THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONTHE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONMAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages -broadening of the curriculum
-rising community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge
interest in the idea of human potential and progress
-recovery of classical texts (mathematics)-Renaissance pattern of patronage allowed
individuals to pursue scientific investigation(Galileo was supported by the Medicis)
-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages -broadening of the curriculum
-rising community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge
interest in the idea of human potential and progress
-recovery of classical texts (mathematics)-Renaissance pattern of patronage allowed
individuals to pursue scientific investigation(Galileo was supported by the Medicis)
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THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
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NICOLAUS COPERNICUSNICOLAUS COPERNICUS
(1473-1543)-Polish astronomer-questioned Ptolemy’s complicated explanation
of planetary movements-proposed a sun centered universe (heliocentric) -planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun-On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres -
published in 1543
(1473-1543)-Polish astronomer-questioned Ptolemy’s complicated explanation
of planetary movements-proposed a sun centered universe (heliocentric) -planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun-On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres -
published in 1543
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ON THE REVOLUTION OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES
ON THE REVOLUTION OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES
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COPERNICAN SYSTEMCOPERNICAN SYSTEM
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JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)
JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)
-German astronomer -formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun -Kepler provided sound mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
-German astronomer -formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun -Kepler provided sound mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
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JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
-Italian philosopher and astronomer-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of
Nature…written in mathematical characters.”Improved on the telescope
allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon
-came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe (based on observations)
The Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding heliocentrism
-Italian philosopher and astronomer-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of
Nature…written in mathematical characters.”Improved on the telescope
allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon
-came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe (based on observations)
The Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding heliocentrism
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-Galileo’s views were challenged by the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism would
undermine its authority and theologyBased on the geo-centrism of Aristotle
-Galileo was brought before the Inquisition works were banned and teachings were condemned
placed on the Index of Prohibited Books -he was threatened with torture and
excommunication and was placed under house arrest-Galileo recanted his views shortly before his death
-Galileo’s views were challenged by the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism would
undermine its authority and theologyBased on the geo-centrism of Aristotle
-Galileo was brought before the Inquisition works were banned and teachings were condemned
placed on the Index of Prohibited Books -he was threatened with torture and
excommunication and was placed under house arrest-Galileo recanted his views shortly before his death
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GALILEO PROVIDED EVIDENCE FOR
HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
GALILEO PROVIDED EVIDENCE FOR
HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
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GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS
GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS
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THE DIALOGUETHE DIALOGUE
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SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON
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Isaac Newton (1642-1723)Isaac Newton (1642-1723)
-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the
universal law of gravitation (every physical body in the universe exerts a
force on every other body)-proved that the universe was governed by precise
mathematical relationships
-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the
universal law of gravitation (every physical body in the universe exerts a
force on every other body)-proved that the universe was governed by precise
mathematical relationships
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-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking
the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”
-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for the science of the western world
-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking
the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”
-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for the science of the western world
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UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
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NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY
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SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
INDUCTIVE –TRUTH CLAIMS HAD TO BE EMPIRICIALLY VERIFIED
SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
INDUCTIVE –TRUTH CLAIMS HAD TO BE EMPIRICIALLY VERIFIED
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
-English politician and writer (not a scientist)-knowledge comes through observation and
experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)-allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and
draw conclusions based on those facts (inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)-increase in knowledge would lead to powerful
nations and an increase in personal wealth
-English politician and writer (not a scientist)-knowledge comes through observation and
experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)-allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and
draw conclusions based on those facts (inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)-increase in knowledge would lead to powerful
nations and an increase in personal wealth
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EMPIRICAL MODELEMPIRICAL MODEL
ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALID
ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALID
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INDUCTIVE MODELINDUCTIVE MODEL
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RENE’ DESCARTES “I think, therefore, I am.”RENE’ DESCARTES
“I think, therefore, I am.”
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Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650
Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650
French mathematician Invented analytical geometryDeveloped a scientific method based
on rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and
reflectionDescartes believed that he could
rationally prove the existence of God
French mathematician Invented analytical geometryDeveloped a scientific method based
on rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and
reflectionDescartes believed that he could
rationally prove the existence of God
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DEDUCTIVE MODEL DEDUCTIVE MODEL
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DESCARTES’ IDEAS IMPACTED THE WAY THE MODERN WORLD WOULD COME TO
LOOK AT KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTHDUALISM
DESCARTES’ IDEAS IMPACTED THE WAY THE MODERN WORLD WOULD COME TO
LOOK AT KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTHDUALISM
OBJECTIVE PHYSICAL (MATTER) SCIENTIFIC MATHEMATICAL RATIONAL
OBJECTIVE PHYSICAL (MATTER) SCIENTIFIC MATHEMATICAL RATIONAL
SUBJECTIVE MIND SPIRITUAL INTUITIVE NOT OPEN TO
EMPIRICAL OR MATHEMATICAL VERIFICATION
SUBJECTIVE MIND SPIRITUAL INTUITIVE NOT OPEN TO
EMPIRICAL OR MATHEMATICAL VERIFICATION
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BLAISE PASCAL 1623-1662
BLAISE PASCAL 1623-1662
FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER
FIRST TO USE PROBABILITY THEORY
DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS
CHALLENGED WHETHER HUMAN REASON COULD REALLY ADDRESS LIFE’S GREATEST QUESTIONS.
DEEPLY CHRISTIAN THINKER
STRESSED THE “REASON OF THE HEART” OVER PURE REASON AND LOGIC
FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER
FIRST TO USE PROBABILITY THEORY
DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS
CHALLENGED WHETHER HUMAN REASON COULD REALLY ADDRESS LIFE’S GREATEST QUESTIONS.
DEEPLY CHRISTIAN THINKER
STRESSED THE “REASON OF THE HEART” OVER PURE REASON AND LOGIC
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PENSEESPENSEES
COMPILATION OF PASCAL’S REFLECTIONS ON CHRISTIAN TRUTH
COMPILED AFTER HIS DEATH
MOST WELL KNOW LITERARY WORK
COMPILATION OF PASCAL’S REFLECTIONS ON CHRISTIAN TRUTH
COMPILED AFTER HIS DEATH
MOST WELL KNOW LITERARY WORK
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PASCAL’S WAGERPASCAL’S WAGER
PASCAL USED A MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY TO EXPLAIN HIS FAITH IN GOD
BELIEVED THAT ONE HAD TO TAKE A LEAP OF FAITH TOWARD GOD
“WAGER” THAT GOD’S REVELATION WAS TRUE AND REAL
IF ONE WINS THE WAGER – GAIN EVERYTHING LOSE THE WAGER- LOSE NOTHING LOGIC AND REASON COULD NOT BRING ONE
TO ULTIMATE CERTAINTY CHALLENGED DESCARTES CONFIDENCE IN
REASON AS THE PATH TO TRUTH (GOD)
PASCAL USED A MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY TO EXPLAIN HIS FAITH IN GOD
BELIEVED THAT ONE HAD TO TAKE A LEAP OF FAITH TOWARD GOD
“WAGER” THAT GOD’S REVELATION WAS TRUE AND REAL
IF ONE WINS THE WAGER – GAIN EVERYTHING LOSE THE WAGER- LOSE NOTHING LOGIC AND REASON COULD NOT BRING ONE
TO ULTIMATE CERTAINTY CHALLENGED DESCARTES CONFIDENCE IN
REASON AS THE PATH TO TRUTH (GOD)
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PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE
PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD
IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO
18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL
REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD
IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO
18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL
REVOLUTION