THE SHORT GUY WHO CONQUERED MANY PARTS OF EUROPE

Monsieur Bonaparte Napoleon(nee Napoleone Buonaparte)

Background-Born in Corsica (French colony)

-C lass: Nobles/Aristocrats (lower or minor)

-With Carlo’s, Bonaparte’s father, influence Bonaparte got a scholarship to Brienne, a French military academy (Bonaparte was only 8 years old)

-In 1784, Bonaparte graduated from Brienne and moved on the the Ecole Militaire in Paris (war college)

-Bonaparte graduated from the Ecole Militaire in 1785 when he was 16 years old and took a post in the artillery as 2nd

Lieutenant

-Around this time he did a lot of self-study and reading about past conquerors such as Alexander the Great and Hannibal.

REIGN OF TERROR

+at war with Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain

(1793 Napoleon sent to Toulon, promoted to Brigadier General at age 24, and returned to a France still in chaos under Robespierre)

Napoleon’s opinion about Robespierre

“Napoleon is really a man of order, and for him order has to serve ideals. It is necessary to suspend liberties in order to save liberties. In order to save liberties, and the Republic, it is necessary to suspend individual liberties.”

-Antoine de Baecque, Historian

1794 “Thermidor” Robespierre was overthrownOctober 1795 royalists staged an uprising in Paris

Louis XVIIIRoyalistsExiled Clergy

Thermidorians

State Power

Jacobins Sans-coulotte

Constitution of 1795

Restructuring of Government

-Upper House-Lower House

Directory-5 members-Executive Branch

“We have come to break your chains, our only quarrel is with the tyrants who have enslaved you.”

- Napoleon

Eg

ypt

“The true conquest, the only ones that leave no regret are those that have been rested from ignorance”

- Napoleon

Emmanuel Sieyes

The same day of the coup, a small group of council members sympathetic with the plotters decided to establish a provisional government with three provisional consuls at its head.

Napoleon rewrote the constitution, made himself First Consul and Head of State

18 Brumaire (Nov 9, 1799)

“The Revolution in France is over and I am the Revolution.”

-Napoleon

-Built roads, parks, canals, bridges, etc (infrastructure)

-Strong centralized government with a far reaching, structured bureaucracy

-Established the Bank of France

-Organized the Lycee (secondary school)

Internal Development

Civil Code of 1804 or

Napoleonic Code-Reformed and codified French law-Created a European legal code-Single currency in Europe-Feudalism & Serfdom abolished-Freedom of religion established (except in Spain)-Devised a Constitution-Universal male suffrage-Established Parliament and Bill of Rights-Made higher education open to all religions and classes-Free public education-A system of weights and measures throughout Europe

Concordat 1801

-Catholicism is the dominant but not exclusive religion of France

-Napoleon understood the political value of religion

“Religion is excellent stuff for keeping common people quiet.

-Napoleon

-A bomb threat gave him justification to crown himself. It would make for a more secure state.

-He crowned himself Emperor in the Cathedral Notre Dame on December 2, 1804. Pope Pius VII was invited.

-He also became the Emperor of the Italian Republic and the Confederation of Switzerland

Emperor Napoleon

Impending War

“Peace in a week, war in a month” (Britain)

France wants to expand and modernize Europe while Europe wants to maintain the status quo (Monarchs)

The Third Coalition (1804-1807)

Battle of Trafalgar

Battle of Austerlitz

Vienna

-I am the French Revolution rep and ready to give you freedom and enlightenment

-The famous Beethoven thought that when Napoleon crowned himself king, it was a vulgar act that lowered him to the level of an ordinary king. He will become a tyrant who tramples on human rights.

Battle of Austerlitz

Tsar Alexander I of RussiaNapoleon and his Grand Armee

-Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire-Austria withdrew from Italy and Napoleon is King of Italy-1806 Built the Arc de Triomph

Prussia

- Frederick William III was concerned about France’s growing power and declared war on France in 1806. He was defeated 3 weeks later at the Battles of Jena and Auerstadt.

- Napoleon now governs Germany

Napoleon Marching into Berlin

“I have come to realize that men are not born to be free; liberty is a need felt by a small class of people whom nature has endowed with nobler minds than the mass of men.”

- Napoleon

Continental System

-an economic warfare against Britain-British goods restricted from entering Europe-Napoleon demanded closing of ports-Russian, Austrian, Prussian cooperation

-Hobble the British economy so France could have a leg up to build its own industries.

-Berlin Decree banned British ships from entering European ports-British retaliation: Europeans can not sail on “Britain’s ocean.”

Spain and Portugal were trading with Great Britain

1808 sent troops into Spain to make them a part of his empire.

Napoleon went to liberate Spain; he was convinced that the Spanish people would rise up in a revolution (much like the Bay of Pigs)

May 2, 1808 Spanish people rose up against Napoleon’s troops in Madrid

Atrocious guerrilla war

Peninsular War

Goya: El fusilamiento de 3 Mayo de 1808

An Heir

Archduchess Marie Louise, a Hapsburg, daughter of Francis I of Austria

Sco

rch

ed-e

arth

Po

licy

Treaty of Fontainbleu

-April 12, 1814 Napoleon abdicated his throne

-End of the Revolution

Exile to Elba

Congress of Vienna

All the powers of Europe sent delegates to decide the issue of the day:

- Reorganization of Europe after Napoleon (return power to “rightful” rulers)

-Balance of Power to keep peace in Europe and so no one country has too much power

- Metternich

-Create stronger states around France so France is not so strong

Congress of Vienna

The Hundred Days

March 1, 1815 Napoleon landed in the south of France and marched into Paris

Built an army

The promise of returning France to its glory

-Victors: Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia

-Agreed that no Bonaparte will ever rule again in France (or Europe)

-Mettrnich, Castlereagh, Alexander, Hardenberg, Talleyrand jockeyed for their own interests (all old regime/aristocrats who are conservative)

-Outlawed the Atlantic slave trade

Status British dependent territory, claimed 1653 . A part of St. Helena and the Dependencies, including Ascension, Tristan daCunha and a few smaller islands.

Approximately 1,100 miles directly west of Luanda, Angola, Africa - about 2,000 miles east of Brazil, South America