CH 12 PPT : Second War for Independence and Upsurge of Nationalism 1812-1824
The Second War of Independence (Chapter 12.1 (p.233-240) 1812- 1824 Presidencies of Madison to...
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Transcript of The Second War of Independence (Chapter 12.1 (p.233-240) 1812- 1824 Presidencies of Madison to...
The Second War of Independence (Chapter
12.1 (p.233-240)
1812- 1824Presidencies of Madison to
Monroe
Presidential Election of 1812
• Born in Virginia, 1751•Enlisted in Continental Army
but too small•Attended Princeton University
and became a lawyer.•Father of the Constitution and
Bill of Rights.•Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency•President, 1809 to 1817
•Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of
1812.
• Born in Virginia, 1751•Enlisted in Continental Army
but too small•Attended Princeton University
and became a lawyer.•Father of the Constitution and
Bill of Rights.•Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency•President, 1809 to 1817
•Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of
1812.
madwar
President James Madison
President James Madison
NEXT
War breaks out again between the United States and
Britain in 1812.
PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
•Defend our neutrality•Freedom of the seas
•Defend our self interest
madwar
President James Madison
President James Madison
Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality
of the US.
Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy
of keeping the US out of war and neutral?
“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War”
Why Britain and not France? Impressment: destroying US economy British forts Arming of Indians (Tecumseh) Desire for Canada No respect from British
Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.
“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War” June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war
with England. Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London
repealed impressments policy 2 days prior to war
New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war (**start of real sectionalism)- divided nation (quote p. 231)
US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided Poorly equipped US army initiated military action in
1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada The British easily repulsed the Americans
Map war1812
•US unprepared for war.
•1812 & 1813-Failed invasion into
Canada- British forces weakest here.
•US forces set out from: Detroit,
Niagara, & Lake Champlain
US Navy Success in War of 1812
Most successful- Perry (Great Lakes), McDonough (Plattsburgh)
Did better than US army US navy v. Britain– US navy better!1. US ships more skillfully handled2. Better gunners3. Manned by non-press gang crews US frigates (Old Ironsides) thicker sides,
more fire power 1 in 6 sailors African-American
Naval BattlesNaval Battles
The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war. After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on
Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812
The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813
The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813
British defeat on Great Lakes= British retreat from Detroit & Fort Malden
US military victory led by General William H. Harrison Tecumseh was killed during this battle
Napoleon defeated in Europe
• 1814- Napoleon was defeated & exiled= US can’t depend on French
• British soldiers flood into Canada• 1814- British prepared to crush NY• British invasion stopped by McDonough at
Plattsburgh• US-British peace talks affected• NY & NE saved
Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814
highlights
Dolly Madison escaped from White House and
took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the
British destroyed it.
Dolly Madison escaped from White House and
took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the
British destroyed it.
U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814
U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814
highlights
Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,
18141814
Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,
18141814
Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key
Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key
•About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana
Purchase.Purchase.
•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
•About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana
Purchase.Purchase.
•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
New orleans
•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that
time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained
respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the control of the U.S.
•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that
time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained
respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the control of the U.S.
New orleans
The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a
“stalemate”…Dec. 1814 Peace commissioners in Ghent
devised the following terms of peace (John Q. Adams, Henry Clay) A halt to the fighting The return of all conquered
territory to the prewar borders Recognition of the prewar
boundary between Canada and the United States
Treaty was ratified by the Senate
Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:
• U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy
1. Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US
*New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war
*Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
2. Proposed Amendment requiring 2/3 vote for future embargoes, new states admitted, or war declared
3. Wanted to abolish 3/5 Compromise
4. Limit Presidents to 2 terms
5. Prohibit 2 successive presidents from same state
** Delegates arrived in Washington just as news of New Orleans & Ghent arrived
The War’s Legacy The War’s Legacy U.S. gained the respect of other nations
1st round of sectionalism defeated (NE Federalist given a “black eye”)
The Federalist party came to an end as a national force War heroes emerged: Andrew Jackson, William H. Harrison Indians relinquished vast lands to US- North of Ohio River
US industry grew (blockade)- we are less dependent on Britain Canadians angry over Ghent Treaty (Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817-
demilitarized Great Lakes) Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a
precedent that would later be used by the South Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe
US turns from Europe & faced towards the west ** US NATIONALISM grew
Respect from the Europeans
The War of 1812 won new respect for America among many British. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,
“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them…..I have no wish to eat
with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell
the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they
have always proved.