Vertebraesternumcostal cartilages
•True ribs are directly attached to the sternum(first seven pairs)•Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib•Two pairs of floating ribs
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Changes in the Human Skeleton
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
•Bridge of the nose
•Parts of ribs
• Joints
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Bone Fractures
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A break in a bone• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
• Greenstick- frays, hard to repair, breaks like a green twig
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization• Realignment of the bone
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Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and
bones that anchor them to the axial skeletonAppendicular skeleton:
pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)
upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)
Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed.
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JointsA joint, or articulation, is the place where
two bones come together.
• Fibrous- Immovable:connect bones, no movement. (skull and pelvis).
• Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached by cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs).
• Synovial- freely movable, much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.
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The Synovial Joint
Slide 5.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.28
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Slide 5 52a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Slide 5 52b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f
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Types of JointsHinge- A hinge joint allows extension
and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)
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Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
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Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands, Feet)
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Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. (Thumb)