The Science of Chemistry. Before chemistry there was….. Alchemy.
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Transcript of The Science of Chemistry. Before chemistry there was….. Alchemy.
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The Science of Chemistry
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Before chemistry there was…..
Alchemy
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Alchemy:A medieval science and philosophy
aiming to achieve:
1. Transmutation of base metals (like lead) into gold
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Alchemy
2. Discovery of a universal cure for disease
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Alchemy
3. Discovery of a way to prolong life
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Has modern science achieved these things?
Wealth for all?
Cure for disease?
Prolonged life?
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Why is Gold valuable?
• Rare
• Pretty
• Soft, easy to shape
• Resists corrosion
• Chemically unreactive
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The science that studies the
structure,
composition,
and properties
of substances
and their transformations
(Webster)
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What are the simplest substances?
• The ELEMENTS ( only about 90 occur naturally, 114 discovered)
• Listed in the Periodical Table
• Basic building blocks for all other more complex substances (compounds) found in the universe
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Abundance of common elements in the Universe
• 60% Hydrogen H element #1
• 37% Helium He element #2
• 3% elements # 3-90
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Abundance of elements on Earth (crust and atmosphere)
• 35% iron
• 30 % oxygen
• 15 % silicon
• 13% Magnesium
• 2.4% nickel
• 4.6% others
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Origin of the Elements
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Big Bang
• 15-20 billion years ago• Matter and energy scatter, expand, and
cool• Matter condenses to form galaxies,
Element Hydrogen forms• Stars form in galaxies. In stars, H fuses to
form Helium and energy• More fusion allows heavier elements to
form
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We are all star dust……
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Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
What is NOT matter???
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Classification of Matter
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Matter
Can it be separated by physical means?
If yes….
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Then you have a Mixture
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Physical ways to separate a mixture
• Filtering
(particle size)
• Distillation
(boiling point)
(dissolved solid)
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Physical ways to separate a mixture
• Chromatography
(attraction to paper)
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Is the mixture uniform throughout?
• IF yes, it is HOMOGENEOUS
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If no, then the mixture is Heterogeneous
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Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous mixtures
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MatterCan it be separated by physical means?
MixtureIs it uniform throughout?
Substance
HomogeneousGatoradeBronzeBrass
Homogenized beverages
HeterogeneousDirt
Sea shellsRocky road ice cream
Non-homogenized beverages
YES NO
YES NO
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If matter can NOT be separated by physical means….
It is a SUBSTANCE
If the substance can’t be broken down, it is an ELEMENT
Elements are made of only one type of atom
Ex. Aluminum, carbon, oxygen
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SUBSTANCEIf the substance CAN be broken down, it is a
COMPOUND, made of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together.
Ex. Water (2 Hydrogens and 1 oxygen)
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MatterCan it be separated by physical means?
MIXTUREIs it uniform throughout?
SUBSTANCECan it be broken down?
HomogeneousGatoradeBronzeBrass
Homogenized beverages
HeterogeneousDirt
Sea shellsRocky road ice cream
Non-homogenized beverages
COMPOUNDWATER H20SALT NaCl
ELEMENTAluminum
Graphite (Carbon)
YES NO
YES NO Yes NO
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ELEMENTS can be….
• MONATOMIC : single atoms Al
• DIATOMIC : two of the same atom bonded together in pairs O2
• POLYATOMIC: three or more of the same atom bonded together O3
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7 Diatomic Elements
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Particles of Matter
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Review
What is……
MATTER
SUBSTANCE
MIXTURE
ELEMENT
COMPOUND
HETEROGENEOUS VS. HOMOGENEOUS
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CHEMISTRY: THE STUDY OF MATTER
Did you know that……..
One of the most popular “foods” in the United States is an entirely SYNTHETIC (man-made) mixture.
Can you guess what it is?
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SODA
The average person consumes 40 GALLONS (!)
of soda each year
Mixture:carbonated watersweetener, acids,flavorings, caffeine
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States of Matter
GAS LIQUID SOLID
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Physical Properties of Matter
The properties of a substance that can be demonstrated without changing the
composition of the substance
Size (length, volume)
Density
Mass
Color
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Physical Properties
Melting Point
Ex. Ice (solid water) starts to melt to liquid water at 0 degrees Celsius
Boiling Point
Ex. Water boils into steam at 100 degrees Celsius
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Physical Properties
Malleability: can be pounded into a new shape without breaking
Metals are malleable
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Physical Properties
Iron is malleable
Fe
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Physical Properties
Ductility
Can be pulled into long wires without breaking
Metals are ductile
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Physical Properties
Crystal Shape
Reflects the regular arrangement of atoms in the solid
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Physical ChangeA change in the sample of matter that does
not result in a NEW substance:
Phase Changes
Changes in shapeSolid liquid gas
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Chemical Properties of Matter
How matter behaves when it changes into a NEW substance.
EX. Iron rusts silver tarnishes
Milk sours sugar ferments
eggs rot leaves turn
paper burns
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Chemical Change
Substance changes into a NEW substance.
This change is often an irreversible and permanent change in composition
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Burning
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Tarnishing
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Rusting
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Oxidizing
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Chemical Reaction
Chemical changes mean a chemical reaction has occurred
REACTANTS PRODUCTSold substances become new substances
Sodium + Chlorine sodium chloride (table salt)
Na + CL NaCL
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Test Review
• Know names and symbols of common elements
Name SymbolAs SodiumCa IronMn TinCu GoldK Lead
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Test Review
Matter
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Classify the following samples of matter
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Classify the following samples of matter
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Classify the following samples of matter
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Classify the following samples of matter
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Classify the following samples of matter
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Classify the following samples:
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Classify the particles of matter
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Identify the following changes as Physical or Chemical
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Identify the following changes as Physical or Chemical
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Identify the following changes as Physical or Chemical
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Identify the following changes as Physical or Chemical
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Identify the following changes as Physical or Chemical
Fe
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Identify the following changes as Physical or Chemical
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Identify the following changes as Physical or Chemical
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Periodic Table Review
1. Elements are arranged according to______
2. Vertical columns are called________3. Horizontal rows are called ________4. There are ______ periods in the table5. Most elements are classified as _____6. Where are the transition metals?7. What are the metalloids?
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Periodic Table Review
1. Describe 3 properties of metals
2. Describe 2 properties of non metals
3. Group 2 metals are called____________
4. Group 17 non metals are called _______
5. What two elements are liquid at room temperature?
6. How can you tell if a compound contains a transition metal?