The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

Before 1500, few Before 1500, few questioned the Bible and questioned the Bible and

Greek philosophers Aristotle Greek philosophers Aristotle & Ptolemy…& Ptolemy…

What was true and false What was true and false about the universe came about the universe came

from these sources from these sources (write this next to box labeled geocentric (write this next to box labeled geocentric

theory)theory)

The Philosophical Medieval The Philosophical Medieval ViewView Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece

supported the supported the Geocentric theory:Geocentric theory:Earth was an unmoving object located at Earth was an unmoving object located at

the center of the universe- the sun and the center of the universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth planets moved around the Earth

(sun rising and setting seemed to support this (sun rising and setting seemed to support this view) view)

Religion guided views too: Christianity Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe.center of the universe.

Geocentric TheoryGeocentric Theory

AristotleAristotle(384BC – 322BC)(384BC – 322BC)

An influential Greek An influential Greek philosopher who made philosopher who made important contributions important contributions on physical subjects.on physical subjects.

Developed the Developed the geocentricgeocentric model. model.

His philosophies have His philosophies have long-lasting effects on long-lasting effects on philosophical theories. philosophical theories.

Claudius PtolemyClaudius Ptolemy(85 - 165)(85 - 165)

One of the most One of the most influential Greek influential Greek astronomers, astronomers, mathematician & mathematician & geographers of his time.geographers of his time.

He expanded Aristotle’s He expanded Aristotle’s geocentricgeocentric theory. theory.

He introduced He introduced trigonometrical trigonometrical (trigonometry) methods.(trigonometry) methods.

Heliocentric TheoryHeliocentric TheoryGeocentric vs. Heliocentric ModelsGeocentric vs. Heliocentric Modelshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQ8Tb85HrUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQ8Tb85HrU

Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)(1473-1543)

Sun-centered Sun-centered universe – universe – heliocentric heliocentric theory theory

Earth is no different Earth is no different than any other than any other planetplanet

On the Revolutions On the Revolutions of the Heavenly of the Heavenly SpheresSpheres (1543) (1543)

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Pushes use of Pushes use of

experiments and experiments and observationsobservations

Planetary movement Planetary movement is a mathematical is a mathematical formulaformula

Planets move Planets move around the Sun in around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT elliptical orbits NOT circlescircles

Confirms Copernicus Confirms Copernicus ideasideas

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) GALILEOGALILEO – designs 1 – designs 1stst telescope telescope

w/lens & sees movement of the w/lens & sees movement of the stars & moons (similar to the stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets)movement of the planets)

Church believes heavens are Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving and the earth of fixed, unmoving and the earth of central central they are furious they are furious w/Galileo!w/Galileo!

Galileo is accused of Galileo is accused of heresyheresy (crimes against Church) (crimes against Church) 1633 1633 brought to trial before Catholic brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his Inquisition & he recants his statementsstatements

Brainpop

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Isaac Newton (1642-1727)BrainpopBrainpop

Universal law of motion- Universal law of motion- every object in the every object in the universe attracts every universe attracts every other objectother object

Mathematical Principles of Mathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyNatural Philosophy (1687) (1687) - Explained gravity (what - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down)goes up must come down)

Universe is a giant clock- Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but all parts work together but God set clock in motion.God set clock in motion.

Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius(1514-1564)(1514-1564)

First to dissect human First to dissect human bodies (even though bodies (even though this was a disapproved this was a disapproved practice).practice).

Wrote Wrote On the Fabric of On the Fabric of the Human Body the Human Body (1543)(1543)

His published His published observations included observations included detailed drawings of detailed drawings of human organs, bones human organs, bones and muscle. and muscle.

William Harvey (1578-1657)William Harvey (1578-1657)

HarveyHarvey

Published Published On the On the Motion of the Heart Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animalsand Blood in Animals (1628)(1628)

Showed that heart Showed that heart acted as a pump to acted as a pump to circulate blood circulate blood throughout bodythroughout body

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon(1561-1626)(1561-1626)

An English politician & An English politician & writer with an interest writer with an interest in science.in science.

Criticized ancient Criticized ancient philosophers on how philosophers on how they arrived at their they arrived at their conclusions.conclusions.

Urged scientists to Urged scientists to experiment in order to experiment in order to arrive at conclusionsarrive at conclusions

Developed the Developed the Scientific Method Scientific Method

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon(1561-1626)(1561-1626)

Take out your Take out your Brainiac: Science Brainiac: Science Abuse WorksheetAbuse Worksheet

BrainiacBrainiac

Rene Descartes (1596-Rene Descartes (1596-1650)1650)

French scientist & French scientist & mathematician.mathematician.

Developed analytical Developed analytical geometry (links both geometry (links both algebra & algebra & geometry).geometry).

His developments His developments provided new tools provided new tools for scientific for scientific researchresearch..

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment------

Age of ReasonAge of Reason

What was it?What was it? Emerged out of the Emerged out of the

Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution and ended in the and ended in the French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Spokesmen = Spokesmen = Rising Middle ClassRising Middle Class

Paris = Center of Paris = Center of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Search for new Search for new laws/ways to govern laws/ways to govern humanshumans

Key IdeasKey Ideas

Distrust of Distrust of Tradition and Tradition and ReligionReligion

Scientific method Scientific method could be applied to could be applied to society as wellsociety as well

Man is naturally Man is naturally goodgood

The World of the Old RegimeThe World of the Old Regime

Built on traditionBuilt on tradition

World of hierarchy, World of hierarchy, privilege and privilege and inequalityinequality

Allied with the ChurchAllied with the Church

Challenged by Challenged by supporters of the supporters of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Conflict with the Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle ClassCapitalistic Middle Class

Size and increasing Size and increasing power of the Middle power of the Middle ClassClass

New notion of wealth New notion of wealth w/mercantilism w/mercantilism

Tension and discord Tension and discord created by the Middle created by the Middle ClassClass

The Philosophes The Philosophes (Philosophers)(Philosophers)

1818thth century French intellectuals century French intellectuals

Truth through Truth through reason reason Natural laws – natural is good and Natural laws – natural is good and

reasonable reasonable Happiness – belief in natural laws leads Happiness – belief in natural laws leads

to happiness to happiness Progress – for society (can be perfected)Progress – for society (can be perfected) Liberties – people should be free Liberties – people should be free

The Problem of CensorshipThe Problem of Censorship

The attempt of the The attempt of the Old Regime to control Old Regime to control new thinkingnew thinking

Publishers and writers Publishers and writers hounded by censorshounded by censors

Over 1000 Over 1000 booksellers and booksellers and authors imprisoned in authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the the Bastille in the early 1700’searly 1700’s

Famous Enlightenment Famous Enlightenment ThinkersThinkers

Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes (1588 –(1588 –1679)1679)

Wrote Wrote Leviathan Leviathan (1651)(1651) Convinced that all Convinced that all

humans are wicked and humans are wicked and evilevil

Humans exist in a Humans exist in a primitive state and give primitive state and give consent to the consent to the government for self-government for self-protectionprotection

Absolute monarchies Absolute monarchies

John Locke (1632-1704)John Locke (1632-1704) People learn from experience People learn from experience

Favored self-gov’t, people Favored self-gov’t, people rulerule

Natural rights: life, liberty, Natural rights: life, liberty, property property

gov’t protects these rights gov’t protects these rights and if not, people overthrow and if not, people overthrow gov’tgov’t

Wrote Wrote Two Treaties on Two Treaties on Government Government (1690)(1690)

Inspired American RevolutionInspired American Revolution

Francois Arouet Francois Arouet Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)

Admired English gov’t Admired English gov’t Mocked laws of Mocked laws of

France and religionFrance and religion There should be There should be

separation of church separation of church and state and state

““Ecrasez l’infame” – Ecrasez l’infame” – “Crush the evil thing”“Crush the evil thing”

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)1755)

The Spirit of the The Spirit of the Laws Laws (1748)(1748)

““Power should be a Power should be a check to power” – check to power” – this is beginnings of this is beginnings of separation of separation of powerspowers

Influence in the US Influence in the US – legislative, – legislative, executive, judicialexecutive, judicial

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)(1712-1778)

Individual freedomIndividual freedom

““Man is born free, and Man is born free, and everywhere he is in everywhere he is in chains.” chains.”

Direct democracyDirect democracy

1762- Wrote “The Social 1762- Wrote “The Social Contract” in which he Contract” in which he stated that Gov’t is a stated that Gov’t is a contract b/w people and contract b/w people and rulers rulers

The Role of the Salon – Spreading IdeasThe Role of the Salon – Spreading Ideas

Wealthy women of Wealthy women of Paris hosted social Paris hosted social gatherings known as gatherings known as salons salons

Philosophers, writers, Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists artists, scientists gathered to share gathered to share ideas ideas

Madame Geoffrin – Madame Geoffrin – most influential salon most influential salon hostesshostess

Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia EncyclopediaEncyclopedia (28 volumes) (28 volumes) Collected articles regarding Collected articles regarding

all topics: science, politics, all topics: science, politics, economics, slavery, human economics, slavery, human rights, religion, etc. rights, religion, etc.

Critics were outraged & Critics were outraged & Pope threatened to Pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics excommunicate Catholics who read it! who read it!

Translations helped spread Translations helped spread enlightenment ideas across enlightenment ideas across Europe Europe

Art and Literature Art and Literature

Enlightenment is reflected in the arts Enlightenment is reflected in the arts – music, literature, painting, and – music, literature, painting, and architecturearchitecture

Baroque Baroque – grand and ornate TO – grand and ornate TO NeoclassicalNeoclassical – simple and elegant, – simple and elegant,

Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, BeethovenBeethoven

Development of novels Development of novels

Enlightened DespotismEnlightened Despotism

The manner of The manner of political reform – political reform – monarchs who monarchs who embraced new embraced new ideas& reformsideas& reforms

Frederick the Great Frederick the Great of Prussiaof Prussia

Catherine the Great Catherine the Great of Russiaof Russia

Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria

Impact of Enlightenment Impact of Enlightenment

Ideas led to people challenging long Ideas led to people challenging long held ideas about society held ideas about society

Political philosophies of the Political philosophies of the Enlightenment inspired American Enlightenment inspired American and French revolutions in the 1800sand French revolutions in the 1800s