The Six Days of Genesis

7/29/2019 The Six Days of Genesis

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THE SIX DAYS OF CREATION

Biblical Wisdom and Scientific Understanding Reunited


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Presentation created by Sarah Salviander, Ph.D., 2013 SixDay Science, LLC

Inspired by The Science of Godby Gerald L. Schroeder, Ph.D.

This presentation may not be copied, in whole or in part, without written

permission by SixDay Science, LLC.

Image and photo credits appear at the end.

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This is astronomer Edwin

Hubble. In 1929 he announced

one of the most astonishing

discoveries in the history of

humankindthat the universe

is expanding.

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You may have already heard his name

the Hubble Space Telescope is named

after him.

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Hubble observed that galaxies

everywhere appear to be rushing

away from one another.

The further away a galaxy

is, the faster it appears to

be rushing away.

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An E X P A N D I N G universe suggests thateverything must have been closer together in the past.

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The further we go back in time, the closer everythingwas, until we arrive at a beginning when everything in

the universe was condensed into atinypoint.

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This tiny point suddenly expanded, kind

of like an explosion, sending energyandlater, mattercareening in all directions.

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We are still experiencing that expansion.


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But what caused the expansion?

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Georges Lematre, a Jesuit

priest and physicist,

formulated a theory hecalled the primeval atom

a few years before Hubbles

discovery. Lematre liked

the idea because it was

consistent with Genesis.

The primeval atom was a

precursor to the modern

theory of the big bang. For

that reason, Lematre is

referred to as the father of

the big bang.

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By the way

... the term big bang

was coined by English

astrophysicist, FredHoyle, who believed in

an eternal steady-state

universe. He didnt like

the big bang theory, but

the name caught on withphysicists and the public.

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Lematre predicted that if the universe was born in a

cataclysmic event like a big bang, there should beleftover radiationan energy echoof the primeval

fireball, travelling through the universe today.

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That echo was discovered in 1964 by Arno Penzias and RobertWilson of Bell Labs, who later received the Nobel Prize for their

discovery. This radiation is called the cosmic background

radiation or cosmic microwave background.

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Lematre learned of itsdiscovery shortly before

his death in 1966.

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This is an image of the cosmic

background radiation taken

with the WMAP satellite. This

is what the sky looks like in

microwave light.

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You can watch the big bang on your television set. If

you disconnect from cable or satellite reception and

tune to a channel with no station, you will see static

or snow on the screen. About 1% of the static is the

cosmic background radiation.

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Why should you care about any of this?

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The big bang has been hailed as the

greatest scientific discovery of all time.

The scientific, philosophical, and religious

implications of a universe with a definite

beginning in time are enormous.

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Prior to Hubbles discovery, scientists mostly agreedwith Hoyle that the universe was eternalno

beginning, no end, no need for God. So, Genesis was

in conflict with mainstream science (and philosophy)

for about two thousand years .

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Genesis 1:1: In the beginning God created the heavens and the Earth.

Mainstream science reached its currentunderstanding of the beginning of our

universe about 3,000 years after the Bible

first described it.

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Big bang theory changed all of this. A

universe with a beginning is consistent

with the Genesis account of the creation

of the universe:


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However, other serious conflicts between scripture and

science seem to remain:

1. The Bible claims the universe and all life on Earth was

created and developed in six days, followed by about

6,000 years since Adam. Science provides evidence that

the universe is billions of years old.

2. The Bible has plants growing on Earth before the Sun

appears.

3. The Bible says Adam was the first human, but science has

evidence of humans living long before Adam appeared

6,000 years ago.

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Is this proof that the Bible is still hopelessly at odds with science?

The answer may surprise you.

?

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The truth is, there is no conflict between science

and scripture. As was the case with the big bang,

it is just taking a long time for science to catch up

with the wisdom of the Bible.

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Lets start with Problem 1.

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Science, however, puts the age of

the Universe somewhere between

11 and 17 billion years.

The Bible claims the universe was

created and developed in six days,

and a careful reckoning of the

biblical calendar indicates that

approximately 6,000 years have

passed since the creation of Adam.

They cant both be right. Can they?

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The key to resolving this apparent

conflict is Psalm 90:4

For a thousand years in your sight are as

a day that passes, like a watch in the

night.

This is our first hint that time described

in Genesis may not be the same time as

we know it today.

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The Bible distinguishes the six days of creationfrom the

biblical calendar, which starts, not with Day One, but withthe creation of the human soul at the end of Day Six.

Genesis 1:27: So God created man in his own image

The first six days are not included in the biblical calendar.

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Why?


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The Bible hints that the first six days arenot the same as the days that follow for

the next 6,000 years.

For each of the first six days, we are told

that events occur and that a day has

passed; there is no special connection

between the events and the passage of

time.

That changes completely with the

creation of Adam, after which the passage

of time is tied directly to earthly events.

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The flow of time for the first six days is special. But in what way?

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The ancient biblical scholar

Nahmanides said that the six days

of creation contain all the secretsand ages of the universe.

How can six days contain all the

secrets and ages of the universe?

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The answer is that the Bible was

speaking of relativity long before

physicists discovered it.

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Weve all heard the phrase time is

relative, but what does it mean?

It means that the flow of time isnt

constant, and its not the same for

everyone.

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Depending on your velocity or howmuch gravity youre experiencing,

your flow of time will differ from

that of a person traveling at a

different velocity or experiencing

different gravity.

But the difference in the flow of

time is only noticeable when

compared from one frame of

reference to another. Thats why

its called relativity.

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Let's relate this to Genesis.

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Genesis 2:4: These are the generations

of the heavens and the earth when they

were created in the day that the Eternal

God made earth and heavens.

Genesis 5:1: This is the book of the

generations of Adam in the day that

God created Adam.

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Genesis 2:4: These are the generations

of the heavens and the earth when they

were created in the day that the Eternal

God made earth and heavens.

Genesis 5:1: This is the book of the

generations of Adam in the day that

God created Adam.

The Bible speaks of entire generations

in one day. Sounds a lot like relativity.

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But, what is a day according to Genesis?

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109At this point, it may be tempting to resolve the

confusion by saying that a day in Genesis is

metaphorical. Perhaps each day is actually an

epoch, encompassing billions of years.

But there is no biblical basis for that assumption.

In fact, the ancient biblical commentators were

careful to point out that each creation day was 24

hours long. Thats an actual day, defined by the

length of time the Earth takes to make onecomplete rotation on its axis. No help there.

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Even more confusing, on the first day of Genesis, there was no earth.

Genesis 1:2: And the earth was without form and void

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Perhaps we're asking the wrong

question.

We should be asking, A day

according to whom?

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To answer that question, lets return to what

modern physics has to say about the nature of

time.

We now know that time is not absolute. Recallthat Einstein demonstrated how differences in

velocity and gravity create differences in the flow

of time. People are generally not aware of this,

because huge differences in velocity and gravity

are needed to produce a noticeable difference in

the flow of time.

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According to relativity, the duration

between ticks of a clock will be

L O N G E R in higher

velocity conditions compared to a

lower velocitycircumstance. The

same is true of places with higher

gravity compared to lower gravity.

So, the passage of time will be

slower in the high velocity orhigh gravity location when it is

observed in relation to the low

gravity or velocity location.

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This results in a stretching of time called

time dilation, and though it may soundlike science fiction, it is a very real effect.

High-precision clocks on fast aircraft

show a very slight but measurable

slowing in time compared to identical

clocks on the ground.

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Gravity also stretches the

flow of time. For instance,

time flows just a tiny bit

slower on the surface of theearth, where gravity is

stronger, compared to high

orbit, where gravity is a little

weaker.

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Einstein described

gravitational effects

on time in his

General Theory of

Relativity.


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Though the effect is small due to Earths

modest gravitational field, gravitational

time dilation is not a negligible effect. If

scientists and engineers failed to account

for it, GPS systems would not work.

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Even extremely smalldifferences in gravity, such

as that between the top and

bottom of a tall building, will

cause a difference in the

flow of time.

Time will flow a tiny bit

faster at the top than at the

bottom. The difference is

extremelysmall, but it is

real.

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The effect is more noticeable in

more extreme gravitational

scenarios. If you were in close orbit

around a black hole, time would bestretched even more by the extreme

gravity near the black hole.

While you measure 24 hours passingon your spaceship clock, scientists on

earth might observe 30 hours passing

on their earth-clocks.

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As strange is it sounds, Einstein's

theory of relativity tells us that the

flow of time is never the same for

any two places in the universe.

Everything in the universe that has gravity

and velocity has its own time zone. It's like

having countless cosmic time zones, excepttime in each zoneflows differently.

So, when scientists say that the universe is

13.7 billion years old, that number is only validfrom the Earths perspective. Anywhere else in

the universe, the age would be measured as a

different value.

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In light of this, can we calculate the flow of time

in a way that includes the whole universe?

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It turns out that we can do it byusing light as a cosmic clock.

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Light is electromagnetic radiation, and it exhibits both

particle and wave behavior. Light always travels at the

same speed in a vacuum (670 million mph), but its

energy can change. The energy of light depends on

the frequency of the light wave. The wave aspectthe frequencyis what allows us to measure time

over cosmic distances.

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Wavelength is the distance from crest to

crest or trough to trough.

Frequency is the number of crests or

troughs that pass a given point per second.

Waves 101

wavelength

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Waves 101

This wave has a shortwavelength and a

high frequency

compared to this

wave, which has along wavelength and

a low frequency.

Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, which means

when one gets smaller, the other gets larger. This is because their

product must always be equal to the speed of light:

wavelength frequency = speed of light

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We can use the frequency of the

light wave to calculate the passageof time. The frequency of light is the

beat of our cosmic clock.

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We use the frequency of the light wave

to calculate the passage of time. The

frequency of light is the beat of the

cosmic clock:

tick..tick..tick..tick..tick..tick..tick..tick..

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Every time a wave crest passes

this point, the clock beats once.


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The greater the wavelength, the lower

the frequency and the more slowly theclock will tick:

tick......tick......tick......tick......tick......

Every time a wave crest passes

this point, the clock beats once.

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Lets put all this together withGenesis.

Humans dont appear until

Day Six, so its God alone who

is observing the events duringthe first six days.

God is the observer measuring

the ticks on the Genesis clock

He created, and for whom a

day is 24 hours.

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How do we know each day is literally

24 hours from Gods perspective?

We dont know this with certainty,but two of the great ancient biblical

scholars, Rashi and Nahmanides,

make this claim, so we will proceed

with this assumption.

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God, as the creator of the universe, must

have a perspective that encompasses the

entire universe, so we need some physical

way to consider the universe as a whole.

This will form the basis of the Genesis clock.

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We have two requirements for the Genesis clock:

1. It starts ticking on Day One, when the universe is

created, and stops ticking at the end of Day Six,

when humans first appear.

2. It must relate the passage of time between different

moments in the universe as it developed after the

big bang.

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Just after the big bang, the universe was

hot, dense, and very compact. Energy and

matter were distributed very evenly, with

only a tiny bit of lumpiness, so the flow of

time was nearly the same throughout.

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As the universe expanded, however, those

tiny bits of lumpiness were amplified into

regions with concentrated matter andvastly different gravitiesand, therefore,

different flows of time. So our Genesis

clock cant be tied to any one place in the

universe.

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Since regions of the universe differ in theirgravitiesand, therefore, flow of timewe

cant use anything thats in just one place in

the universe for our Genesis clock.

What we need for our Genesis clock is someaspect of the universe thats uniform.

Does such a thing exist?

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Yes. Weve already encountered it: the

radiation remnant of the big bang in the

form of the cosmic background radiation.Its also called the cosmic microwave

background (CMB). Recall that this was the

predicted energy echo of the big bang.

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The CMB has been around since the beginning,

and it is uniformly everywhere in the universe.

How uniform? Though the contrast is turned up

very high in this image, the WMAP satellite has

measured the CMB to be the same intensity in

every direction in the sky to one part in 100,000.

Thats perfect for our purpose.

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This is an all-sky view of the CMB as measured by WMAP. The

yellow and red spots correspond to regions of higher intensity

while the darker spots correspond to regions of lower intensity.

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As the only source of light that has existed since the big bang,

we will use the CMB as the basis of the Genesis clock.

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Keep this in mind:

1. The frequency of light is the beat of any

cosmic clock.

2. The frequency of light can changeit can

increase or decrease.

3. This means the flow of time measured by a

cosmic clock can speed up or slow down

including the Genesis clock.

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Three things affect the frequency of light, and therefore

our measure of the flow of time. Two weve already

discussed: velocity and gravity.

The third is the s tre tc h I n - g of space

as the universe expands.

For the Genesis clock it is only the stretching of space

that is important.

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Recall Hubbles discovery


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the universe is stretching.

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Space, not matter, is what stretches as

the universe expands.

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The stretching of space stretches the light waves

traveling through it. When light waves are stretched,

their frequency decreases.

A decrease in the frequency of light

means a slowing of the perceived passage

of time as measured by a cosmic clock.

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Let's test this idea by applying it to very distant

sources of light.

Astrophysicists routinely observe distant

supernovaeexploding starsthat occurredwhen the universe was much younger.

Because supernovae are extremely bright, they

can be observed at great distances, even billions

of light-years away.

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Let's say an astrophysicist observes a

th t d h th i


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supernova that occurred when the universe

was half its present age. If we assume the

universe expands at a roughly constant rate,

the universe has doubled in scale since the

supernova occurred.

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Let's say an astrophysicist observes a



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was half its present age. If we assume the

universe expands at a roughly constant rate,

the universe has doubled in scale since the

supernova occurred.

With this stretching of

space, we expect the

frequency of light from the

supernova to be halved bythe time it reaches us.

Thus, the astrophysicist

should perceive that the

flow of time today is half

compared to the flow of

time when the supernovaoccurred.

Is this what is actually

observed?

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Yes, astrophysicists have

observed the predicted time

dilation effect from the

stretching of space.

Supernovae at great

distances appear to take

twice as long to fade as

similar supernovae that

explode relatively nearby.

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So what does the stretching

of space mean for our

cosmic clock?


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At the instant the big bang

occurred, the entire

universe was packed into

a tiny speck of space.

That tiny speck suddenly

expanded in anenormous burst of

energy. The stretching of

space as the universe

expanded stretched the

energy left over (the energy

echo) from the big bang.

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The light waves traveling through space

since the big bang (the CMB) have been

stretched by the same amount that the

universe has stretched since the beginning.

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The light waves traveling through space

since the big bang (the CMB) have been

stretched by the same amount that the

universe has stretched since the beginning.

Time has been stretched by the same amount that spacehas been stretched.

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C id h t h d ti


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Consider what happened every time

the universe doubled in scale...

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C id h t h d ti


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Consider what happened every time

the universe doubled in scale...

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the distance between waves crests of


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lightand hence the duration between

the ticks of the Genesis clockalso

doubled.

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Every time the universe doubled in scale,

time passed at half its initial rate.

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Every time the universe quadrupled in scale,

time passed at one-quarter its initial rate.


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According to this Genesis clock, when the

universe increased in scale by a million, time

was passing at one-millionth its initial rate.

You get the idea.

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Were now ready to understand

how the six days of creation

contain all the secrets and ages

of the universe.

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To do this, lets map Genesis time onto

time as we perceive it looking back

from our earthly perspective.

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But first we must decide when time actually

began. The quick answer is: with the big bang.

However, time couldnt have grabbed holduntil matter formed.

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A peculiar property of time is that it is only

experienced by things that have mass.

Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity saysthat any particle that travels at the speed of

light experiences no time at all. Such

particles live in an eternal state of now.

Particles of light (called photons) are

massless and thus experience no time.

Particles with mass, on the other hand, can

never travel at the speed of light, so they

always experience time.

Immediately after the big bang, there was

only energy (light) throughout the universe.

So it seems scientifically sound to mark the

beginning of time at the moment when

matter first appears.

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Matter was not created directly by the big bang.

First we had a hot, dense soup of energy. From

this energy soup, matter formed according to

Einstein's famous equation, E = mc2, which says

that matter and energy are interchangeable. But

when the universe was still very young and hot,

matter could just as easily turn back into energy.

Once the universe expanded and cooled enough

for matter to remaina condition physicists refer

to as quark confinementtime grabbed hold.

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Quarks are tiny, fundamental particlesthe basic


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Q y, p

building blocks of matter. This means that, unlike

particles such as protons and neutrons, they cant be

broken down into smaller pieces. Quarks were the first

particles to be made from the energy of the big bang.

They comprise, among other things, the protons and

neutrons that all visible matter is made of.

proton

quarks

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Lets relate this to what the Bible says.

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Hebrew for in the beginning of. The of isusually left out of English translations of the

Bible, but its presence is important. So, we

must ask, in the beginning ofwhat?

The first word in the Bible is Braisheet

In the beginning oftime which grabs hold when matter forms.

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Let's take a closer look at Genesis


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Let s take a closer look at Genesis

1:1-2:

In the beginning [of time] God

created the heavens and the earth.

Now the earth was formless and

empty

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Nahmanides commented that


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Nahmanides commented that

Genesis 1:1-2 means the universe

was initially filled with the prime

matter of the heavens and all it

would contain and the prime

matter of the earth and all that it

would contain. Even though

Nahmanides wrote this statement

over 700 years ago using nothing

but his understanding of the Bible,

it could have come from a modern

textbook on particle physics.

Physicists have identified quarks as

the prime matter or building

blocks of matter. The Genesis clocktherefore starts ticking at the

moment that prime matter is

created, the moment of quark

confinement.

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Scientists calculate that space has expanded by a factor of

almost one trillion since quark confinement. So space has

been stretched to about 1,000,000,000,000 times its

original scale since time began.

That means the frequency of the CMB has been

stretched by the same amount. Therefore, its

frequency has decreased by a factor of almost a

trillion since quark confinement.

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So, the Genesis clock now ticks

about a trillion times slowerthan at the beginning of Genesis

Day One.

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From our perspective looking

backward in time from an earthly

perspective, the age of the

universe is billions of years old.But, the Bible takes the earthly

view of time only after the

creation of Adam on Day Six.

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Before Adam, the Genesis

clock was not tied to any oneplace in the universe, but to

the universe as a whole.

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What does all this mean for the age of the universe?

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14 billion years 1,000,000,000,000 six days

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14 billion years 1,000,000,000,000 six days

Actually, 14 billion years divided by one trillion equals 5.1 days. The

Genesis clock should stop ticking with the creation of Adam about

halfway through Day Six, so it should be about 5.5 days total. The math

involved in relating universal time to earthly time is more complicated

than the simple division operation above, because the rate of

expansion of the universe has not been entirely constant. When

corrected for acceleration in the rate of expansion, the result works out

to almost exactly 5.5 days. (There is also some discrepancy that results

from not knowing the exact age of the universe in Earth years.)

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That is a rather amazing claim by itself. But our

ultimate goal is to map cosmic time onto the

Genesis account of creation. To do this, we first

need to brush up on some math.

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As the universe expanded after the big bang its scale


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As the universe expanded after the big bang, its scale

and the ticks of the Genesis clock were becoming ever

closer to those of the present time.

Working from the simpler assumption that the universe

has expanded at an approximately constant rate, each

doubling of the scale of the universe took twice as long

as the one before it.

Mathematically, this is expressed as an exponential

relationship:

A = Ao e-kt

This is the well-known compound interest formula.

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Keep in mind that the next slide shows only an approximatemapping of Genesis time onto cosmic time, following the

simplified assumption that the universe has been expanding

at a roughly constant rate. It does not take into account the

acceleration in the expansion rate discovered by cosmologists.

A more detailed mapping is shown on the slide after the next.

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Let's apply this formula to Genesis and cosmic time.

Genesis time and Earth time (without acceleration):


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Genesis

Day

Start of Day

(years B.A.)

End of Day

(years B.A.)

Earth-time

(years)

1 15,750,000,000 7,750,000,000 8 billion

2 7,750,000,000 3,750,000,000 4 billion

3 3,750,000,000 1,750,000,000 2 billion

4 1,750,000,000 750,000,000 1 billion

5 750,000,000 250,000,000 500 million

6 250,000,000 ~ 6,000 250 million

B.A. = Before Adam

Earth-time is the duration of the Genesis Day from

our earthly perspective

Genesis time and Earth time (without acceleration):

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Genesis time and Earth time (including acceleration):


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Genesis

Day

Start of Day

(years B.A.)

End of Day

(years B.A.)

Earth-time

(years)

1 14,070,000,000 6,970,000,000 7.1 billion

2 6,970,000,000 3,370,000,000 3.6 billion

3 3,370,000,000 1,570,000,000 1.8 billion

4 1,570,000,000 680,000,000 890 million

5 680,000,000 230,000,000 450 million

6 230,000,000 ~ 6,000 230 million

B.A. = Before Adam

Earth-time is the duration of the Genesis Day from

our earthly perspective

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Genesis time and Earth time (including acceleration):


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How much agreement is there between

science and the Bible about what

happened on each of the Genesis days?

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Day One: Genesis 1:1-5


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The Bible says: God creates the

universe; God separates light from

dark.

Science says: The big bang marks the

creation of the universe; light breaks

free as neutral atoms form; galaxies

start to form.

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Day Two: Genesis 1:6-8


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The Bible says: The heavenly

firmament forms.

Science says: The disk of the Milky

Way galaxy forms; the Sun, a disk

star, forms.

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Day Three: Genesis 1:9-13


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The Bible says: Oceans and dry land

appear; the first life, plants appear;

Kabbalah holds that this is only the

start of plant-life, which develops

further during the following days.

Science says: The Earth has cooled

and liquid water appears 3.8 billion

years ago followed almost

immediately by the first forms of life;

bacteria and photosynthetic algae.

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Day Four: Genesis 1:14-19


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The Bible says: The Sun, Moon, and

stars become visible in heavens.

Science says:Earths atmosphere

becomes transparent when

photosynthesis produces an oxygen-

rich atmosphere. Once Earth's

atmosphere is transparent, the Sun,

Moon, and other celestial objects are

visible from the surface of the earth.

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This brings us to Problem #2: On Day Four, the

Bible has plants (which need light) growing on

Earth before the Sun appears.

The important word here is appear. The Talmud

explains that the Sun was created on Day One

with the other stars in the firmament. It

provided light to the Earths surface as soon asthe Earth formed.

But the Sun only became fully visible on Day

Four along with the Moon and the rest of the

stars in the sky, when the Earths atmosphere

became transparent.

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Day Five: Genesis 1:20-23


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The Bible says: The first animal life

swarms abundantly in waters;followed by reptiles and winged

animals.

Science says: The first multicellular

animals suddenly appear, the watersswarm with animal life having the

basic body plans of all future animals,

and winged insects appear.

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Day Six: Genesis 1:24-31


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The Bible says: The appearance of

land animals; mammals; andhumankind.

Science says: A massive extinction

destroys 90% of life. The land isrepopulated by mammals; hominids

appear, followed by humans.

We can now address Problem #3: The Bible says Adam


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We can now address Problem #3: The Bible says Adam

was the first human, but science has convincing

evidence for human-like creatures before Adam.

Contrary to what its critics say, the Bible has no problem with

the fossil records of early humankind. Day Six is often

confusing to readers who assume that human and hominid

are synonymous. The ancient biblical commentators accepted

the existence of hominids, who were physically identical to

Adam and his sons but lacked one all-important feature: thehuman soul. These hominids possessed the animal spirit

(nefesh in Hebrew) but not the human soul (neshama).

The great biblical commentator, Maimonides, called these

beings mere animals in human shape and form. *The Guide

for the Perplexed, Part II: Chapter VII]

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In the original Hebrew language, Genesis 2:7 says


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In the original Hebrew language, Genesis 2:7 says

... and the adam became to a living soul."

Nahmanides argued that the grammatically superfluousto is an important clue: God chose a pre-existing

hominid life form and endowed it with a neshama

Hebrew for communicating spiritto make it fully

human.

This implies that humans are distinguished from the

hominid animals by their ability to communicate

spiritually with their Creator.

In other words, it doesnt matter if human bodies are

biologically related to those of cavemen or apes. The

human spirit is in Gods image.

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The New Testament confirms

h f h l


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1 Corinthians 15:42-49

So it is written: The first man Adam became *to+ a

living being; the last Adam, a life-giving spirit. The

spiritual did not come first, but the natural, and

after that the spiritual. The first man was of the dustof the earth; the second man is of heaven. As was

the earthly man, so are those who are of the earth;

and as is the heavenly man, so also are those who

are of heaven. And just as we have borne the image

of the earthly man, so let us bear the image of the

heavenly man.

this view of the natural

existing prior to the spiritual:

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None of the preceding scientificallyprovesGods existence.


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p g y p

It does, however, show two important things

1. The atheist claim that science and the Bible are

at odds is completely false.

2. Genesis 1 is the greatest scientific document of

all time.

Genesis 1 makes at least 26 scientifically testable

statements about the origins of the universe and the

emergence of life. All 26 are compatible with modern

science and in the correct order. This amazing featwas accomplished 2,500 years before the dawn of

modern science. (See the SixDay Science website for

a discussion of this.)

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It has taken many centuries for science to catch up to

the wisdom of the Bible. Science is still catching up.

We may not currently understand the basis for

everything in scripture, but the truth of Genesis

should support our faith in the written word of God.

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When I consider your heavens,

the work of your fingers


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the work of your fingers,

the moon and the stars,

which you have set in place,

what is man that you are mindful of him,the son of man that you care for him?

You made him a little lower than the heavenly beings

and crowned him with glory and honor.

You made him ruler over the works of your hands;

you put everything under his feet:

all flocks and herds,and the beasts of the field,

the birds of the air,

and the fish of the sea,

all that swim the paths of the seas.

O LORD, our Lord,

how majestic is your name in all the earth!

The Astronomers Psalm (Psalm 8:3-9)

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Image and Photo Credits


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g

Slide 1: HST image of the Carina Nebula. Credit: NASA, ESA, N. Smith (University of California, Berkeley), and

The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).

Slide 3: Photo of Edwin Hubble. Credit: the Edwin Hubble Biography at the Western Washington University

Planetarium.

Slide 4: Photo of the HST in orbit. Credit: NASA.

Slide 7: Wikipedia entry for expansion of the universe.

Slide 9: HST image of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies. Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team

(STScI/AURA). Acknowledgment: D. Carter (Liverpool John Moores University) and the Coma HST ACS TreasuryTeam

Slide 11: Photo of Georges Lematre. Credit: the archives of the Catholic University of Leuven.

Slide 12: Photo of Fred Hoyle. Credit: unknown.

Slide 14: Photo of Penzias and Wilson with the horn antenna that detected the CBR. Credit: Bell Labs.

Slide 16: Cosmic microwave background map. Credit: the Legacy Archive for Microwave Background Data

Analysis (LAMBDA). Support for LAMBDA is provided by the NASA Office of Space Science.

Slide 27: HST image of newly forming stars in galaxy NGC 602. Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage

Team (STScI/AURA) - ESA/Hubble Collaboration.

Slide 31: Hubble Space Telescope (HST) image of star-forming region 30 Doradus. Credit: NASA, ESA, and F.

Paresce (INAF-IASF, Bologna, Italy), R. O'Connell (University of Virginia, Charlottesville), and the Wide Field

Camera 3 Science Oversight Committee.

Slide 32: Photo of Albert Einstein from his Wikipedia entry. Credit: Ferdinand Schmutzer.

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Slide 40: Earthrise photo taken by Apollo 8 crewmember Bill Anders, December 24, 1968.

Slide 45: The Blue Marble. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stckli (land surface,

shallow water, clouds). Enhancements by Robert Simmon (ocean color, compositing, 3D globes, animation).

Data and technical support: MODIS Land Group; MODIS Science Data Support Team; MODIS Atmosphere

Group; MODIS Ocean Group Additional data: USGS EROS Data Center (topography); USGS Terrestrial Remote

Sensing Flagstaff Field Center (Antarctica); Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (city lights).

Slide 63: Computer-simulated image of dark matter clumping by Andrey Kravtsov.

Slide 74: Supernova remnant in the Pencil Nebula (NGC 2736). Image Credit: NASA and The Hubble HeritageTeam (STScI/AURA). Acknowledgment: W. Blair (JHU) and D. Malin (David Malin Images)

Slide 75: Hubble image of the supernova remnant M1 (Crab Nebula). Credit: NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll

(Arizona State University).

Slide 87: Hubble image of NGC 6302, the Bug Nebula. Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team.

Slide 109: (right) Hubble image of galaxy M74. Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-

ESA/Hubble Collaboration. Acknowledgment: R. Chandar (University of Toledo) and J. Miller (University of

Michigan).Slide 112: (left) Artists conception of the Milky Way galaxy based on telescopic surveys. Illustration Credit: R.

Hurt (SSC), JPL-Caltech, NASA. Survey Credit: GLIMPSE. (right) Image of the sun courtesy of SOHO/EIT

consortium. SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.

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Slide 112: (left) NASA image of the earth and sun. (middle) Image of cyanobacteria bloom captured by the

Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASAs Terra satellite. Image

based on data from the NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team. Instrument:

Terra - ASTER. (right) Image of green algae by Simon Andrews.

Slide 113: (right) Hubble image of ancient white dwarf stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Credit for Hubble

telescope photos: NASA and H. Richer (University of British Columbia).

Slide 115: (left) Wikipedia entry on multicellular organisms. (middle) Wikipedia entry on captorhinidae (early

reptiles). (right) Image of Rhyniognatha hirsti from Natural History Museum Nature online.

Slide 116: (left) Photo of early mammal model from the Wikipedia entry on Megazostrodon. (middle) Image of

Stone Age: The Feastby Viktor Vasnetsov from the Wikipedia entry on Cro Magnon. (right) Image ofAdam and

Eve by Jan Gossaert from The National Gallery online.

Slide 119: Image ofThe Creation of Adam fresco by Michelangelo from its Wikipedia entry.

Slide 122: Hubble image of the great clouds in the Carina nebula. Credit for Hubble Image: NASA, ESA, N. Smith

(University of California, Berkeley), and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA). Credit for CTIO Image: N.

Smith (University of California, Berkeley) and NOAO/AURA/NSF.

The Six Days of Genesis

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