The science behind the selection of native plant materials
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Transcript of The science behind the selection of native plant materials
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The Science Behind the Selection of Native Plant Materials
Alexis GibsonDissertation Defense
May 2015
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Ecological Restoration
• Background on local adapation - conceptual
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Based on work by Clausen, Keck and Hiesey
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Local Adaptation
A B0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
FITN
ESS
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Local Adaptation
A B0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
FITN
ESS
A
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Local Adaptation
A B0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
FITN
ESS
A B
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Wright, Stanton, Scherson 2006
NORMAL HEAVY METALS
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DISTANCE
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CLIMATE SOILSDISTANCE
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CLIMATE SOILS
DISTURBANCE
DISTANCE
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CLIMATE
SOILS
DISTURBANCE
DISTANCE
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PLANT COMMUNITY
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PLANT COMMUNITY SOIL BIOTA
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PLANT COMMUNITY SOIL BIOTAMUTUALISTS
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PLANT COMMUNITY SOIL BIOTAMUTUALISTS
PATHOGENS
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PLANT COMMUNITY SOIL BIOTAMUTUALISTS
PATHOGENS HERBIVORES
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1 2 3 1 2 3
Bischoff et al. 2006
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1 2 3 1 2 3
Bischoff et al. 2006
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1 2 3 1 2 3
Bischoff et al. 2006
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Polyploidy
Diploid = 2x
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Polyploidy
Triploid = 3x Tetraploid = 4xDiploid = 2x
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Cytotype
• An individual of a species with a different ploidy than another
Diploid (2x)
Tetraploid(4x)
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Polyploidy
• 13% species have multiple cytotypes (Severns et al. 2006)
• Crosses between cytotypes reduce population fitness• Diploid (2x) x Tetraploid (4x) = Triploid (3x)
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2x-2x 4x-4x 2x-4x 0
20
40
60
80
100
Ger
min
ation
(%)
TRIPLOIDS (3x)
Adapted from Needham and Erickson 1992
3x seeds often aborted
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2x 4x 3x0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Rela
tive
Fitn
ess
Adapted from Burton and Husband 2000
3x plants have low fitness
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Local adaptation and native plant materials selection
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How informative is local adaptation literature for restoration?
Literature review
Local adaptation and native plant materials selection
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Do native species respond to invasion by spotted knapweed?
Greenhouse experiment
Local adaptation and native plant materials selection
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Considerations for seed transfer
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How does polyploidy interact with seed transfer guidelines?
Flow cytometry and common garden
Considerations for seed transfer
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Which seed transfer zone works best in Montana and Idaho?
Common garden and model comparison
Considerations for seed transfer
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Integrating Literature and Management• Mismatch between research and
restoration conditions
• Short time spans
• Limited information on germination and emergence
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Response to Invasion
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Leger 2008Experienced Naïve
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Steven Dewey
Bluebunch wheatgrassPseudoroegneria spicata
Spotted knapweedCentaurea stoebe
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Experienced Naïve0
102030405060708090
100
Mt Jumbo
Experienced Naïve0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Bison Range
Ger
min
ation
(%)
Adapted from Callaway et al. 2005
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Lesica and Atthowe 2007
ExperiencedNaïveGoldar
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Lesica and Atthowe 2007
ExperiencedNaïveGoldar
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TOLERANCE
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TOLERANCE
SUPPRESSION
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Response to Invasion
• Are there population or experience-type differences in:
• Traits• Competitive ability
• Are tolerance and suppression related?
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14 wild populations:• 8 invader naïve (IN)• 6 invader experienced (IE)
Cultivar Anatone
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Competitive Ability
• Relative Interaction Index (RII)
• Scale from -1 to 1• Negative values: harmed by competition• Positive values: higher biomass with competition
• Tolerance • Knapweed bluebunch• Bluebunch biomass
• Suppression • Bluebunch knapweed• Knapweed biomass
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Treatment
Control Invaded
Bio
mas
s (g
)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5**
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Treatment
Control Invaded
Bio
mas
s (g
)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5**
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Treatment
Control Invaded
Bio
mas
s (g
)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5**
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Overall Anatone BL H LH LNF MCL MJ MM PT
Tol
eran
ce (
RII
-Adu
lt)
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
IEIN
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Overall Anatone BL H LH LNF MCL MJ MM PT
Tol
eran
ce (
RII
-Adu
lt)
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
IEINExperiencedNaive
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Overall Anatone BL H LH LNF MCL MJ MM PT
Tol
eran
ce (
RII
-Adu
lt)
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
IEINExperiencedNaive
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Suppression
-1.0-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.2
To
lera
nce
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
IEIN
Anatone
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Suppression
-1.0-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.2
To
lera
nce
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
IEIN
Anatone
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Response to Invasion
• Populations vs species• Geographic mosaic (Thompson 1999)
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Response to Invasion
• Population vs species
• Anatone vs wild
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Response to Invasion
• Population vs species
• Anatone vs wild
• Tolerance vs suppression• Atwater 2014
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PART 2:
Considerations for Seed Transfer
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Seed Transfer
• Similar enough to prevent negative consequences
• Species-specific data
St Clair et al. 2014
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Ploidy and Seed Transfer
• Cytotypes may not segregate by habitat (e.g. Baack 2004)
• Crosses between cytotypes can reduce population fitness
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Bower et al. 2014
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Bluebunch wheatgrass
• Most populations diploid (2x)
• Tetraploid (4x) in northern range (Larson 2004)
• Commonly used in restoration
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What is the frequency and distribution of polyploids?
Are trait differences due to cytotype or ecoregion?
Which provisional transfer zone is best?
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Ecoregion
15 16 17
Fre
quen
cy
0
20
40
60
80
100 2x4 xMixed
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Ecoregion
15 16 17
Fre
quen
cy
0
20
40
60
80
100 2x4 xMixed
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Fin
al b
iom
ass
(g)
0
5
10
15
20
Ecoregion
15 16 17
See
d se
t (nu
mbe
r)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Fin
al b
iom
ass
(g)
0
5
10
15
20
a
b
a
A)
Ploidy group
2x M 4x
See
d se
t (nu
mbe
r)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300B)
C)
D)
a ab
a
a
b
a
aa
a
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Fin
al b
iom
ass
(g)
0
5
10
15
20
Ecoregion
15 16 17
See
d se
t (nu
mbe
r)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Fin
al b
iom
ass
(g)
0
5
10
15
20
a
b
a
A)
Ploidy group
2x M 4x
See
d se
t (nu
mbe
r)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300B)
C)
D)
a ab
a
a
b
a
aa
a
Ecoregion differences
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Polyploidy and Seed Transfer• Polyploidy common in this area
• 60% of populations• Ecoregion
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Polyploidy and Seed Transfer• Polyploidy common in this area
• Mixed populations are rare• No 3x individuals
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Polyploidy and Seed Transfer• Polyploidy common in this area
• Mixed populations are rare
• Tetraploid-only populations
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Which provisional transfer zone is best?
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Provisional Transfer Zones
Target population
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Provisional Transfer Zones
Target population
Level IIIecoregion
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Provisional Transfer Zones
Target population
Climate
Level IIIecoregion
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Provisional Transfer Zones
Target population
Climate
Level III ecoregion
Climate within ecoregion
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CLIMATE CLIMATE within ECOREGION
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CLIMATE CLIMATE within ECOREGION
Seed SetMortality
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CLIMATE CLIMATE within ECOREGION
2011 Height2012 CircumferenceFinal Biomass
Seed SetMortality
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Climate Results• Winter temperatures
• Increased mortality, decreased seed set
• Warm temperature and precipitation
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Provisional transfer zones
• Location of research and use• Warm temperatures (Bower et al. 2014)
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Provisional transfer zones
• Location of research and use
• “Best” model may depend on traits
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Science and Management
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1. Availability• Expensive to collect• Limited quantity
2. Necessity not always clear• Higher fitness found 45% of the time (Leimu
and Fischer 2008)• Variation in “genetically appropriate”
Considerations for Prioritizing Local Seed Sources
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Invaders
• Primary goal of restoration?
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Invaders
• Primary goal of restoration?
• Co-evolution (e.g. Leger and Espeland 2013)
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Polyploidy
• Equally important as local adapation
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Polyploidy
• Equally important as local adapation
• Difficult to assess in common garden• Flow cytometry
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Transfer Zones
• Some species-specific information needed
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Transfer Zones
• Some species-specific information needed
• Multiple “best” options for transfer
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Acknowledgments
• Committee: Ray Callaway, Lila Fishman, Solomon Dobrowski, Dean Pearson, Elizabeth Crone
• Project Partner: Susan Rinehart, FS Native Plant Program Manager
• Research funded by:• FS Region 1 Native Plant Materials Program • MT EPSCoR Institute on Ecosystems
• Cara Nelson + Nelson Lab
• Bryan + Sully
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QUESTIONS?