The Secrets of Pyrotechnic Whistles - Private Data Secrets of Pyrotechnic Whistles ... n Chief,...
Transcript of The Secrets of Pyrotechnic Whistles - Private Data Secrets of Pyrotechnic Whistles ... n Chief,...
The Secrets ofPyrotechnic Whistles
Joseph A. DomanicoVP Publications / Webmaster
Crackerjacks, [email protected]
Who Was That Masked Man?
n Crackerjacks, Incn Vice Presidentn Publicationsn Webmaster: www.crackerjacks.org
n Department of the Armyn Chief, Pyrotechnics Team (26 years)n LTC Maryland Army National Guard
Major Chemicals for Pyrotechnic Whistles
Gallic Acid C7H6O5
Sodium Salicylate C7H5NaO3
Potassium Picrate C6H2KN307
Potassium Benzoate C7H5K02
Potassium Dinitrophenate C6H3N2O5K
Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate KC8H5O4
Formulation EfficiencyPotassium Benzoate : Potassium Perchlora te
For Carbon Monoxide Only:2 KC 7H5O 2 . 3 H20 + 4 KClO 4 K 2O + 4 KCl + 11 H 2O + 14 CO
yie lds sto ichiometric fue l:ox id izer ratio o f 44:56
For Carbon Dioxide Only:4 KC7H5O2 . 3 H20 + 15 KClO 4 2 K 2O + 15 KCl + 22 H 2O + 28 CO 2
yie lds sto ichiometric fue l:ox id izer ratio o f 29:71
Typical Whistle Design
Air Void
Whistle Composition
Solid Acrylic Rod
PotassiumBenzoate27 PBW
PotassiumPerchlorate
73 PBW
Typical Noise Levels
WhisperConversationAlarm Clock
5/4 Ton TruckDisc Sander
PowersawChainsaw
Pneumatic HammerFirecrackerCap Pistol
ShotgunTOW Missile
0 50 100 150 200
dBA (85) dBP (140)
Discomfort
Tickle
Pain
Output Energy Comparison
Composition Cal per gram
Base Whistle Composition 3,394
Photoflash 2,491
Bullseye Smokeless Powder 1,753
A1A Ignition Mix 903
Red Smoke Mix 895
Composition (degrees C)
Bullseye Smokeless Powder 192
Red Smoke Composition 198
Pyrotechnic Whistle Composition 432
A1A Ignition Composition 437
Photoflash Composition 545
Ignition Temperatures
Possible Formulations
Gallic Acid 24
Sodium Salicylate 28
Potassium Picrate 50
Potassium Benzoate 30
Potassium Dinitrophenate 70
Potassium Chlorate 73
Potassium Perchlorate 75 70
Potassium Nitrate 50 30
GallicAcid
SodiumSalicylate
PotassiumPicrate
PotassiumBenzoate
PotassiumDinitrophenate
Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
IncreasingH
azard
Pyrotechnic Whistle Fuels
Detonation TendencyGallic Acid C OH
OOH
OH
OH
Potass ium Be nzoate
O
KOC - +
Sodium Salicylate
OH
C NaO
O
Potas s ium Dinitrophe nate ONO2
NO2
+K-
Potass ium Picrate
NO2
O K
NO2
NO2 - +
Oxidizer Substitution
302520
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Am
plitu
de (
dB)
Time
Potassium Chlorate Potassium Perchlorate
All Band Pass ComparisonPotassium Benzoate / Oxidizer
35 40 45 50
Percent Fuel
Equipment Information
Company RION
Model NA-29
Measurement Range 27-130 dB(A)
Frequency Range 20-8000 Hz (9 octaves)
Dynamic Range 50 dB (80-130)
Capacity 1500 screens
Store period 2 ms to 10 sec
RS-232 Interface 9600 baud rate
Battery life (AA) 4 hours
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Am
plitu
de (
db)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (seconds)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Frequency Band Analysis2K Band Response vs Percent Red Gum
Burn Rate Reduction
Burning Rate Reduction
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
mm
/sec
BaseSulfurClayRed GumPVACornstarchMekon WhiteMP 12Acrawac C
Amplitude Increase by Diameter
0.50"
0.75"
1.75"
1.25"
2.25"
0.25"6mm
13mm
19mm
32mm
44mm
57mm
149
25
49
81
Typical Whistle Design
Air Void
Whistle Composition
Solid Acrylic Rod
PotassiumBenzoate27 PBW
PotassiumPerchlorate
73 PBW
Air Void
Whistle Composition
Solid Acrylic Rod
PotassiumBenzoate27 PBW
PotassiumPerchlorate
73 PBW
Expelled Insert
High – Low Whistle Design
Hi-Lo Whistle Design
Air Void
Whistle Composition
Solid Acrylic Rod
PotassiumBenzoate27 PBW
PotassiumPerchlorate
73 PBW
Expelled Insert
Air Void
Whistle Composition
Solid Acrylic Rod
PotassiumBenzoate27 PBW
PotassiumPerchlorate
73 PBW
Step Whistle Design
Step Whistle Design
Air Void
Whistle Composition
Solid Acrylic Rod
PotassiumBenzoate27 PBW
PotassiumPerchlorate
73 PBW
BaselineSulfur
ClayRed Gum
CornstarchMP12 Wax
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bu
rn R
ate
(mm
/sec
) 5% Binder
Binder Effect
BaselineSulfur
ClayRed Gum
CornstarchMP12 Wax
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Pea
k A
mpl
itude
(dB
)Binder Effect
5% Binder
Binder Effect
BaselineSulfur
ClayRed Gum
CornstarchMP 12 Wax
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Ave
rage
Am
plitu
de (
dB)
5% Binder
BaselineSulfur Clay
Red GumCornstarch
MP12 Wax
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Am
plitu
de (
dB)
Peak vs Average Amplitude
Average
Peak
5% Binder
Whistle Quality
BaselineSulfur
ClayRed Gum
CornstarchMP 12 Wax
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Sm
ooth
ness
Fac
tor 5% Binder
(Peak Amplitude Minus Average Amplitude)
Burn Rate vs Binder Percent vs Amplitude
5% 10% 15%Binder Percent
2
3
4
5
6
Bur
n R
ate
(mm
/sec
)
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Pea
k A
mpl
itude
(dB
) Baseline
Sulfur
Clay
Red Gum
Cornstarch
MP 12 Wax
Burn Rate vs Average Amplitude
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Burn Rate (mm/sec)
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
Ave
rage
Am
plitu
de (
dB)
BaselineSulfurClayRed GumCornstarchMP 12 Wax
5% Binder
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
Burn Rate (mm/sec)
Control
MgAlSS Powder
Sulfur
Burn Rate Comparison +10%
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Burn Rate (mm/sec)
GuNO3NaNO3BaNO3ControlSrNO3
Burn Rate Comparison +10%
(Max imum - Average) Amplitude
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Decibels (dB)
BaNO3GuNO3NaNO3SrNO3ControlSulfurAl Flake CrsSS PowderMgAl
Smoothness Factor
Amplitude Increase
Oxidizer Highlights
00
00
00
00
119
120
120
121
121
122
122
ZnO
ControlFe2O3
Cu2OCuO
FeO
Pb3O4
PbO
MnO2
Burn Rate (in/sec)
Peak
Am
plitu
de (
dB)
Burn Rate Comparison10% Additive
3.84
4.24.44.64.8
55.25.4
Burn Rate (mm/sec)
ControlMgAlSS PowderSulfurAl Flake Crs
Fuel Effect on Burn Rate
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27118.5
119
119.5
120
120.5
121
121.5
Control
Mg
Zn
Cu
Ti
Al
Si
Fe(-)
B
Peak
Am
plitu
de (
dB)
Burn Rate (in/sec)
Inorganic Fuel Highlights
Fe(+)Mn
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Stearic acid
Control
Terephthalic acid
Red gum
Sucrose
Charcoal
Burn Rate (in/sec)
Peak
Am
plitu
de (
dB)
Organic Fuel Results
Fine Powdered Iron
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
Peak
Am
plitu
de (
dB)
Additional Percent
Bur
n R
ate
(in/
sec)
HighLoadingResults
Black Copper Oxide
00.05
0.10.15
0.20.25
0.30.35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
HighLoadingResults
Peak
Am
plitu
de (
dB)
Additional Percent
Bur
n R
ate
(in/
sec)
Flame Shape Comparison
Coarse Iron Fine Iron
ZincControl CharcoalMagnesium
Titanium Strontium Nitrate
Increased Compaction Pressure
2000 psi 3000 psi 4000 psi
5000 psi 6000 psi 7000 psi
8000 psi 9000 psi 10,000 psi
Whistle vs Blast Comparison
Time -->
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Am
plitu
de (
dB) Magnesium
Airburst
Titanium
Concussion
ITLX
Flash
BP Class 8
Pyro Whistle
Amplitude Increase by Diameter
0.50"
0.75"
1.75"
1.25"
2.25"
0.25"6mm
13mm
19mm
32mm
44mm
57mm
149
25
49
81