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The ShakeOut Scenario What will a big San Andreas earthquake really be like? The impact of a major...
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![Page 1: The ShakeOut Scenario What will a big San Andreas earthquake really be like? The impact of a major earthquake on critical infrastructure Ken Hudnut & Team.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052701/56649dba5503460f94aab313/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The ShakeOut ScenarioWhat will a big San Andreasearthquake really be like?
The impact of a major earthquake oncritical infrastructure
Ken Hudnut & Team ShakeOut
November 12–16, 2008
San Bernardino County Operational Area MPC GG’08 - 30 July 2008
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USGS Multi-Hazard Demo Project• Lucy Jones, Chief Scientist• Dale Cox, Project Manager• Suzanne Perry, Staff Scientist
• Earthquake Scenario Coordinators: – Dan Ponti, Anne Wein, Rich Bernknopf, and Ken Hudnut (all at USGS), Mike
Reichle and Jerry Treiman (CGS), Keith Porter and Dennis Mileti (Univ. of Colorado), Jim Goltz (OES), Hope Seligson (MMI Eng.), and Kim Shoaf (UCLA)
• ShakeOut Earthquake Contributors - Source Description, Surface Faulting and Ground Motions:– Brad Aagaard and Ned Field (USGS), Rob Graves* (URS), Lisa Star and
Jonathan Stewart (UCLA), Thomas Jordan,* Gideon Juve,* Philip Maechling,* David Okaya,* Scott Callaghan* (USC), Jacobo Bielak,* Ricardo Taborda,* Leonardo Ramirez-Guzman,* Julio Lopez,* and David O'Hallaron* (CMU) and John Urbanic* (PSC), Geoff Ely* (SDSU/UCSD), Kim Olsen,* Luis Dalguer* and Steve Day* (SDSU), Yifeng Cui,* Jing Zhu,* Timothy Kaiser,* Amit Chourasia,* and Reagan Moore* (SDSC), Chen Ji (UCSB), Swami Krishnan, Matt Muto and Jeroen Tromp (Caltech)
* participant in the SCEC/CME collaboration, funded by the National Science Foundation
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San Andreas M 7.8 Shaking
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Fault Offset
Landers, California M 7.3 - 1992 earthquake; ~1 meter (3 feet) offset
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Big Fault Offset!
Wairarapa fault, New Zealand - 1855 earthquake; ~18 meter (54 feet) right-lateral offset
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ShakeOut rupture unzips SE to NW, taking 90 seconds;Shaking lasts >3 min.’s in LA & Ventura
Northridge 1994over in 30 sec’s
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Emergency Response
• With 13 million people at high shaking, mutual aid must come from far away– when the transportation routes are
damaged
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Economic impact
• ~$50 billion in shaking damages+ ~$65 billion fire damages + ~$100 billion business losses
Bottom line:
$213 billion
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Buildings
• 300,000 significantly damaged (1 in 16)– Significant: repairs cost at least
10% of replacement cost• 45,000 complete losses (1%)• Most dangerous (URM’s):
– Brick (retrofits needed)– Older concrete
• Most numerous:– Older wood
• Less dangerous:– Steel buildings built before 1994
1933 Long Beach, CA
1994 Northridge CA
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Older reinforced concrete
• Older construction has less rebar, can lead to collapse
• Concrete construction has improved since 1970’s, but older buildings still remain– 1000’s of low- and midrise
buildings of this type– 10’s of highrise buildings of this
type1971 San Fernando
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Older reinforced concrete
ShakeOut study by UCLA:• Computer analysis• 50 collapses • 5,000 – 10,000 people in
collapsed buildings • 100 red tagged buildings
1995 Kobe
1994 Northridge
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5/2/83 M6.5 Coalinga
1992 Mendocino
1989 M7.1 Loma Prieta
Woodframe buildings
• Most SoCal housing is wood• Extensive damage in past
earthquakes• Common damage:
– Poorly anchored to foundation– Weak cripple walls– Soft story (e.g., tuckunder parking)– Rely on stucco & gyp board– Brick & stone chimneys– Poorly anchored brick veneer– Landslides
• Scenario: 175,000 wood buildings significantly damaged (1 in 25)
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Highrise steelframe buildings
• Connections fractured in Northridge Earthquake
• In Kobe (1995), 10’s of steel buildings collapsed
• No US buildings have collapsed, but ShakeOut is longer, stronger, and richer in damaging motion than Northridge.
• 600+ such buildings in study area
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Highrise steelframe buildings
Caltech study for ShakeOut:• Reviewed earthquake history of building type• Performed sophisticated computer analyses• Found collapse likely in large areas with
highrise buildings Expert panel:• Reviewed Caltech findings, found that:
– “The fact that there were no collapses in previous US earthquakes cannot be taken as evidence that there would not be collapses in this scenario. In fact, the possibility of some collapses is quite credible.”
Scenario: 5 collapses • 11-15 stories, 200,000-300,000 square feet • Up to 1,000 occupants each• 10 red tags• 20 yellow tags
Kobe, Japan 1995
Mexico City, 1985
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Infrastructure damage
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Infrastructure damage
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Electric powerPanel of 10 experts from 5 agencies find:
• Immediate loss of power throughout region• Collapse of some high-tension towers,
damage to transformers on overhead poles• Generating plants taken offline for
inspection
LA, Riverside, & San Bernardino Counties:• 30-50% of service restored in 24 hrs• 75-90% restored in 3 days• ~100% restored within 1-4 months
Ventura, Orange, & Imperial Counties:• 90% restored in 2 days
Kern & San Diego Counties:• 90% restored in 24 hr
Transmission lines & power plants
1971 San Fernando Earthquake
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Water supply
• Aqueducts & tunnels cross the fault in several places
• Also sensitive to landslide & liquefaction
• Older pipes damageable by shaking, liquefaction, …– Some LA water &
sewer pipe is 100+ yr old• Groundwater supply
needs power, pumps, tanks, and other damageable equipment
1994 Northridge Earthquake
1971 San Fernando Earthquake
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Water supply
Expert panel: 19 reps from 8 agencies• Within 10 miles of fault & isolated areas:
damage impairs supply for up to 6 months• Throughout much of study area, 1/2 of
customers lose service for up to 1 week– Loss of power, damage to pumps, tanks, etc.
• In Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino Counties, 5% of customers lose service for 1-8 weeks
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Deaths & injuries
Study by UCLA:• 50,000 injured (to ER’s)• 1,800 killed
– 900 from fires, 900 from shake-related building and transportation damage
– Vs. 8,300 injured, 33 killed in 1994 Northridge Earthquake
• Up to 2/3 of hospital beds unavailable in some counties
Olive View Medical Center1971 San Fernandoearthquake
Evacuation of Sherra Cox, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
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Fire following earthquake
• 2 largest peacetime conflagrations: 1906 San Francisco, 1923 Tokyo. Why?– Numerous simultaneous ignitions– Degraded fire-resistive building features– Reduced pressure in water mains– Saturated communications– Traffic impacts– More fires than firefighting capabilities… this
is what leads to conflagrations• Special study by C. Scawthorn, SPA Risk
– Created procedures currently used by insurance industry
• Review panel:– Donald Manning, retired chief, LAFD– Donald Parker, California Seismic Safety– Gerry Malais, LAFD– Michael Reichle, California Geological Survey– Larry Collins, LAFD USAR Task Force 103
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Fire following earthquake
Study findings• 1,600 ignitions requiring a fire engine• 1,200 exceed capability of 1st engine• Orange County & LA basin: dozens of large
fires merge into conflagrations destroying 100s of blocks
• 200 million square feet burnt ≈ 133,000 single family dwellings
• Property loss: $65 billion• No Santa Ana winds, not worst case
1989 Loma Prieta
1994 Northridge
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Why this is not worse (more like China)
• Inherently rugged construction • Steadily improving building codes• Highly trained and strictly licensed
engineers and contractors• Good code enforcement• Enormous effort to upgrade highway
bridges• Extensive seismic work done by electric
power utilities
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Mitigation works!
• Retrofitted freeways, structures, utilities reduced the losses
• Major capital investments • Coalitions increase resilience
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The Great Southern California ShakeOut
• November 12-16, 2008
• A week of special events that will inspire southern Californians to get ready for big earthquakes
• Features a region-wide earthquake drill on Nov. 13– millions of participants: schools,
families, community groups, business, etc.
• Los Angeles International Earthquake Conference
• Public Rally/Festival in downtown Los Angeles
• More at www.ShakeOut.org
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ShakeOut Schedule
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www.ShakeOut.org
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Publications Available
USGS Circular #1324
(“play by play” action)handout copies
The ShakeOut ScenarioU.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2008-1150
California Geological Survey Preliminary Report 25 version 1.0, 2008 By Lucile M. Jones, Richard Bernknopf, Dale Cox, James Goltz,
Kenneth Hudnut, Dennis Mileti, Suzanne Perry, Daniel Ponti, Keith Porter, Michael Reichle, Hope Seligson, Kimberley Shoaf, Jerry
Treiman, and Anne Wein
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1150/
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November 13, 2008 at 10:00 a.m.
www.ShakeOut.org
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www.ShakeOut.org
Kenneth W. Hudnut, Ph.D.Geophysicist, USGS
525 S. Wilson Ave.
Pasadena, CA 91106
(626)583-7232