The Skeletal System Chapter 5 Notes. Composed bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilages. 1.Support ...

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Chapter 5Chapter 5

NotesNotes

Composed bones, ligaments, tendons, and Composed bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilages.cartilages.

1.1. SupportSupport bones of the legs, pelvic girdle, and vertebral bones of the legs, pelvic girdle, and vertebral

column support the weight of the erect body.column support the weight of the erect body. The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth.The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth. Other bones support various organs and Other bones support various organs and

tissues.tissues.2.2. Protection Protection

The bones of the skull protect the brain.The bones of the skull protect the brain. Ribs and sternum (breastbone) protect the Ribs and sternum (breastbone) protect the

lungs and heart.lungs and heart. Vertebrae protect the spinal cord.Vertebrae protect the spinal cord.

LG 5B: FunctionsLG 5B: Functions

3.3. Movement Movement Skeletal muscles use the bones Skeletal muscles use the bones

as levers to move the body.as levers to move the body.4.4. Stores minerals & adipose tissueStores minerals & adipose tissue

99% of the body’s calcium is 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone.stored in bone.

85% of the body’s phosphorous is 85% of the body’s phosphorous is stored in bone.stored in bone.

Adipose tissue is found in the Adipose tissue is found in the marrow of certain bones.marrow of certain bones.

5.5. Hematopoiesis - blood cell Hematopoiesis - blood cell formation.formation. All blood cells are made in the All blood cells are made in the

marrow of certain bonesmarrow of certain bones..

LG 5A: Bone ClassificationLG 5A: Bone Classification There are 206 bonesThere are 206 bones 2 large groups:2 large groups:

Axial skeletonAxial skeletonForms long axis of the body.Forms long axis of the body.bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib

cage.cage.protection, support, and carrying other body protection, support, and carrying other body

parts.parts. Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton

Bones of upper & lower limbs and the girdles Bones of upper & lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach them (shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach them to the axial skeleton.to the axial skeleton.

locomotion and manipulation of the environmentlocomotion and manipulation of the environment..

LG 5C: LG 5C: 4 types of 4 types of bonesbones

1.1. Long Bones Long Bones Much longer than they are Much longer than they are

wide.wide. Arm, leg, and finger bones.Arm, leg, and finger bones.

2.2. Short BonesShort Bones Roughly cube shaped.Roughly cube shaped. Bones of the wrist and the Bones of the wrist and the

ankle.ankle.

3.3. Flat BonesFlat Bones Thin, flattened, and usually a Thin, flattened, and usually a

bit curved.bit curved. Scapula, sternum, ribs and Scapula, sternum, ribs and

most bones of the skull.most bones of the skull.4.4. Irregular BonesIrregular Bones

weird shapes.weird shapes. Vertebrae, hip bones, Vertebrae, hip bones,

2 skull bones - 2 skull bones - sphenoid & ethmoidsphenoid & ethmoid

5. 5. SesamoidSesamoid- free floating - free floating bones patella & hyoidbones patella & hyoid

Sternum

Sphenoid Bone

LG 5D: LG 5D: Structure of a Structure of a

Long BoneLong Bone

Bone CompositionBone Composition

Bone is living tissue.Bone is living tissue. It is a solid network of cells and protein fibers It is a solid network of cells and protein fibers

surrounded by deposits of minerals. surrounded by deposits of minerals. Components:Components:

32% Organic materials32% Organic materials(collagen and bone cells)(collagen and bone cells)

43% Minerals43% Minerals(calcium and(calcium and phosphorous) phosphorous)

25% Water25% Water

Bone CellsBone Cells There are four main types of bone cells in bone tissue. There are four main types of bone cells in bone tissue.

Osteogenic cellsOsteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to osteoblasts and fractures, by giving rise to osteoblasts and osteoclasts.osteoclasts.

OsteoblastsOsteoblasts (bone-forming cells) synthesize and (bone-forming cells) synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the found in areas of high metabolism within the bone. bone.

OsteocytesOsteocytes are mature bone cells made from are mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. themselves.

OsteoclastsOsteoclasts are large cells that break down bone are large cells that break down bone tissue. They are very important to bone growth, tissue. They are very important to bone growth, healing, and remodeling. healing, and remodeling.

Skeletal TissueSkeletal Tissue 4 main types4 main types Compact boneCompact bone Spongy boneSpongy bone CartilageCartilage FibroblastsFibroblasts

spongyspongy

compactcompact cartilagecartilage fibroblastsfibroblasts

LigamentLigament

Anatomy Anatomy of a of a

Typical Typical Long Long BoneBone

Femur

Structure of BoneStructure of Bone

Structure of boneStructure of bone

Taking a Taking a closer closer look: look: A cross-A cross-section of section of the long the long bone. bone.

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of BoneStructure of Bone

Notice…Notice…Hyalin cartilage Hyalin cartilage covers the ends of covers the ends of bones where they bones where they articulate (join) with articulate (join) with other bones.other bones.

As adulthood is As adulthood is reached, the reached, the epiphyseal plateepiphyseal plate(growth plate) is (growth plate) is replaced by bone and replaced by bone and fuses, thus fuses, thus completing growth.completing growth.

Structure of BoneStructure of BoneWhat parts do you remember? Let’s Quiz Ourselves!What parts do you remember? Let’s Quiz Ourselves!

Blood vesselsBlood vessels Bone marrowBone marrow Compact boneCompact bone HaversianHaversian

canalcanal OsteocyteOsteocyte PeriosteumPeriosteum Spongy boneSpongy bone

4

6

7

1

3

2

5 1

{ 23

5

6

7

4

Bone FormationBone Formation Called Ossification-Called Ossification-

Process of producing bone from cartilageProcess of producing bone from cartilage ________ is replaced by ________ is replaced by

_________ which secrete _________ which secrete ________deposits and ________deposits and then mature into then mature into __________(bone cells). __________(bone cells).

___________ break ___________ break down bone and removedown bone and remove_________bone tissue _________bone tissue when a bone is broken. when a bone is broken.

CartilageCartilageosteoblastsosteoblastsmineralmineral

osteocytesosteocytesOsteoclasts Osteoclasts

damageddamaged

x

Bone FormationBone Formation

The _______The _______plate (epiphyseal plate (epiphyseal disc) is an area of disc) is an area of _______ in the _______ in the _____of long _____of long bones where bones where bone _________ bone _________ occurs. occurs.

lengtheninglengthening

growthgrowth

cartilagecartilageendsends

Growth in LengthGrowth in Length

10 week fetus10 week fetus

Cartilage boneof the skull

Intramembranousossification

produces theroofing bones

of the skull

Primaryossification

centers of thediaphyses

(skeleton of thelower limb)

Futurehip bone


The basic shape The basic shape of a long bone, of a long bone, such as an arm such as an arm bone, is first bone, is first formed as formed as cartilagecartilage

Bone Bone growth growth begins long begins long before birth.before birth.




Ossification Ossification begins to take begins to take place up to place up to seven months seven months before birthbefore birth

Bone FormationBone Formation Babies are born with 350 bones, Babies are born with 350 bones,

many are composed almost entirely many are composed almost entirely of cartilage.of cartilage.

Later the cartilage cells will be Later the cartilage cells will be replaced by cells that form the replaced by cells that form the

bones.bones. (ossification) (ossification)

Long bones develop and grow through out Long bones develop and grow through out childhood at the centers of ossification childhood at the centers of ossification (growth plates)(growth plates)

The SOFT SPOT of a babie’s skull The SOFT SPOT of a babie’s skull will fuse around age will fuse around age 2, but growth of the 2, but growth of the skull continues until skull continues until adulthood. adulthood.


Between the ages of Between the ages of 16 and 25 years, all of 16 and 25 years, all of the cartilage of the the cartilage of the epiphyseal disc is epiphyseal disc is replaced by bone. replaced by bone. This is called closure This is called closure of the epiphyseal disc, of the epiphyseal disc, and the bone and the bone lengthening process lengthening process stops. stops.

Stages of OssificationStages of Ossification

Bone FormationBone FormationGGRROOWWTTHH

IINN

WW IIDDTTHH

Bones of the SkeletonBones of the Skeleton

The The adult adult

skeleton skeleton contains contains

_____ _____ bonesbones

206206

Name That BoneName That Bone

carpalscarpals clavicleclavicle coccyxcoccyx femurfemur fibulafibula humerushumerus mandiblemandible metacarpalsmetacarpals metatarsalsmetatarsals patellapatella phalangesphalanges

pelvispelvis radiusradius ribsribs sacrumsacrum scapulascapula skullskull sternumsternum tarsalstarsals tibiatibia ulnaulna vertebraevertebrae

Do you recognize these 22 bones?

21

22

20

15

19

14 17

18

13

1

4

32

7

6

5

9

8

10

16

1111

2122

20

19

12

18

15

16

17

13

14

109

8

65

4

3

2

1

11

7 12

Divisions of SkeletonDivisions of Skeleton

Axial and AppenicularSkeletons

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton THE AXIAL SKELETON - CONSIST THE AXIAL SKELETON - CONSIST

OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGECOLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGE

SkullSkull Vertebral columnVertebral column Rib cage (ribs + sternum)Rib cage (ribs + sternum)

Skull

Skull BonesSkull Bones* * The Skull consists of The Skull consists of

8 CRANIAL BONES + 8 CRANIAL BONES + 13 FACIAL BONES13 FACIAL BONES* The Ears consists of* The Ears consists of 6 BONES and6 BONES and* Floating in the throat is * Floating in the throat is

1 HYOID BONE1 HYOID BONE

Inner Ear

Rib CageRib Cage

Also called the Thoracic CageAlso called the Thoracic Cage 12 pairs of RIBS12 pairs of RIBS

7 true ribs7 true ribs 5 false ribs5 false ribs 2 floating ribs2 floating ribs

1 STERNUM1 STERNUM

(breastbone)(breastbone)

Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column The Vertebral The Vertebral

Column (Spinal Column (Spinal Column or Column or Backbone)Backbone)

7 CERVICAL (NECK) 7 CERVICAL (NECK) VERTEBRAE,VERTEBRAE,

12 THORACIC12 THORACIC 5 LUMBAR,5 LUMBAR, 5 FUSED VERTEBRAE 5 FUSED VERTEBRAE

INTO 1 SACRUM, INTO 1 SACRUM, 4 SMALL FUSED 4 SMALL FUSED

VERTEBRAE INTO 1 VERTEBRAE INTO 1 COCCYX (YOUR TAIL COCCYX (YOUR TAIL BONE)BONE)

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton

THE APPENDICULAR THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON – consists SKELETON – consists of bones of the:of bones of the: ARMS (upper limbs) ARMS (upper limbs) LEGS (lower limbs) LEGS (lower limbs) SHOULDER GIRDLE SHOULDER GIRDLE

(pectoral girdle)(pectoral girdle) HIP GIRDLEHIP GIRDLE

(pelvic girdle)(pelvic girdle)

Shoulder Girdles and ArmsShoulder Girdles and Arms

The Shoulder girdle is also The Shoulder girdle is also called the pectoral girdle called the pectoral girdle

Consists of 4 bonesConsists of 4 bones Upper limbs consist of 60 Upper limbs consist of 60

bones (the hands and wrist bones (the hands and wrist contain 54 contain 54 separate separate bones).bones).

Hip Girdles and LegsHip Girdles and Legs

The hip girdle is also called the pelvic girdle The hip girdle is also called the pelvic girdle Consists of Consists of 2 bones 2 bones Lower limbs consist of Lower limbs consist of

60 bones (the ankles60 bones (the anklesand feet contain 52 and feet contain 52 separate bones)separate bones)

Comparison of SkletonsComparison of Skletons

The Human Skeleton is homologous to The Human Skeleton is homologous to skeletons of other animals. Once you learn the skeletons of other animals. Once you learn the bones in a human, you can identify the bones in bones in a human, you can identify the bones in other animals. other animals.

catrat

horse

Bone Classification by ShapeBone Classification by Shape

5 Types5 Types LongLong ShortShort FlatFlat IrregularIrregular sesamoidsesamoid

Shapes of BonesShapes of Bones Long bones are longer than they are wide and work as levers. Long bones are longer than they are wide and work as levers.

The bones of the upper and lower extremities (ex. humerus,The bones of the upper and lower extremities (ex. humerus, tibia, femur, ulna, metacarpals, etc.) are of this type. tibia, femur, ulna, metacarpals, etc.) are of this type.

Short bones are short, cube- shaped, Short bones are short, cube- shaped, and found in the wrists and ankles. and found in the wrists and ankles.

Flat bones have broad Flat bones have broad surfaces for protection of organs surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles (ex. cranial and attachment of muscles (ex. cranial bones, ribs, and bones of hip and shoulder girdles).bones, ribs, and bones of hip and shoulder girdles).

Irregular bones are all others that do not fall into Irregular bones are all others that do not fall into the previous categories. They have varied shapes, the previous categories. They have varied shapes, sizes, and surface features and include sizes, and surface features and include the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull. the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull.

Skeletal DisordersSkeletal Disorders

A broken bone isA broken bone is known as a known as a

fracture. This can fracture. This can simply be a crack simply be a crack or buckle in the or buckle in the structure of the structure of the

bone, or a bone, or a complete break, complete break, producing two or producing two or more fragments. more fragments.

FracturesFractures


The repair of bone fractures is similar The repair of bone fractures is similar to embryonic bone formation.to embryonic bone formation.

Bone Fracture RepairBone Fracture Repair


Consists of more than 100Consists of more than 100 different conditions different conditions

The common denominator The common denominator for all these conditions for all these conditions is joint pain is joint pain

Osteoarthritis- nick-named Osteoarthritis- nick-named “wear and tear” arthritis “wear and tear” arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most crippling forms of arthritis. It is characterized one of the most crippling forms of arthritis. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the lining of joints. by chronic inflammation of the lining of joints.

Arthritis- inflammation of the jointsArthritis- inflammation of the joints

ArthritisArthritis


Osteoporosis- literally means "porous bones“Osteoporosis- literally means "porous bones“ Occurs when a body's blood calcium level is low and Occurs when a body's blood calcium level is low and

calcium from bones is dissolved into the blood to calcium from bones is dissolved into the blood to maintain a proper balance. maintain a proper balance.

Over time, bone mass and bone Over time, bone mass and bone strength decrease. As a result, strength decrease. As a result, bones become dotted with pits bones become dotted with pits and pores, weak and fragile, and pores, weak and fragile, and break easily.and break easily.

Other factors besides age can Other factors besides age can lead to osteoporosis, such as a lead to osteoporosis, such as a diet low in calcium and protein, a lack of vitamin D, diet low in calcium and protein, a lack of vitamin D, smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and insufficient smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and insufficient weight-bearing exercises to stress the bones.weight-bearing exercises to stress the bones.

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis


Childhood disorder Childhood disorder involving softening involving softening and weakening of the and weakening of the bones. bones.

It is primarily caused It is primarily caused by lack of vitamin D, by lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate calcium, or phosphate

RicketsRickets


Condition involving complex lateral Condition involving complex lateral and rotational curvature and and rotational curvature and deformity of the spine. deformity of the spine.

Typically classified as:Typically classified as: Idiopathic (unknown cause) Idiopathic (unknown cause) Congenital (caused by vertebral Congenital (caused by vertebral

abnormality present at birth) abnormality present at birth) possibly inherited possibly inherited

Secondary symptom of another Secondary symptom of another condition, such as cerebral palsy orcondition, such as cerebral palsy ormuscular dystrophy muscular dystrophy

ScoliosisScoliosis


Kyphosis can be thought of as an arching of Kyphosis can be thought of as an arching of the spine in which the top of the arch is seen in the spine in which the top of the arch is seen in the back the back

This conditionThis conditionis sometimesis sometimesreferred to as referred to as “humpback” or “humpback” or “hunchback”“hunchback”

Caused by Caused by inflammation of vertebrae, poor posture, or inflammation of vertebrae, poor posture, or congenital abnormality congenital abnormality

KyphosisKyphosis


Lordosis is the increase of the spinalLordosis is the increase of the spinal posterior concavity. posterior concavity.

In most cases the cause is unknown In most cases the cause is unknown and the disorder appears from the and the disorder appears from the onset of skeletal growth. onset of skeletal growth.

This condition This condition is also is also referred to referred to as “swayback”. as “swayback”.

LordosisLordosis


Infection of bone or bone marrow, usually caused by Infection of bone or bone marrow, usually caused by bacteria.bacteria.

The infective process encompasses The infective process encompasses all of the bone components, all of the bone components, including the bone marrowincluding the bone marrow

Pus is produced within the bone, Pus is produced within the bone, which may result in an abscess which may result in an abscess which then deprives the bone of its blood supply. which then deprives the bone of its blood supply.

Because of the particulars of their blood Because of the particulars of their blood supply, the tibia, femur, humerus, and supply, the tibia, femur, humerus, and vertebral bodies are especially pronevertebral bodies are especially prone

OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis


The most common type of malignant bone cancer, The most common type of malignant bone cancer, accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies. accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies.

Usually occurs in the area where the body of cartilage Usually occurs in the area where the body of cartilage (that separates the epiphyses and the (that separates the epiphyses and the diaphysis) of tubular long bones is located.diaphysis) of tubular long bones is located.

50% of cases occur around the knee.50% of cases occur around the knee.

OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma

The Skeletal System Chapter 5 Notes. Composed bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilages. 1.Support ...

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