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The Six Category Ontology: Basic Formal Ontology and Its Applications
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The Six Category Ontology: BFO and Its Applications
Barry SmithDurham, May 21, 2013
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Fantology
The doctrine, usually tacit, according to which ‘Fa’ (and ‘Rab’) is the key to the ontological structure of reality
The syntax of first-order predicate logic is a mirror of reality (a Leibnizian universal characteristic)
http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Against_Fantology.pdf
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For the fantologist
“F(a)”, “R(a, … , b)” is the language for ontology
This language reflects the structure of reality
The fantologist sees reality as being made up of individuals (a, b, c, …) plus abstract (1- and n-place) ‘properties’ or ‘attributes’
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Fantology
Wittgenstein: Propositions show the logical form of reality. They display it. (4.121)
Russell: logic is concerned with the real world just as truly as zoology, though with its more abstract and general features. (1919)
Armstrong: the spreadsheet ontology*
* “Vérités et vérifacteurs” (2004)4
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F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
a
b
c
d
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g
h
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F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
a x x x x x
b
c
d
e
f
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F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
a x x x x x
b x x x x x
c
d
e
f
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F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
a x x x x x
b x x x x x
c x x x x x
d x x
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
and so on …
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Fantology
tends to make you believe in some future state of ‘total science’
when the values of ‘F’ and ‘a’, all of them,will be revealed to the electAll true ontology is the ontology of a future
perfected physics of ultimate atoms(Armstrong: all examples proving my
ontology is wrong will be shown to belong merely to the ‘manifest image’)
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Varieties of fantology
‘F’ stands for a property‘a’ stands for an individual
Platonistic: the Fs belong to something like the Platonic realm of formsSet-theoretic: the Fs are sets of individuals which FNominalistic: ‘F’ is just a predicate
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The Spreadsheet Ontology
Substances Attributes
Universals Properties
Particulars Particulars
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A slightly more sophisticated Armstrongian view
Substances Attributes
UniversalsProperties and
Relations
Particulars Particulars
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Generic Fantology
Individuals Attributes
AttributesF( ), G( ), R( , ... , )
Individuals a, b, c this, that
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Quine
Individuals Attributes
AttributesF( ), G( ), R( , ... , )
(no ontological status)
Individuals a, b, c this, that
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Nominalist Fantology (1CO)
To understand properties is to understand predication
If John is white, there is no extra entity, John‘s whiteness
If John is a man, there is no extra entity, John‘s humanity
-- modes and kinds and attributes are all ontologically in the same boat
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Bicategorial Nominalism (Peter Simons)
Substantial Accidental
First substance this man this cat this ox
Tropes this headache this sun-tan this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Aristotle’s Ontological Square(Husserl, Lowe, …)
Substantial Accidental
Second substance man cat ox
Second accident headache sun-tan dread
First substance this man this cat this ox
First accident this headache this sun-tan this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Aristotle’s two kinds of predication
Predication in the category of substance:• John is a man, Henry is an ox
Predication in the category of accident:• John is hungry, Henry is asleep, John
is wise
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For Fantology
these two types of predication are often confused
For Armstrong: property universals are all we need
no need for kind universals
(Armstrong’s four-dimensionalism implies that there are no substances)
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Husserl, Lowe, etc., tell us that there is a third kind of predication
John is a man
John is hungry
John has a headache (John has this headache)
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Husserl, Lowe, etc., tell us that there is a third kind of predication
John is a man
John is hungry
John has a headache (John has this headache)
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Husserl, Lowe, etc., tell us that there is a third kind of predication
John is a man
John is hungry
John has a headache (John has this headache)
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Husserl, Lowe, etc., tell us that there is a third kind of predication
John is a man
John is hungry
John has a headache (John has this headache)
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From 4CO to 6CO
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Three FOL ways of treating temporally indexed predication
‘F holds of a at t’:
(1) F holds-at-t of object a (the copula is indexed by times; F holds t-ly) (adverbial view)
(2) F is a relation between object a and time t;
(3) F holds of a new special entity called ‘at’or ‘a-at-t’ (an object stage or phase or slice) (four-dimensionalism)
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I agree with Jonathan in accepting the adverbial alternative (1)
Lowe*: (1) has “been overlooked, at least by philosophers trained to think in terms of the categories of modern quantification or predicate logic, as it is called. For such logic simply has no place for adverbs.”
* A Survey of Metaphysics, 2002, p. 47
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But now Jonathan himself seems to do too little justice to the ways adverbs, other than t-ly, are used
in natural language
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4CO plus temporal indexing still cannot deal with adverbs
Consider a simple change of property in an ordinary object:
a ball undergoes a change of shape.
At t1 there is one shape-mode
At t2 there is another shape-mode.
Cf. Johansson, Review of Lowe, Dialectica 60 (4)28
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4CO cannot deal with changeLowe can assert: both these modes instantiate
shape universals and inhere in the same ball, and as a two-plurality the modes instantiate the temporal relation ‘coming after’.
But more must be said: a simple sum of relations of instantiations of shapes, inherences of shape modes, and the external relation of coming-after lacks the temporal unity characteristic of changes and other processes (such as squeezings, surgical procedures, heart attacks, conversations, ontology lectures …).
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4+2CO
Event talk is common in natural language
… but there is no fundamental category of being called ‘event’
… if events exist at all, then they supervene on talk about objects and modes changing
The two extra categories in what follows should be interpreted by Lowe-ists in this spirit
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A better view
6CO = there are objects, qualities and processes at the level of both universals and instancesProcesses, like qualities, are dependent on substances
• one-place processes:
getting warmer, getting hungrier• relational processes:
kissings, thumpings, conversations, dances
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6CO (Ellis, BFO)
Substances Quality entities Processes
UniversalsSubstance-universals
Quality-universals
Process-universals
ParticularsIndividual
Substances
Quality-instances (Tropes…)
Process-instances
provides resources to understand important ontological alternatives
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Process nominalism(Heraclitus, Whitehead, …)
Substances Qualities Processes
Universals
Particulars Flux
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Trope nominalism(Simons, again)
Substances Qualities Processes
Universals
Particulars Tropes, bundles
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Quine
Individuals Attributes
PredicatesF( ), G( ), R( , ... , )
Individuals a, b, c this, that
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Davidson
Substances Qualities Processes
Universals
Predicates (including adverbial predicates):
F( ), G( ), R( , ... , )
Particulars Objects Events
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For extreme fantologists ‘a’ leaves no room for ontological complexity
From this it follows:
that fantology cannot do justice to the existence of different levels of granularity of reality
more generally, that fantology is conducive to and conduced by reductionism in philosophy
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from “Against Fantology”, in: M. E. Reicher, J. C. Marek (Eds.), Experience and Analysis, 2005, Vienna: ÖBV-HPT, 153-170
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one problem with 4CO
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“Against Fantology”, in: M. E. Reicher, J. C. Marek (Eds.), Experience and Analysis, Vienna, 2005, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Against_Fantology.pdf 61
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6CO Applied
Basic Formal Ontology
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Applied Ontology 1. Biology
Plant Ontology“Ontologies as Integrative Tools for Plant Science”,
American Journal of Botany, 99(8): 2012.
Protein Ontology“The Protein Ontology: A Structured Representation
of Protein Forms and Complexes”, Nucleic Acids Research, 39: 2011.
Cell Ontology“Logical development of the Cell Ontology”, BMC
Bioinformatics 12(6): 2011.73
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FMA
Pleural Cavity
Pleural Cavity
Interlobar recess
Interlobar recess
Mesothelium of Pleura
Mesothelium of Pleura
Pleura(Wall of Sac)
Pleura(Wall of Sac)
VisceralPleura
VisceralPleura
Pleural SacPleural Sac
Parietal Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Anatomical SpaceAnatomical Space
OrganCavityOrganCavity
Serous SacCavity
Serous SacCavity
AnatomicalStructure
AnatomicalStructure
OrganOrgan
Serous SacSerous Sac
MediastinalPleura
MediastinalPleura
TissueTissue
Organ PartOrgan Part
Organ Subdivision
Organ Subdivision
Organ Component
Organ Component
Organ CavitySubdivision
Organ CavitySubdivision
Serous SacCavity
Subdivision
Serous SacCavity
Subdivision
part_
of
is_a
Foundational Model of Anatomy74
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Applied Ontology 2. Medicine
Infectious Disease Ontology“Infectious Disease Ontology”, in Sintchenko (ed.), Infectious Disease Informatics, Springer, 2009.
Foundational Model of Anatomy
“A Reference Ontology for Bioinformatics: The Foundational Model of Anatomy”, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 36, 2003.
Mental Disease Ontology“Foundations for a Realist Ontology of Mental Disease”, Journal of Biomedical Semantics, 1(10), 2010
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Applied Ontology 3. Finance
XBRL = eXtensible Business Reporting Language
government mandated syntax for all reports to SEC
extensibility defeats comparability of data
76http://financialreportontology.wikispaces.com/
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Financial Report Ontology (FRO)
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Applied Ontology 4. Defense
US Army Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate (I2WD)
“Ontology for the Intelligence Analyst”, CrossTalk: The Journal of Defense Software Engineering, November/December, 2012, 18-25.
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Why do people in the military think they need lexicons
• Training• Compiling lessons learned from former engagements• Compiling results of testing, e.g. of proposed new
doctrine• Collective inferencing• Official reporting• Doctrinal development• Joint operations• Standard operating procedures• People need to share data• People need to (ensure that they) understand each other
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But each community produces its own ontology, this will merely create new, semantic siloes
Fire Support
Logistics
Air Operation
s
Intelligence
Civil-Military
Operations
Targeting
Maneuver &Blue Force
Tracking
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The problem with (actually existing) lexicons
• They promote the development of silos (roach motels for data)
• They do not allow us to exploit today’s technologies
• They do not combine natural language understandability with computational adequacy
• They do not scale
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US DoD Civil Affairs strategy for non-classified information sharing
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Military is 10 years behind the times when it comes to resolving data interoperability problems
– where the problems of Big Data in biomedicine were recognized already in 1998
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The Gene Ontology (1999)
response to the massive opportunities created by the success of the Human Genome Project
for cross-organism biologyfor intra-organism biologyfor the biology of environments
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The Gene Ontology
MouseEcotope GlyProt
DiabetInGene
GluChem
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The Gene Ontology
MouseEcotope GlyProt
DiabetInGene
GluChem
sphingolipid transporter
activity
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The Gene Ontology
MouseEcotope GlyProt
DiabetInGene
GluChem
Holliday junction helicase complex
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The Gene Ontology
MouseEcotope GlyProt
DiabetInGene
GluChem
sphingolipid transporter
activity
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International System of Units
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How to find your data?
How to reason with data when you find it?How to understand the significance of the data
you collected 3 years earlier?How to integrate with other people’s data?
Part of the solution must involve consensus-based, standardized terminologies and coding schemes
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Unifying goal: integration of biological and clinical data
– within and across domains– across different species– across levels of granularity (organ,
organism, cell, molecule)– across different perspectives (physical,
biological, clinical)
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Ontologies
• are computer-tractable representations of types in specific areas of reality
• are more and less general (upper and lower ontologies)– upper = organizing ontologies– lower = domain ontologies
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Ontologies must be comparable
• if we have multiple, redundant ontologies for a given domain, then this will recreate the very problem of siloes which ontology technology was designed to
• to ensure non-redundancy, ontologies must be comparable
• to enhance comparability ontologies should share a common upper level architecture
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Anatomy Ontology(FMA*, CARO)
Environment
Ontology(EnvO)
Infectious Disease
Ontology(IDO*)
Biological Process
Ontology (GO*)
Cell Ontology
(CL)
CellularComponentOntology
(FMA*, GO*) Phenotypic Quality
Ontology(PaTO)
Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO)
Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular
Function(GO*)Protein Ontology
(PRO*) Extension Strategy + Modular Organization 99
top level
mid-level
domain level
Information Artifact Ontology
(IAO)
Ontology for Biomedical
Investigations(OBI)
Spatial Ontology
(BSPO)
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
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Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
cell component
biological process
molecular function
Basic Formal Ontology
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Anatomy Ontology(FMA*, CARO)
Environment
Ontology(EnvO)
Infectious Disease
Ontology(IDO*)
Biological Process
Ontology (GO*)
Cell Ontology
(CL)
CellularComponentOntology
(FMA*, GO*) Phenotypic Quality
Ontology(PaTO)
Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO)
Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular
Function(GO*)Protein Ontology
(PRO*) OBO Foundry: Downward Population from BFO
top level
mid-level
domain level
Information Artifact Ontology
(IAO)
Ontology for Biomedical
Investigations(OBI)
Spatial Ontology
(BSPO)
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
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Example: The Cell Ontology
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continuant
independent continuant
portion of material
object
fiat object part
object aggregate
object boundary site
dependent continuant
generically dependent continuant
information artifact
specifically dependent continuant
quality realizable entity
function
role
disposition
spatial region
0D-region
1D-region
2D-region
3D-region
BFO:continuant
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occurrent
processual entity
process
fiat process part
process aggregate
process boundary
processual context
spatiotemporal region
scattered spatiotemporal
region
connected spatiotemporal
region
spatiotemporal instant
spatiotemporal interval
temporal region
scattered temporal
region
connected temporal
region
temporal instant
temporal interval
BFO:occurrent
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More than 100 Ontology projects using BFOhttp://www.ifomis.org/bfo/users
One argument against 4CO and 8CO: BFO has more users
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Some Ontologies Built from BFO• AFO Foundational Ontology • US Army Biometrics Ontology• BioTop: A Biomedical Top-Domain Ontology • Cell Ontology (CL)• Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI)• Common Anatomy Reference Ontology (CARO)• Drug Interaction Ontology (DIO) • Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA)• Gene Ontology (GO)• Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO)• Neuroscience Information Framework Standard (NIFSTD) Ontology• Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI)• Protein Ontology (PRO)• Sequence Ontology (SO)• Universal Core Semantic Layer (UCore SL)• Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO) • Zebrafish Anatomical Ontology (ZAO) 106
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DOLCE, SUMO, CycDOLCE: 6CO (largely) compatible with BFO,
but built to support ‘linguistic and cognitive engineering’ – there to describe people’s assumptions people have about reality (ethno-Quineanism)
SUMO: 2CO (no diabetes, no temperature instances); SUMO has its own tiny biology (‘body-covering’, ‘fruit-Or-vegetable’); not a true top level
Cyc: Allows inconsistent microtheories (embraces chaos) 107
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Cyc:ConceivingSomething_BiologicalReproductionEvent =def a collection of events; a sub-collection of BiologicalReproductionEvent. In each conceivingSomething_BiologicalReproduction Event, someone becomes pregnant.
Cyc:The immaculate conception =def. The ConceivingSomething_BiologicalReproductionEvent in which Mary_MotherOfJesus was conceived. Catholic dogma holds that Mary (unlike Jesus) was conceived by conventional biological means, but that GodOfAbrahamIsaacAndJacob interceded at the time of her conception to keep her free from the stain of original sin, or ‘immaculate’.
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Basic Formal Ontology
Continuant Occurrent
process, eventIndependentContinuant
thing
DependentContinuant
quality
.... .... .......
types
instances
1
654
3
2
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Blinding Flash of the Obvious
Continuant Occurrent
process, eventIndependentContinuant
thing
DependentContinuant
quality
.... ..... .......quality dependson bearer
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Blue Force Overwatch
Continuant Occurrent
process, eventIndependentContinuant
thing
DependentContinuant
quality, …
.... ..... .......event dependson participant
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Occurrents depend on participants
instances
15 May bombing5 April insurgency attack
occurrent types
bombing
attack
participant continuant types
explosive device
terrorist group
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General rules for ontology development incorporated into BFO
Common traffic laws
Lessons learned and disseminated as common guidelines – all developers are doing it the same way
Tools built for BFO ontologies can be re-used by others
Expertise developed in working with one BFO ontology can be-used with others
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Basic Formal Ontology (Top Level)
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/
Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
Anatomical Structure
ProcessStage
Quality
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this particular case of redness (of a particular fly eye)
the universal red
instantiates
an instance of eye (in a particular fly)
the universal eye
instantiates
depends_on
115Phenotype Ontology (PATO)
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the particular case of redness (of a particular fly eye)
red
instantiates
an instance of an eye (in a particular fly)
eye
instantiates
depends on
color anatomical structure
is_a is_a
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independentcontinuant
dependentcontinuant
quality
temperature
organism
John John’s
temperature
occurrent
process
life of an organism
John’s life
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A chart representing how John’s temperature
changes
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A chart representing how John’s temperature
changing
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temperature
John’s temperature
120
37ºC37.1º
C37.5º
C37.2º
C37.3º
C37.4º
C
instantiates at t1
instantiates at t2
instantiates at t3
instantiates at t4
instantiates at t5
instantiates at t6
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temperature
John’s temperature (exists continuously)
121
37ºC 37.1ºC 37.5ºC37.2ºC 37.3ºC 37.4ºC
instantiates at t1
instantiates at t2
instantiates at t3
instantiates at t4
instantiates at t5
instantiates at t6
in nature, no sharp boundaries here
in nature, no sharp boundaries here
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disease
coronary heart disease
genetic heart disease
disposition
infective endocarditis
realizable dependent continuant
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coronary heart disease
John’s coronary heart disease (exists continuously)
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asymptomatic (‘silent’)
infarction
early lesions and small
fibrous plaques
stable angina
surface disruption of
plaque
unstable angina
instantiates at t1
instantiates at t2
instantiates at t3
instantiates at t4
instantiates at t5
time
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independentcontinuant
dependentcontinuant
disposition
heart disease
organism
John John’s
heart disease
occurrent
process
heart disease course
John’s heart disease course
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So why not 8CO (à la Schneider)?
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Substances Qualities ProcessesProcess qualities
UniversalsSubstance-universals
Quality-universals
Process-universals
Process qualities
ParticularsIndividual
Substances
Quality-instances (Tropes…)
Process-instances
Process quality
instances
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independentcontinuant
dependentcontinuant
disposition
heart disease
organism
John John’s
heart disease
occurrent
process
heart disease course
John’s heart disease course
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process pattern
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independentcontinuant
dependentcontinuant
disposition
heart disease
organism
John John’s
heart disease
occurrent
process
heart disease course
John’s heart disease
course127
process pattern
John’s heart disease course pattern
?
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independentcontinuant
dependentcontinuant
disposition
heart disease
organism
John John’s
heart disease
occurrent
process
heart disease course
John’s heart disease course
128
process pattern
chronic process pattern
chronic heart disease
course pattern
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129
occurrent
process
heart disease course
John’s heart
disease course
129
process pattern
chronic process pattern
chronic heart disease
course pattern
occurrent
process
heart disease course
John’s heart disease course
process pattern
chronic process pattern
chronic heart disease
course pattern
John’s chronic heart
disease course pattern
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occurrent
process
heart disease course
John’s heart
disease course
process quality
chronic process quality
chronic heart disease
course quality
occurrent
process
heart disease course
John’s heart disease course
process quality
chronic process quality
chronic heart disease
course quality
John’s chronic heart
disease course quality
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DependentContinuant
QualityRealizable
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Different subtypes of BFO:dependent continuant
function
role disposition
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Roles pertain not to what a thing enduringly is, but to the part it plays, e.g. in some operation
ContinuantOccurrent
process, eventIndependentContinuant
thing
RealizableDependentContinuant
(e.g. chef role)
.... ..... .......
realization-of