The Scientific Revolution
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Transcript of The Scientific Revolution
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Toward the modern worldview Toward the modern worldview
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How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?
In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?
What was the Copernican Revolution? What was the Newtonian synthesis?
How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?
In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?
What was the Copernican Revolution? What was the Newtonian synthesis?
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MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONMAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages
-broadening of the curriculum to include the study
of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress
-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages
-broadening of the curriculum to include the study
of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress
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the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)
Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the
Medici family
the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)
Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the
Medici family
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The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism
The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism
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Aristotle’s View of the Universe
Aristotle’s View of the Universe
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Ptolemy’s Universe Ptolemy’s Universe
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THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
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NICOLAUS COPERNICUSNICOLAUS COPERNICUS(1473-1543)-Polish astronomerchallenged the Roman astronomer, Ptolemy’s,
complicated explanation of planetary movements
proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spherespublished in 1543
(1473-1543)-Polish astronomerchallenged the Roman astronomer, Ptolemy’s,
complicated explanation of planetary movements
proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spherespublished in 1543
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TYCHO BRAHE 1546-1601TYCHO BRAHE 1546-1601
DANISH ASTRONOMER
MADE DETAILED OBSERVATIONS OF THE STARS AND PLANETS
USED THE VIEWS OF ARISTOTLE AND COPERNICUS PLANETS REVOLVED
AROUND THE SUN SUN AND PLANETS
REVOLVED AROUND THE EARTH AND MOON
DANISH ASTRONOMER
MADE DETAILED OBSERVATIONS OF THE STARS AND PLANETS
USED THE VIEWS OF ARISTOTLE AND COPERNICUS PLANETS REVOLVED
AROUND THE SUN SUN AND PLANETS
REVOLVED AROUND THE EARTH AND MOON
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JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)
JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)
-German astronomer- worked with Brahe-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical
not circular -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun
-Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
-German astronomer- worked with Brahe-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical
not circular -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun
-Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
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JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron of his work
-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”
Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of
the planets and the surface of the sun and moon
-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron of his work
-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”
Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of
the planets and the surface of the sun and moon
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Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and
its moons
Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church
Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and
its moons
Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church
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-Galileo’s views were challenged by
the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism
would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy
-Galileo’s views were challenged by
the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism
would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy
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Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were
condemnedplaced on the Index of Prohibited Books
-he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest
-Galileo recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642 (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)
Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were
condemnedplaced on the Index of Prohibited Books
-he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest
-Galileo recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642 (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)
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GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
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GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS
GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS
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THE DIALOGUETHE DIALOGUE
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Galileo before the Inquisition
Galileo before the Inquisition
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The Newtonian Synthesis
The Newtonian Synthesis
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SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON
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Isaac Newton (1642-1723)Isaac Newton (1642-1723)-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe,
Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the
universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe
exerts a force on every other body)-provided evidence that the universe was governed
by precise mathematical relationships
-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe,
Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the
universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe
exerts a force on every other body)-provided evidence that the universe was governed
by precise mathematical relationships
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-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking
the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”
-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world (Einstein’s theories would later challenge some of Newton’s notions of a mechanical universe)
-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking
the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”
-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world (Einstein’s theories would later challenge some of Newton’s notions of a mechanical universe)
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UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
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NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY
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Newton also came to better understand the properties of light
Newton also came to better understand the properties of light
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SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
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Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
-English politician and writer (not a trained scientist)
Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts
(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge
would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth
-English politician and writer (not a trained scientist)
Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts
(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge
would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth
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EMPIRICAL MODELEMPIRICAL MODEL
ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”
TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION
ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”
TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION
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INDUCTIVE MODELINDUCTIVE MODEL
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RENE’ DESCARTES “I think, therefore, I am.”RENE’ DESCARTES
“I think, therefore, I am.”
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Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650
Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650
French mathematician Invented analytical geometryDeveloped a scientific method based on
rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and reflection
Descartes believed that he could rationally prove the existence of God Begins by “doubting” everything Does not begin with faith
French mathematician Invented analytical geometryDeveloped a scientific method based on
rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and reflection
Descartes believed that he could rationally prove the existence of God Begins by “doubting” everything Does not begin with faith
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DEDUCTIVE MODEL DEDUCTIVE MODEL
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DESCARTES’ IDEAS IMPACTED THE WAY THE MODERN WORLD WOULD
COME TO LOOK AT KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH
(CREATED A KIND OF DUALISM)
DESCARTES’ IDEAS IMPACTED THE WAY THE MODERN WORLD WOULD
COME TO LOOK AT KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH
(CREATED A KIND OF DUALISM)
OBJECTIVE PHYSICAL (MATTER) SCIENTIFIC MATHEMATICAL RATIONAL EMPIRICAL
OBJECTIVE PHYSICAL (MATTER) SCIENTIFIC MATHEMATICAL RATIONAL EMPIRICAL
SUBJECTIVEMINDINTUITION NOT OPEN TO
EMPIRICAL OR MATHEMATICAL VERIFICATION
SUBJECTIVEMINDINTUITION NOT OPEN TO
EMPIRICAL OR MATHEMATICAL VERIFICATION
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BLAISE PASCAL 1623-1662
BLAISE PASCAL 1623-1662 FRENCH
MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER
FIRST TO USE PROBABILITY THEORY
DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS
CHALLENGED WHETHER HUMAN REASON COULD REALLY ADDRESS LIFE’S GREATEST QUESTIONS.
DEEPLY CHRISTIAN THINKER
FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER
FIRST TO USE PROBABILITY THEORY
DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS
CHALLENGED WHETHER HUMAN REASON COULD REALLY ADDRESS LIFE’S GREATEST QUESTIONS.
DEEPLY CHRISTIAN THINKER
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PENSEESPENSEES
COMPILATION OF PASCAL’S REFLECTIONS ON CHRISTIAN TRUTH
COMPILED AFTER HIS DEATH
MOST WELL KNOWN LITERARY WORK
COMPILATION OF PASCAL’S REFLECTIONS ON CHRISTIAN TRUTH
COMPILED AFTER HIS DEATH
MOST WELL KNOWN LITERARY WORK
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PASCAL’S WAGERPASCAL’S WAGER
PASCAL USED A MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY TO EXPLAIN HIS FAITH IN GOD
BELIEVED THAT ONE HAD TO TAKE A “LEAP OF FAITH” TOWARD GOD
WE HAVE TO “WAGER” THAT GOD’S REVELATION IS TRUE AND REAL
IF ONE WINS THE WAGER –WE GAIN EVERYTHING
LOSE THE WAGER- WE LOSE NOTHING
PASCAL USED A MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY TO EXPLAIN HIS FAITH IN GOD
BELIEVED THAT ONE HAD TO TAKE A “LEAP OF FAITH” TOWARD GOD
WE HAVE TO “WAGER” THAT GOD’S REVELATION IS TRUE AND REAL
IF ONE WINS THE WAGER –WE GAIN EVERYTHING
LOSE THE WAGER- WE LOSE NOTHING
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PASCALPASCAL
PASCAL BELIEVED THAT LOGIC AND REASON COULD NOT BRING ONE TO ULTIMATE CERTAINTY
CHALLENGED DESCARTES’ CONFIDENCE IN REASON AS THE PATH TO TRUTH (GOD)
STRESSED THE “REASON OF THE HEART” OVER PURE REASON AND LOGIC
PASCAL BELIEVED THAT LOGIC AND REASON COULD NOT BRING ONE TO ULTIMATE CERTAINTY
CHALLENGED DESCARTES’ CONFIDENCE IN REASON AS THE PATH TO TRUTH (GOD)
STRESSED THE “REASON OF THE HEART” OVER PURE REASON AND LOGIC
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PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE
PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD
IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO
18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL
REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD
IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO
18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL
REVOLUTION