The Satires of a. Persius Flaccus by Persius

184
The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Satires of A. Persius Flaccus, by A. Persius Flaccus (AKA Persius) This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Satires of A. Persius Flaccus Author: A. Persius Flaccus (AKA Persius) Editor: Basil L. Gildersleeve Release Date: July 22, 2007 [EBook #22119] Language: Latin Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SATIRES OF A. PERSIUS FLACCUS *** Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net [Transcriber’s Note: This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding, including a number of Greek words: Συνίσταντο οἱ μὲν ὡς τοῦτον, οἱ δ ὡς ἐκεῖνον.... ă, ĕ; ā, ē, ī, ō (l r wi h br v r m cr ) If y f h ch r c r i pl y pr p rly--i p r ic l r, if h i cri ic pp r ir c ly b v h l r-- r if h q i mr i hi p r gr ph pp r g rb g , m r y r x r r’ “ch r c r ” r “fil c i g” i U ic (UTF-8). Y my l ch g h f l f . A l r r, h l i -1 v ri f h fil i . I h pri x , mph i wi hi i liciz p g w h w by g p rr (pc - ) x . Thi i h w h r wi h #m r #, i #b l f c # yp . B l g prr v r cc r i h m c x . I lic r h w by _li _. I h Cri ic l App ix, p r crip α ω are sho n in braces as {α} {ω}. The Notes and Critical Appendix ere printed in a block at the end of the book. For this e-text, they have been regrouped so each Satire ith its notes forms a discrete unit. In addition, the Satires alone-- totaling about 700 lines-- have been repeated at the beginning of the text, before the Introduction.]

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Transcript of The Satires of a. Persius Flaccus by Persius

  • The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Satires of A. Persius Flaccus, by A. Persius Flaccus (AKA Persius)

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

    Title: The Satires of A. Persius Flaccus

    Author: A. Persius Flaccus (AKA Persius)

    Editor: Basil L. Gildersleeve

    Release Date: July 22, 2007 [EBook #22119]

    Language: Latin

    Character set encoding: UTF-8

    *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SATIRES OF A. PERSIUS FLACCUS ***

    Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

    [Transcribers Note:

    This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding, including a number of Greek words:

    , .... , ; , , , (lr wih brv r mcr)

    If y f h chrcr iply prprly--i priclr, if h icriic ppr ircly bv h lr--r if h q

    i mr i hi prgrph ppr grbg, m

    r y

    r x r

    r chrcr r fil c

    ig i Uic

    (UTF-8). Y my l chg h fl f. A l rr, h li-1 vri f h fil i.

    I h pri

    x, mphi wihi iliciz

    pg w hw by gprr (pc-) x. Thi i hw hr wih #mr#, i #blfc# yp. Bl gprr vr ccr i h m cx. Ilic r hw by _li_. I h Criicl App

    ix,

    prcrip

    are shon in braces as {}

    {}.

    The Notes and Critical Appendix ere printed in a block at the end of the book. For this e-text, they have been regrouped so each Satire ith its notes forms a discrete unit. In addition, the Satires alone-- totaling about 700 lines-- have been repeated at the beginning of the text, before the Introduction.]

  • THE SATIRES of A. PERSIUS FLACCUS

    Edited By

    BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, Ph.D. (Gttingen), LL.D., Professor of Greek in the University of Virginia.

    [Publishers Device: ]

    ew York: arper & Brothers, ublishers, Franklin quare. 1875.

    ntered according to ct of ongress, in the year 1875, by RR & BRR, n the ffice of the ibrarian of ongress, at Washington.

    RF.

    he text of this edition of ersius is in the main that of Jahns lastrecension (1868).

    he few changes are discussed in the otes andrecorded in the ritical ppendix.

    n the preparation of the otes have made large use of Jahns standardedition, without neglecting the commentaries of asaubon, Knig, and

    einrich, or the later editions by acleane,

    retor, and onington, orsuch recent monographs on ersius as have been able to procure.

    pecial obligations have received special acknowledgment.

    y personal contributions to the elucidation of

    ersius are too slightto warrant me in following the prevalent fashion and cataloguing themerits of my work under the modest guise of aims and endeavors. shallbe contenf, if

    have succeeded in making

    ersius less distasteful tothe general student; more than content, if those who have devoted longand patient study to this difficult author shall accord me the credit ofan honest effort to make myself acquainted with the poet himself as wellas with his chief commentators.

    n compliance with the wish of the distinguished scholar at whoseinstance undertook this work, rofessor harles hort, of olumbiaollege, ew York,

    have inserted references to my

    atin Grammar and tothe Grammar of llen and Greenough, here and there to advig.

    B. . GDRV.

  • VRY F VRG, _February_, 1875.

    .

    age

    RD V

    . R F RR BR 39

    V R 65 71 R DX 207

    DX 211

    * * * * *

    . R F

    RR

    BR.

    [Duplicated material: see ranscribers ote at beginning of e-text.]

    R

    G

    .

    ec fonte labra prolui caballino, nec in bicipiti somniasse

    arnaso memini, ut repente sic poeta prodirem. eliconidasque pallidamque irenen illis remitto, quorum imagines lambunt 5 hederae sequaces: ipse semipaganus ad sacra vatum carmen adfero nostrum. quis expedivit psittaco suum chaere picamque docuit nostra verba conari? magister artis ingenique largitor 10 venter, negatas artifex sequi voces; quod si dolosi spes refulserit nummi, corvos poetas et poetridas picas cantare credas

    egaseium nectar.

    R .

    curas hominum! o quantum est in rebus inane! Quis leget haec? in tu istud ais? nemo hercule! emo? Vel duo, vel nemo. urpe et miserabile! Quare?

  • ne mihi olydamas et roiades abeonem praetulerint? nugae. non, si quid turbida Roma 5 elevet, accedas examenque inprobum in illa castiges trutina, nec te quaesiveris extra. nam Romae quis non--? a, si fas dicere-- sed fas tum, cum ad canitiem et nostrum istud vivere triste aspexi ac nucibus facimus quaecumque relictis, 10 cum sapimus patruos; tunc, tunc, ignoscite-- olo. Quid faciam? sed sum petulanti splene cachinno.

    cribimus inclusi, numeros ille, his pede liber, grande aliquid, quod pulmo animae praelargus anhelet. scilicet haec populo pexusque togaque recenti 15 et natalicia tandem cum sardonyche albus sede leges celsa, liquido cum plasmate guttur mobile collueris, patranti fractus ocello. hic neque more probo videas nec voce serena ingentis trepidare itos, cum carmina lumbum 20 intrant, et tremulo scalpuntur ubi intima versu. tun, vetule, auriculis alienis colligis escas? auriculis, quibus et dicas cute perditus _ohe_. Quo didicisse, nisi hoc fermentum et quae semel intus innata est rupto iecore exierit caprificus? 25 n pallor seniumque! o mores! usque adeone scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter? t pulchrum est digito monstrari et dicier _hic est!_ ten cirratorum centum dictata fuisse pro nihilo pendas? cce inter pocula quaerunt 30 Romulidae saturi, quid dia poemata narrent. hic aliquis, cui circa umeros hyacinthia laena est, rancidulum quiddam balba de nare locutus, hyllidas ypsipylas, vatum et plorabile si quid, eliquat ac tenero supplantat verba palato. 35 adsensere viri: nunc non cinis ille poetae felix? non levior cippus nunc inprimit ossa? laudant convivae: nunc non e manibus illis, nunc non e tumulo fortunataque favilla nascentur violae? Rides ait et nimis uncis 40 naribus indulges. an erit qui velle recuset os populi meruisse et cedro digna locutus linquere nec scombros metuentia carmina nec tus? Quisquis es, o, modo quem ex adverso dicere feci, non ego cum scribo, si forte quid aptius exit, 45 quando haec rara avis est, si quid tamen aptius exit, laudari metuam, neque enim mihi cornea fibra est; sed recti finemque extremumque esse recuso euge tuum et belle. nam belle hoc excute totum: quid non intus habet? non hic est lias tti 50 ebria veratro? non si qua elegidia crudi dictarunt proceres? non quidquid denique lectis scribitur in citreis? calidum seis ponere sumen, scis comitem horridulum trita donare lacerna, et verum inquis amo: verum mihi dicite de me. 55 qui pote? vis dicam? nugaris, cum tibi, calve, pinguis aqualiculus protenso sesquipede exstet. o ane, a tergo quem nulla ciconia pinsit, nec manus auriculas imitari mobilis albas, nec linguae, quantum, sitiat canis pula, tantae! 60 vos, o patricius sanguis, quos vivere fas est occipiti caeco, posticae occurrite sannae! Quis populi sermo est? quis enim, nisi carmina molli

  • nunc demum numero fluere, ut per leve severos effundat iunctura unguis? scit tendere versum 65 non secus ac si oculo rubricam derigat uno. sive opus in mores, in luxum, in prandia regum dicere, res grandis nostro dat usa poetae. ecce modo heroas sensus adferre videmus nugari solitos graece, nec ponere lucum 70 artifices nec rus saturum laudare, ubi corbes et focus et porci et fumosa alilia faeno, unde Remus, sulcoque terens dentalia, Quinti, cum trepida ante boves dictatorem induit uxor et tua aratra domum lictor tulit-- euge poeta! 75 est nunc Brisaei quem venosus liber cci, sunt quos

    acuviusque et verrucosa moretur ntiopa, aerumnis cor luctificabile fulta. hos pueris monitus patres infundere lippos cum videas, quaerisne, unde haec sartago loquendi 80 venerit in linguas, unde istuc dedecus, in quo trossulus exsultat tibi per subsellia levis? nilne pudet capiti non posse pericula cano pellere, quin tepidum hoc optes audire _decenter_? Fur es ait

    edio.

    edius quid? crimina rasis 85 librat in antithetis: doctas posuisse figuras laudatur bellum hoc! hoc bellum? an, Romule, ceves? men moveat? quippe et, cantet si naufragus, assem protulerim. cantas, cum fracta te in trabe pictum ex umero portes? verum, nec nocte paratum 90 plorabit, qui me volet incurvasse querela.

    ed numeris decor est et iunctura addita crudis. cludere sic versum didicit _Berecyntius ttis_ et _qui caeruleum dirimebat erea delphin_ sic _costam longo subduximus ppennino_. 95 _rma virum_, nonne hoc spumosum et cortice pingui, ut ramale vetus vegrandi subere coctum? Quidnam igitur tenerum et laxa cervice legendum? _orva mimalloneis inplerunt cornua bombis,_ _et raptum vitulo caput ablatura superbo_ 100 _Bassaris et lyncem aenas flexura corymbis_ _euhion ingeminat, reparabilis adsonat echo?_ haec fierent, si testiculi vena ulla paterni viveret in nobis? summa delumbe saliva hoc natat in labris, et in udo est aenas et ttis, 105 nec pluteum caedit, nec demorsos sapit unguis. ed quid opus teneras mordaci radere vero auriculas? vide sis, ne maiorum tibi forte limina frigescant: sonat hic de nare canina littera. er me equidem sint omnia protinus alba; 110 nil moror. euge! omnes, omnes bene mirae eritis res. hoc iuvat? hic inquis veto quisquam faxit oletum. pinge duos anguis: pueri, sacer est locus, extra meite! discedo. secuit ucilius urbem, te upe, te uci, et genuinum fregit in illis; 115 omne vafer vitium ridenti Flaccus amico tangit et admissus circum praecordia ludit, callidus excusso populum suspendere naso: men muttire nefas? nec clam, nec cum scrobe? nusquam? hic tamen infodiam. vidi, vidi ipse, libelle: 120 auriculas asini quis non habet? hoc ego opertum, hoc ridere meum, tam nil, nulla tibi vendo liade. audaci quicumque adflate ratino

  • iratum upolidem praegrandi cum sene palles, aspice et haec, si forte aliquid decoctius audis. 125 inde vaporata lector mihi ferveat aure: non hic, qui in crepidas Graiorum ludere gestit sordidus, et lusco qui possit dicere lusce, sese aliquem credens,

    talo quod honore supinus fregerit heminas rreti aedilis iniquas; 130 nec qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus, si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat. his mane edictum, post prandia alliroen do.

    R .

    unc, acrine, diem numera meliore lapillo qui tibi labentis apponit candidus annos. funde merum genio. non tu prece poscis emaci, quae nisi seductis nequeas committere divis; at bona pars procerum tacita libabit acerra. 5 haud cuivis promptum est murmurque humilisque susurros tollere de templis et aperto vivere voto. ens bona, fama, fides haec clare et ut audiat hospes; illa sibi introrsum et sub lingua murmurat o si ebulliat patruus, praeclarum funus? et o si 10 sub rastro crepet argenti mihi seria dextro

    ercule! pupillumve utinam, quem proximus heres inpello, expungam! namque est scabiosus et acri bile tumet. erio iam tertia conditur uxor. haec sancte ut poscas,

    iberino in gurgite mergis 15 mane caput bis terque et noctem flumine purgas? heus age, responde-- minimum est quod scire laboro-- de ove quid sentis? estne ut praeponere cures hunc-- cuinam? cuinam? vis

    taio? an scilicet haeres? quis potior index, puerisve quis aptior orbis? 20 hoc igitur, quo tu ovis aurem inpellere temptas, dic agedum taio, pro uppiter! o bone clamet

    uppiter! at sese non clamet

    uppiter ipse? ignovisse putas, quia, cum tonat, ocius ilex sulpure discutitur sacro quam tuque domusque? 25 an quia non fibris ovium rgennaque iubente triste iaces lucis evitandumque bidental, idcirco stolidam praebet tibi vellere barbam uppiter? aut quidnam est, qua tu mercede deorum emeris auriculas? pulmone et lactibus unctis? 30 cce avia aut metuens divum matertera cunis exemit puerum frontemque atque uda labella infami digito et lustralibus ante salivis expiat, urentis oculos inhibere perita; tunc manibus quatit et spem macram supplice voto 35 nunc

    icini in campos, nunc rassi mittit in aedis hunc optet generum rex et regina! puellae hunc rapiant! quidquid calcaverit hic, rosa fiat! ast ego nutrici non mando vota: negato,

    uppiter, haec illi, quamvis te albata rogarit. 40 oscis opem nervis corpusque fidele senectae. esto age; sed grandes patinae tuccetaque crassa

  • adnuere his superos vetuere ovemque morantur. Rem struere exoptas caeso bove ercuriumque arcessis fibra da fortunare enatis, 45 da pecus et gregibus fetum! quo, pessime, pacto, tot tibi cum in flammas iunicum omenta liquescant et tamen hic extis et opimo vincere ferto intendit iam crescit ager, iam crescit ovile, iam dabitur, iam iam! donec deceptus et exspes 50 nequiquam fundo suspiret nummus in imo.

    i tibi creterras argenti incusaque pingui auro dona feram, sudes et pectore laevo excutiat guttas laetari praetrepidum cor. hinc illud subiit, auro sacras quod ovato 55 perducis facies; nam fratres inter aenos somnia pituita qui purgatissima mittunt, praecipui sunto sitque illis aurea barba. aurum vasa umae aturniaque inpulit aera Vestalisque urnas et

    uscum fictile mutat. 60 o curvae in terris animae et caelestium inanes! quid iuvat hoc, templis nostros inmittere mores et bona dis ex hac scelerata ducere pulpa? haec sibi corrupto casiam dissolvit olivo, haec alabrum coxit vitiato murice vellus, 65 haec bacam conchae rasisse et stringere venas ferventis massae crudo de pulvere iussit. peccat et haec, peccat: vitio tamen utitur. at vos dicite, pontifices, in sancto quid facit aurum? nempe hoc quod Veneri donatae a virgine pupae. 70 quin damus id superis, de magna quod dare lance non possit magni essallae lippa propago: conpositum ius fasque animo sanctosque recessus mentis et incoctum generoso pectus honesto. haec cedo ut admoveam templis et farre litabo. 75

    R

    .

    empe haec adsidue: iam clarum mane fenestras intrat et angustas extendit lumine rimas: stertimus indomitum quod despumare Falernum sufficiat, quinta dum linea tangitur umbra. en quid agis? siccas insana canicula messis 5 iam dudum coquit et patula pecus omne sub ulmo est. unus ait comitum. Verumne? itane? ocius adsit huc aliquis! nemon? turgescit vitrea bilis: findor-- ut rcadiae pecuaria rudere dicas. iam liber et positis bicolor membrana capillis 10 inque manus chartae nodosaque venit harundo. tunc querimur, crassus calamo quod pendeat umor, nigra quod infusa vanescat sepia lympha; dilutas querimur geminet quod fistula guttas. o miser inque dies ultra miser, hucine rerum 15 venimus? at cur non potius teneroque columbo et similis regum pueris pappare minutum poscis et iratus mammae lallare recusas? n tali studeam calamo? ui verba? quid istas succinis ambages? tibi luditur. effluis amens, 20

  • contemnere: sonat vitium percussa, maligne respondet viridi non cocta fidelia limo. udum et molle lutum es, nunc nunc properandus et acri fingendus sine fine rota. sed rure paterno est tibi far modicum, purum et sine labe salinum-- 25 quid metuas?-- cultrixque foci secura patella. hoc satis? an deceat pulmonem rumpere ventis, stemmate quod usco ramum millesime ducis, censoremne tuum vel quod trabeate salutas? ad populum phaleras! ego te intus et in cute novi. 30 non pudet ad morem discincti vivere attae? sed stupet hic vitio et fibris increvit opimum pingue, caret culpa, nescit quid perdat, et alto demersus summa rursum non bullit in unda. magne pater divum, saevos punire tyrannos 35 haud alia ratione velis, cum dira libido moverit ingenium ferventi tincta veneno: virtutem videant intabescantque relicta. anne magis iculi gemuerunt aera iuvenci, et magis auratis pendens laquearibus ensis 40 purpureas subter cervices terruit, imus, imus praecipites quam si sibi dicat et intus palleat infelix, quod proxima nesciat uxor? aepe oculos, memini, tangebam parvus olivo, grandia si nollem morituri verba atonis 45 discere, non sano multum laudanda magistro, quae pater adductis sudans audiret amicis. iure; etenim id summum, quid dexter senio ferret, scire erat in voto; damnosa canicula quantum raderet; angustae collo non fallier orcae; 50 neu quis callidior buxum torquere flagello. haud tibi inexpertum curvos deprendere mores, quaeque docet sapiens bracatis inlita edis porticus, insomnis quibus et detonsa iuventus invigilat, siliquis et grandi pasta polenta; 55 et tibi quae amios diduxit littera ramos surgentem dextro monstravit limite callem. stertis adhuc, laxumque caput conpage soluta oscitat hesternum, dissutis undique malis! est aliquid quo tendis, et in quod dirigis arcum? 60 an passim sequeris corvos testaque lutoque, securus quo pes ferat, atque ex tempore vivis? helleborum frustra, cum iam cutis aegra tumebit, poscentis videas: venienti occurrite morbo! et quid opus ratero magnos promittere montis? 65 discite, o miseri, et causas cognoscite rerum: quid sumus, et quidnam victuri gignimur; ordo quis datus, aut metae qua mollis flexus et unde; quis modus argento, quid fas optare, quid asper utile nummus habet; patriae carisque propinquis 70 quantum elargiri deceat; quem te deus esse iussit, et humana qua parte locatus es in re. disce, nec invideas, quod multa fidelia putet in locuplete penu, defensis pinguibus mbris, et piper et pernae, arsi monumenta clientis, 75 menaque quod prima nondum defecerit orca.

    ic aliquis de gente hircosa centurionum dicat Quod sapio satis est mihi. non ego curo esse quod rcesilas aerumnosique olones, obstipo capite et figentes lumine terram, 80

  • murmura cum secum et rabiosa silentia rodunt atque exporrecto trutinantur verba labello, aegroti veteris meditantes somnia, _gigni_ _de nihilo nihilum, in nihilum nil posse reverti._ hoc est, quod palles? cur quis non prandeat, hoc est? 85

    is populus ridet, multumque torosa iuventus ingeminat tremulos naso crispante cachinnos. nspice; nescio quid trepidat mihi pectus et aegris faucibus exsuperat gravis alitus; inspice, sodes! qui dicit medico, iussus requiescere, postquam 90 tertia conpositas vidit nox currere venas, de maiore domo modice sitiente lagoena lenia loturo sibi urrentina rogabit.

    eus, bone, tu palles! ihil est. Videas tamen istuc, quidquid id est: surgit tacite tibi lutea pellis. 95 t tu deterius palles; ne sis mihi tutor; iam pridem hunc sepeli: tu restas. erge, tacebo. turgidus hic epulis atque albo ventre lavatur, gutture sulpureas lente exalante mefites; sed tremor inter vina subit calidumque triental 100 excutit e manibus, dentes crepuere retecti, uncta cadunt laxis tunc pulmentaria labris. hinc tuba, candelae, tandemque beatulus alto conpositus lecto crassisque lutatus amomis in portam rigidas calces extendit: at illum 105 hesterni capite induto subiere Quirites. ange, miser, venas et pone in pectore dextram. nil calet hic. summosque pedes attinge manusque. non frigent. Visa est si forte pecunia, sive candida vicini subrisit molle puella, 110 cor tibi rite salit? positum est algente catino durum holus et populi cribro decussa farina: temptemus fauces, tenero latet ulcus in ore putre, quod haud deceat plebeia radere beta. alges, cum excussit membris timor albus aristas; 115 nunc face supposita fervescit sanguis et ira scintillant oculi, dicisque facisque, quod ipse non sani esse hominis non sanus iuret

    restes.

    R V.

    Rem populi tractas? barbatum haec crede magistrum dicere, sorbitio tollit quem dira cicutae quo fretus? dic hoc, magni pupille ericli. scilicet ingenium et rerum prudentia velox ante pilos venit, dicenda tacendaque calles. 5 ergo ubi commota fervet plebecula bile, fert animus calidae fecisse silentia turbae maiestate manus. quid deinde loquere? Quirites, hoc puta non iustum est, illud male, rectius illud. scis etenim iustum gemina suspendere lance 10 ancipitis librae, rectum discernis, ubi inter curva subit, vel cum fallit pede regula varo, et potis es nigrum vitio praefigere theta. quin tu igitur, summa nequiquam pelle decorus, ante diem blando caudam iactare popello 15

  • desinis, nticyras melior sorbere meracas! quae tibi summa boni est? uncta vixisse patella semper et adsiduo curata cuticula sole? exspecta, haud aliud respondeat haec anus. i nunc Dinomaches ego sum, suffla sum candidus. esto; 20 dum ne deterius sapiat pannucia Baucis, cum bene discincto cantaverit ocima vernae. t nemo in sese temptat descendere, nemo, sed praecedenti spectatur mantica tergo! quaesieris ostin Vettidi praedia? uius? 25 Dives arat uribus quantum non miluus errat. unc ais, hunc dis iratis genioque sinistro, qui, quandoque iugum pertusa ad compita figit, seriolae veterem metuens deradere limum ingemit: _hoc bene sit!_ tunicatum cum sale mordens 30 caepe et farrata pueris plaudentibus olla pannosam faecem morientis sorbet aceti? at si unctus cesses et figas in cute solem, est prope te ignotus, cubito qui tangat et acre despuat hi mores! penemque arcanaque lumbi 35 runcantem populo marcentis pandere vulvas! tu cum maxillis balanatum gausape pectas, inguinibus quare detonsus gurgulio exstat? quinque palaestritae licet haec plantaria vellant elixasque nates labefactent forcipe adunca, 40 non tamen ista filix ullo mansuescit aratro. caedimus inque vicem praebemus crura sagittis. vivitur hoc pacto; sic novimus. ilia subter caecum vulnus habes; sed lato balteus auro praetegit. ut mavis, da verba et decipe nervos, 45 si potes. gregium cum me vicinia dicat, non credam? Viso si palles, inprobe, nummo, si facis in penem quidquid tibi venit amarum, si puteal multa cautus vibice flagellas: nequiquam populo bibulas donaveris aures. 50 respue, quod non es; tollat sua munera cerdo; tecum habita: noris, quam sit tibi curta supellex.

    R V.

    Vatibus hic mos est, centum sibi poscere voces, centum ora et linguas optare in carmina centum, fabula seu maesto ponatur hianda tragoedo, vulnera seu arthi ducentis ab inguine ferrum. Quorsum haec? aut quantas robusti carminis offas 5 ingeris, ut par sit centeno gutture niti? grande locuturi nebulas elicone legunto, si quibus aut rognes, aut si quibus olla hyestae fervebit, saepe insulso cenanda Glyconi; tu neque anhelanti, coquitur dum massa camino, 10 folle premis ventos, nec clauso murmure raucus nescio quid tecum grave cornicaris inepte, nec scloppo tumidas intendis rumpere buccas. verba togae sequeris iunctura callidus acri, ore teres modico, pallentis radere mores 15 doctus et ingenuo culpam defigere ludo.

  • hinc trahe quae dicis, mensasque relinque ycenis cum capite et pedibus, plebeiaque prandia noris. on equidem hoc studeo, bullatis ut mihi nugis pagina turgescat, dare pondus idonea fumo. 20 secreti loquimur; tibi nunc hortante amena excutienda damus praecordia, quantaque nostrae pars tua sit, ornute, animae, tibi, dulcis amice, ostendisse iuvat: pulsa, dinoscere cautus, quid solidum crepet et pictae tectoria linguae. 25 his ego centenas ausim deposcere voces, ut, quantum mihi te sinuoso in pectore fixi, voce traham pura, totumque hoc verba resignent, quod latet arcana non enarrabile fibra. um primum pavido custos mihi purpura cessit 30 bullaque succinctis aribus donata pependit; cum blandi comites totaque inpune ubura permisit sparsisse oculos iam candidus umbo; cumque iter ambiguum est et vitae nescius error deducit trepidas ramosa in compita mentes, 35 me tibi supposui: teneros tu suscipis annos ocratico, ornute, sinu; tum fallere sollers apposita intortos extendit regula mores, et premitur ratione animus vincique laborat artificemque tuo ducit sub pollice vultum. 40 tecum etenim longos memini consumere soles, et tecum primas epulis decerpere noctes: unum opus et requiem pariter disponimus ambo, atque verecunda laxamus seria mensa. non equidem hoc dubites, amborum foedere certo 45 consentire dies et ab uno sidere duci nostra vel aequali suspendit tempora ibra arca tenax veri, seu nata fidelibus hora dividit in Geminos concordia fata duorum,

    aturnumque gravem nostro

    ove frangimus una: 50 nescio quod, certe est, quod me tibi temperat astrum. ille hominum species et rerum discolor usus; velle suum cuique est, nec voto vivitur uno. mercibus hic

    talis mutat sub sole recenti rugosum piper et pallentis grana cumini, 55 hic satur inriguo mavult turgescere somno; hic campo indulget, hunc alea decoquit, ille in Venerem putris; sed cum lapidosa cheragra fregerit articulos, veteris ramalia fagi, tunc crassos transisse dies lucemque palustrem 60 et sibi iam seri vitam ingemuere relictam. at te nocturnis iuvat inpallescere chartis; cultor enim iuvenum purgatas inseris aures fruge leanthea. petite hinc puerique senesque finem animo certum miserisque viatica canis! 65 ras hoc fiet.

    dem cras fiet. Quid? quasi magnum nempe diem donas. ed cum lux altera venit, iam cras hesternum consumpsimus: ecce aliud cras egerit hos annos et semper paulum erit ultra. nam quamvis prope te, quamvis temone sub uno 70 vertentem sese frustra sectabere cantum, cum rota posterior curras et in axe secundo.

    ibertate opus est, non hac, ut, quisque Velina

    ublius emeruit, scabiosum tesserula far possidet. heu steriles veri, quibus una Quiritem 75 vertigo facit! hic Dama est non tressis agaso,

  • vappa lippus et in tenui farragine mendax: verterit hunc dominus, momento turbinis exit arcus Dama. papae! arco spondente recusas credere tu nummos? arco sub iudice palles? 80 arcus dixit: ita est; adsigna, arce, tabellas. haec mera libertas; hoc nobis pillea donant! n quisquam est alius liber, nisi ducere vitam cui licet, ut voluit? licet ut volo vivere: non sum liberior Bruto? endose colligis, inquit 85 stoicus hic aurem mordaci lotus aceto haec reliqua accipio; _licet_ illud et _ut volo_ tolle. Vindicta postquam meus a praetore recessi, cur mihi non liceat, iussit quodcumque voluntas, excepto si quid asuri rubrica vetavit? 90 Disce, sed ira cadat naso rugosaque sanna, dum veteres avias tibi de pulmone revello. non praetoris erat stultis dare tenuia rerum officia atque usum rapidae permittere vitae: sambucam citius caloni aptaveris alto. 95 stat contra ratio et secretam garrit in aurem, ne liceat facere id quod quis vitiabit agendo. publica lex hominum naturaque continet hoc fas, ut teneat vetitos inscitia debilis actus. diluis helleborum, certo conpescere puncto 100 nescius examen: vetat hoc natura medendi. navem si poscat sibi peronatus arator, luciferi rudis, exclamet elicerta perisse frontem de rebus. tibi recto vivere talo ars dedit, et veri speciem dinoscere calles, 105 ne qua subaerato mendosum tinniat anro? quaeque sequenda forent, quaeque evitanda vicissim, illa prius creta, mox haec carbone notasti? es modicus voti? presso lare? dulcis amicis? iam nunc astringas, iam nunc granaria laxes, 110 inque luto fixum possis transcendere nummum, nec glutto sorbere salivam ercurialem? haec mea sunt, teneo cum vere dixeris, esto liberque ac sapiens praetoribus ac

    ove dextro, sin tu, cum fueris nostrae paulo ante farinae, 115 pelliculam veterem retines et fronte politus astutam vapido servas sub pectore vulpem, quae dederam supra relego funemque reduco: nil tibi concessit ratio; digitum exsere, peccas, et quid tam parvum est? sed nullo ture litabis, 120 haereat in stultis brevis ut semuncia recti. haec miscere nefas; nec, cum sis cetera fossor, tris tantum ad numeros satyrum moveare Bathylli. iber ego. nde datum hoc sentis, tot subdite rebus? an dominum ignoras, nisi quem vindicta relaxat? 125

    puer et strigiles rispini ad balnea defer! si increpuit, cessas nugator; servitium acre te nihil impellit, nec quicquam extrinsecus intrat, quod nervos agitet; sed si intus et in iecore aegro nascuntur domini, qui tu inpunitior exis 130 atque hic, quem ad strigiles scutica et metus egit erilis? ane piger stertis. urge! inquit varitia heia surge! egas; instat

    urge! inquit. on queo.

    urge! t quid agam? Rogitas? en saperdam advehe

    onto, castoreum, stuppas, hebenum, tus, lubrica oa; 135 tolle recens primus piper ex sitiente camelo;

  • verte aliquid; iura. ed uppiter audiet. heu! varo, regustatum digito terebrare salinum contentus perages, si vivere cum ove tendis! iam pueris pellem succinctus et oenophorum aptas 140 cius ad navem! nihil obstat, quin trabe vasta egaeum rapias, ni sollers uxuria ante seductum moneat Quo deinde, insane, ruis? quo? quid tibi vis? calido sub pectore mascula bilis intumuit, quod non exstinxerit urna cicutae? 145 tu mare transilias? tibi torta cannabe fulto cena sit in transtro, Veientanumque rubellum exalet vapida laesum pice sessilis obba? quid petis? ut nummi, quos hic quincunce modesto nutrieras, pergant avidos sudare deunces? 150 indulge genio, carpamus dulcia! nostrum est quod vivis; cinis et manes et fabula fies. vive memor leti! fugit hora; hoc quod loquor inde est. en quid agis? duplici in diversum scinderis hamo. huncine, an hunc sequeris? subeas alternus oportet 155 ancipiti obsequio dominos, alternus oberres. nec tu, cum obstiteris semel instantique negaris parere imperio, rupi iam vincula dicas; nam et luctata canis nodum abripit; et tamen illi, cum fugit, a collo trahitur pars longa catenae. 160 Dave, cito, hoc credas iubeo, finire dolores praeteritos meditor. crudum haerestratus unguem adrodens ait haec an siccis dedecus obstem cognatis? an rem patriam rumore sinistro limen ad obscenum frangam, dum hrysidis udas 165 ebrius ante fores exstincta cum face canto? uge, puer, sapias, dis depellentibus agnam percute. ed censen plorabit, Dave, relicta? ugaris; solea, puer, obiurgabere rubra. ne trepidare velis atque artos rodere casses! 170 nunc ferus et violens; at si vocet, haud mora, dicas: _Quidnam igitur faciam? nec nunc, cum arcessat et ultro_ _supplicet, accedam?_

    i totus et integer illinc exieras, nec nunc. hic hic, quod quaerimus, hic est, non in festuca, lictor quam iactat ineptus. 175 ius habet ille sui palpo, quem ducit hiantem cretata ambitio? vigila et cicer ingere large rixanti populo, nostra ut Floralia possint aprici meminisse senes: _quid pulchrius?_ at cum erodis venere dies, unctaque fenestra 180 dispositae pinguem nebulam vomuere lucernae portantes violas, rubrumque amplexa catinum cauda natat thynni, tumet alba fidelia vino: labra moves tacitus recutitaque sabbata palles. tum nigri lemures ovoque pericula rupto, 185 tum grandes galli et cum sistro lusca sacerdos incussere deos inflantis corpora, si non praedictum ter mane caput gustaveris alli. Dixeris haec inter varicosos centuriones, continuo crassum ridet

    ulfennius ingens, 190 et centum Graecos curto centusse licetur.

    R V.

  • dmovit iam bruma foco te, Basse, abino? iamne lyra et tetrico vivunt tibi pectine chordae? mire opifex numeris veterum primordia vocum atque marem strepitum fidis intendisse

    atinae, mox iuvenes agitare iocis et pollice honesto 5 egregius lusisse senes. mihi nunc igus ora intepet hibernatque meum mare, qua latus ingens dant scopuli et multa litus se valle receptat. unai portum, est operae, cognoscite, cives! cor iubet hoc nni, postquam destertuit esse 10 aeonides, Quintus pavone ex ythagoreo. hic ego securus vulgi et quid praeparet auster infelix pecori, securus et angulus ille vicini nostro quia pinguior, etsi adeo omnes ditescant orti peioribus, usque recusem 15 curvus ob id minui senio aut cenare sine uncto, et signum in vapida naso tetigisse lagoena. discrepet his alius! geminos, horoscope, varo producis genio. solis natalibus est qui tingat holus siccum muria vafer in calice empta, 20 ipse sacrum inrorans patinae piper; hic bona dente grandia magnanimus peragit puer. utar ego, utar, nec rhombos ideo libertis ponere lautus, nec tenuis sollers turdarum nosse salivas. messe tenus propria vive et granaria, fas est, 25 emole; quid metuis? occa, et seges altera in herba est. ast vocat officium: trabe rupta Bruttia saxa prendit amicus inops, remque omnem surdaque vota condidit onio; iacet ipse in litore et una ingentes de puppe dii, iamque obvia mergis 30 costa ratis lacerae. nunc et de caespite vivo frange aliquid, largire inopi, ne pictus oberret caerulea in tabula. ed cenam funeris heres negleget, iratus quod rem curtaveris; urnae ossa inodora dabit, seu spirent cinnama surdum, 35 seu ceraso peccent casiae, nescire paratus. tune bona incolumis minuas? et Bestius urguet doctores Graios: _ta fit, postquam sapere urbi_ _cum pipere et palmis venit nostrum hoc maris expers;_ _fenisecae crasso vitiarunt unguine pultes._ 40 aec cinere ulterior metuas? t tu, meus heres quisquis eris, paulum a turba seductior audi. o bone, num ignoras? missa est a aesare laurus insignem ob cladem Germanae pubis, et aris frigidus excutitur cinis, ac iam postibus arma, 45 iam chlamydes regum, iam lutea gausapa captis essedaque ingentesque locat aesonia Rhenos. dis igitur genioque ducis centum paria ob res egregie gestas induco; quis vetat? aude. vae, nisi conives! oleum artocreasque popello 50 largior; an prohibes? dic clare! on adeo, inquis exossatus ager iuxta est. ge, si mihi nulla iam reliqua ex amitis, patruelis nulla, proneptis nulla manet patrui, sterilis matertera vixit, deque avia nihilum superest, accedo Bovillas 55 clivumque ad Virbi, praesto est mihi anius heres. rogenies terrae? Quaere ex me, quis mihi quartus sit pater: haud prompte, dicam tamen; adde etiam unum,

  • unum etiam: terrae est iam filius, et mihi ritu anius hic generis prope maior avunculus exit. 60 qui prior es, cur me in decursu lampada poscis? sum tibi ercurius; venio deus huc ego ut ille pingitur; an renuis? vin tu gaudere relictis? Dest aliquid summae. inui mihi; sed tibi totum est, quidquid id est. ubi sit, fuge quaerere, quod mihi quondam 65 legarat adius, neu dicta repone paterna: _Faenoris accedat merces; hinc exime sumptus._ _quid reliquum est?_ Reliquum? nunc, nunc inpensius ungue, ungue, puer, caules! mihi festa luce coquetur urtica et fissa fumosum sinciput aure, 70 ut tuus iste nepos olim satur anseris extis, cum morosa vago singultiet inguine vena, patriciae inmeiat vulvae? mihi trama figurae sit reliqua, ast illi tremat omento popa venter? vende animam lucro, mercare atque excute sollers 75 omne latus mundi, nec sit praestantior alter appadocas rigida pinguis plausisse castata: rem duplica. Feci; iam triplex, iam mihi quarto, iam deciens redit in rugam: depunge, ubi sistam.

    nventus, hrysippe, tui finitor acervi. 80

    [nd of duplicated material: see

    ranscribers ote at beginning of e-text.]

    * * * * *

    _Quando cerco norme di gusto, vado ad

    razio, il pi amabile; quando ho bisogno di bile contra le umane ribalderie, visito Giovenale, il pi splendido; quando mi studio desser onesto, vivo con

    R

    , il pi saggio, e con infinito piacere mescolato di vergogna bevo li dettati della ragione su le labbra di questo verecondo e santissimo giovanetto._ VZ .

    , . .

    _PERS

    S ds rch

    d is hrig ud mhrzig dr Psi biss Jug._ MMMSE.

    * * * * *

    TRDCT.

    ci _Vi Prsii_, ucri uhrshi, viduhiciy, givs h i is du r us k bu ur

    -- much mr h is vuchsd us r h rich idividuiy

    uciius, much mr h c divi r h usubsi chrcr Juv.

    uus Prsius Fccus s br h dy br h s Dcmbr,..C. 787, .D. 34, Vrr, i Eruri. Th

    u i

    iguri shis birhc is s irc sm schrs rm h rds_mum mr_ i ssg h sixh sir, hr h dscribs his

  • vri rsr h Rivir.

    Th miy Prsius bgd h d Erusc biiy, d mrh Prsius rs i iscriis ud Vrr. hrcircumscs mk r his Erusc rigi: h Erusc rm hism, _us_, s ri i ms MSS. his i; h Erusc m his mhr, Sisi; h miir siuss his mi rrium, h usis h Tusc hrusx, h Tusc digr;h srig mi h mbris-- -id k, h ivd crssh Tusc brdr. Ms hs, i is ru, r miu is, dud b i igh i h cs uhr idr visi, bu-igh ccusiv i rir ik Prsius, h rid mk u rh rrss his rs xric by micrscic i dis.

    Prsius bgd h sm shr sciy s Mcs. ikMcs Erusc, h s, ik Mcs, _qus Rmus_. Thsci css hich h s mmbr did much r Rm irur;Eruris cribuis r r ss vub, d Mmms is righh h rcgizs i bh hs m, s uik i i d irici-- h cus rdig, h hr c hishr--h sm hir srg rc, rc hich is uzz rhr h mysry. dd, h ud-b mysrius is h ms si

    is i h sy Prsius s i h rigi h Eruscs, dPrsiuss br ivui h cmm

    c is

    r ih hscr isdm his curym. Th miu di h Eruscriu hs is curr i h miu di Prsiuss sy, dh du ss rri d cri crsss gug i ur uhr rmid us h dcs Erusc r d hhrshss h Erusc gu.

    Prsius s br, i gr h, s mcm

    c. His hr did h h

    s bu six yrs d, d hisduci s cducd Vrr udr h su

    ridc hismhr d hr scd husbd, Fusius. Fr h rr rcii h crr Prsius, i is c gr sigiicc h h sms hv b vry much udr h iuc h m hishushd. T his iuc h d h

    uriy his hbis; bumii riig is ihu is disdvgs r h cduc i. Fr sci rim hr is br sch; bu h h hm circ is

    mk h grsss budrs h h vursi h rgr rd mrs, d m

    s us h gug usid sirs. d s, h Prsius udrks rbuk hmicy his im, h ubids h rs ssgs Hrc drivs h ms urid idccis Juv.

    Wh Prsius s v yrs d h Rm, s Hrc d vidhd d br him, r h urs idr d highr duci,d s

    u sch ih Vrgiius Fccus, h rhrici, dRmmius Pm, h grmmri. Vrgiius Fccus s xid rm Rmby r, ih Musius Ruus, ccu h rmic hich h hdchivd s chr, d Quiii qus him s uhriy i his

    rssi. Rmmius Pm, h hr chr Prsius, m high ims d

    rici

    s, s h ms iusriusgrmmris im h grmmris cud b iusrius. rdm,ih rdms chrcr, h s rrg d vi, grsig d

    rdig-- i shr, Sir E

    icur Mmm

    rssr. Bu his

    rdigius mmry, his rdy rds, his

    r im

    rvisig

    ry, rcd my uis durig his rgd i, d r hisdh h s cid ih rsc by hr grmmris-- rr hsis

  • mg h cius rib. Th irs siric rs iguusyuh r usuy imd hir rcrs, d h vrss hichPrsius qus i h Firs Sir r qui s iky b rm hsch Pm s rm h ms r.

    Bu h ru chr Prsius, h m hm h hims ribudhvr rgrss h md i h divi hishy hich ds c ih h csiui h uivrs d h cduc i-- hissiriu dircr, us h gug Chrisi scics-- sCruus. Prsius is hs irry cbriis hs i m is byd disu; d hi sm mii his righ highdisici h grud irisic mri, hrs sk ih rhs much vidiy r h ccids hich h is susd hisr. i is cssry xcus, s i r, his rui, hri Prsius Cruus migh g r xi h cr hichschmsrs hv k h mmry h . mr hcrbbd h chr my b, h usr h criic, h ig hFih Sir, ih is rm ribu h guid his i d hrid his hr, cs u h img h id ui, d uchsi kidrd h brz bs Didymus.

    ucius us Cruus, is i ric, s hishr,grmmri, d rhrici. hs b cjcurd h h s rdm h irry miy h i; d his is rdrd

    rbb by h c h us

    ucus, h

    h us Sc,s his

    u

    i. Th yr his i d h yr his dh r ikuk. H s bishd rm Rm by r bcus h hd vurd suggs h rs rjcd ic Rm hisry ud b g idr u ur hudrd bks, d h h im

    ri

    m ud id rdrs. Wh rs rrs rjid h Chrysi

    us s si mr vumius uhr, Cruus hd h bd s i uh rcic imrc h riigs Chrysius i crs ih

    rs u

    rcic

    rjc; d r, h hd

    s m

    r, i

    s gis, s him isd, hr rvis his irryjudgm. Cruus s y m vrius rig i hishy,rhric, d grmmr, bu rgic sm , d rhs siris. Whhr h jumb h brs h m Cruus rPhuruus, _D ur Drum_, is i y msur rcb urCruus, is ri ur subjc. mr imrc us hhis vrid ims is his ur d y chrcr, hich md himrhy h rd ci ih hich Prsius cug his Scricbsm.

    is rcrdd his hr h Prsius hvig bquhd him his ibrry d csidrb sum my, h ccd h bksy d riquishd h my h miy Prsius. r did hcs his vig cr r his rid r his shs, bu rvisd hissirs, d su

    rssd h ss mur

    rrmcs h yug

    .

    Th sci circ i hich Prsius mvd s id. Th mrk hbs cd Cri, hich is u

    h rhds h ms

    iuy burd Rm

    s, is his br s. Bu i mus bsid h h m hm h sscid ih bgd h chs crru im, bi hy ud hv b mr srvic hircury i hy hd rcgizd hmsvs s cs

    icuusy s hc. Th Sic _s_ i hich Prsius ivd d mvd d hd hisbig rmids M. Mrh Puri hushd; i rmids us hsqusrd giimis sii h Frc ysrdy. W r s

    s

    rs h r cquid ih bu his-- r ih ihr.

    us ss i rvi sm h sscis d cquics

  • Prsius.

    mg his ry rids s Csius Bssus, hm h Sixh Sir isddrssd: dr cmrry, h hd sudid ih h sm msr,x Hrc, by g rmv, mg h Rm yriss. T his-uis bg Curius, h is mr h dubuy idiidih h uhr h Bucics; d uc (us ucus), h h Phrsi, h shrd ih him h isrucis Cruus, dis sid hv sh h ms rv dmiri h gius hissch-. W r d h h h Firs Sir s rcid, ucxcimd h hs r ru ms. Whhr h ccmid hiscmium ih disrgm his rrmcs, r simy hdrrc h mds discimr Prsiuss Prgu, s Jh isicid hik, ds r. Th cd is i rc kigih h rrvid Sish mr uc d ucs miy. Bu hismmry burs dmiri is idici y gui symhyb h usiv d rhric Crdv d h shy, hishicErusc. miy hy bgd h sm sch-- h Sic; buPrsius s rdy rsis u bd, ucs Sicism s mrrd.

    Whi his cd vs us i suss s h ris buc d Prsius, hv xrss vidc h hr s symhyb Prsius d Sc. Thy m, r irmd, bu h ki

    sur i h sciy h ssyis. This is h

    c m

    chrcrisic his mus rir, h, ik Prsius,vs rdrs idir. c h id h mriss-- h d birds r h ms siy cugh ih ch-- Sc hs i cm

    riv disvr ihi h s dcds; y smims vigrus chm

    i srs u

    d b r him, such s Frrr iEgd, d, ih mr mdri, Cs Mrh i Frc; d hiscus is by ms hss i h dvc c k his hrrs rmrdig Sc r hmsvs.

    is im

    ssib dmir Sc i

    ssgs; i sms vry diicu ri h dmiri r rdighim ciuusy. Th girig hrs msks vry hugh; hb ih is brd gd cvrs hidd ud. T Prsius, hyuhu Sic, ih his high

    ur

    s d his rscd vis i, Sc h curir, h im-srvr, h dri rr, mushv rd i br h hycri, r, hich is rs rd mid, rcic gi his siris. Th yugcvr-- d Prsiuss

    his

    hy s Prsiuss rigi-- i h irsg his husism, mus hv b r

    d by h cusss h dr rssr h sm ih. d y s srg s h imrss h g h Prsius d Sc r s r sudr r . Tudrsd Prsius mus rd Sc; d h ighig srk Cigus m

    suus bri, _hr si cc_, iumis dshivrs h s s h hr.

    h miy h i did

    rv cgi, hr r hrs hm Prsius migh k r sym

    hy d isruci. Such sM. Srviius ius, m high sii, rr quc, usuid m. Such s Pius Mcrius, hm h Scd Sir isddrssd, is ugy. Ev i his miy circ hr r

    rss hs y chrcrs hv md hm cbrd i hisry. Hiskism rri, hrs dsid bcm mus r hr dvi hr husbd, s h i Thrs Pus, d h dughr hhr rri, hs su

    rm cry,

    D

    ET, h sh ugh hr husbdh m his dm, is h ms miir s

    chs

    ridh sch s bugh ih dh. Thrs, h husbd h yugrrri, s h rms m his im, d br hims ih

  • mdri hich crss srgy ih h sius viru sm h Sic chis. H rbukd h vics his im usrigy, busdiy bsrvd h rsc du h hd h s; d vh h dcr s ssd hich cgrud r h murdr hismhr, h cd hims ih ririg rm h s-hus. BuThrss si disrv crim ird r hr, d hisrus drc h rh h mrr s h cus hisrui-- i h cud b cd rui hich h cmd s h urd uhis bd i ibi Juir h ibrr.

    Th h miir ircurs ih such m shud hv isird yuh h duci d h dissii Prsius ih si highrrsvs d si highr dvrs is srg. Th i suicd, ssm sy, r Prsius ih h sbr isdm murr yrs,d md u him r h ck rs xric d risicbc, is ribuig mr sscii h sscii cccmish.

    T Thrss iuc Jh scribs Prsiuss juvi ssys i hrri _rx_, r rgdis ih Rm hms, d i is uiky h ic dscrii his rvs ()efeed t sme lttle t that he t wth Thasea. Thas tCutus, ths yuthful duct-- whch dubtless was thg metha a wea mtat f Hace, haly f Luclus-- was suessedafte the death f the auth, ad wth t hs _

    aetexta_, ad a sht

    em h f the elde Aa als.

    The uty f Pesuss mals, ad the lve whch he be hs mthe,hs sste, hs aut, stad t each the ec

    cally as cause adeffect; ad the ccasal cudty f hs laguage s, as we havealeady see, the cudty f a bsh ma, wh ths that the sue wayt d a thg s t ved t. Pesus was a ma f hadsme es,getle beag, attactve maes, ad added t the cham f hsscety the teest whch always gathes abut thse whm the gdslve.

    He ded hs estate at the eghth mleste the A

    a Rad, _vtstmach_, eght days befe the aleds f Decembe, A.U.C. 815-- A.D.62-- the twety-eghth yea f hs age.

    Cutus fst evsed the sates f hs fed, ad the gave them tCaesus Bassus t edt. The ly m

    tat chage that Cutus made wasthe substtut f _qus _ f _Mda ex_ (1,121), a subject whchs dscussed the Cmmetay. Othe taces f waveg exess ad_du

    lex eces_ ae due t the magat f cmmetats, whattbute t the yug

    et a lgcal methd ad a exactess fdevelmet f whch the style f Pesus gves them waat. _Raet tade scst_, the statemet f the Lfe f Pesus, exlas much.

    The

    ems f Pesus wee eceved wth a

    lause as s as theyaeaed, ad the ld _Vta Pes_ wuld have us beleve that elescambled f the ces as f the ages wee s may Sabe wme.Qutla, hs famus vety f Gee ad Rma lteatue, saysthat Pesus eaed a geat deal f gly, ad tue gly, by a sgleb, ad hee ad thee the geat schla des Pesus hmage bymtatg hm; ad Matal hlds u Pesus wth hs e b f ce,as a ctast t the em

    ty bul f a half-fgtte e

    c. But t wuldt be wth the whle t e

    eat the lst f the admes f Pesus the ages f late Latty. It suffces t say that he was the secalfavte f the Lat Fathes. August qutes mtates hm fte,

  • ad Jeme s satuated wth the haselgy f u et. Cmmeded tChsta teaches by the elevat f hs mal te, by the thessf hs maxms ad eflects, ad the eegy f hs fgues, he was setu a hgh cha, a bg schl-by, t teach the schl-bys, adscacely a vce was ased ebell f cetues. But sce thetme f the Scalges, wh wee t t be et bac by ay csdeatf the feelgs f the Fathes, thee has bee much ufedlyctcsm f Pesus; ad the wld wes hm a debt f gattude fvg a amsty that has eed the way t a fee dscuss fthe lteay mets f the auths f atquty. T be subject all eslfe thugh fea f lteay death t the bdage f atque dulless,as well as t the thaldm f ctemay studty, wuld have bee asad esult f the evval f lettes.

    The fst ad last chage bught agast Pesus s hs bscuty.Admtted by all, t s vausly teeted vausly excused,vausly attaced. Nw t s accuted f by the ltcal ecesstesf the tme. Nw t s attbuted t the evese geuty f the et,whch was fsteed by the evese tedeces f a age whe, asQutla says, _Pevast am mults sta esuas ut d am demumelegate dctum utet qud teetadum st_. Sme smly eslvethe lac f cleaess t the lac f atstc we; thes tmatethat the fault les me the eade tha the auth, whsedamatc lveless, whch uzzles us, eseted dffcultes t thectcs f hs w cetuy. But the ctvesy s t cfed t thebscuty f the sates, Pesus s all debatable gud. Sme admethe thy setetusess f the et; thes see at hs ggshaffectat f suety. Sme t t the bsh emsceces,whch beway the mee studet; thes ecall the exam

    le f Be Js,f Mle, t shw that lteatue, as lfe, the geatestbwes ae fte the chest me, ad bd us bseve wth what aead vvd we he has ated evey scee that he has wtessed wthhs w eyes. T sme he s a c

    yst f c

    ysts; t thes hs ealgalty assets tself mst cs

    cuusly whee the mtat seemst be the clsest. Julus Scalge calls hm _msemus auct_; M.Cgt tes hs ded t Calyle.

    N ctc has

    ut the

    blem wth me butal faess tha M. Nsad,wh, at the clse f hs flat but suggestve chate Pesus,ass the quest, _Y a-t-l ft le Pese_? Thugh he maes afat shw f balacg the Ayes ad Nes, t s vey

    la hw hehmself wuld vte. The m

    atet Fechma s evdetly t f a mdt ead efaces, bgahes, mems, ad cmmetaes these

    efaces, these bgahes, these mems, ad tes thesecmmetaes, de t fm a dea that wll ha

    ly be vey false adassuedly vey debatable, f a w abut whch e wll eve tal tyu, ad f a et abut whm yu wll eve fd ay e t tal t.But the quest, whch may be a e e t a ctc, s t a ee t a edt; ad edts f Pesus ae es

    ecally

    e t valuethe auth by the lab whch he has cst them, by the mateal whchthey have gatheed abut the text. The thughts ae, afte all, scmm that aallels ae t be fud evey had; the cmass s ssmall that t s a easy matte t cay the memy evey wd, evey

    hase; ad s-called llustats suggest themselves eve t aday schla bewldeg umbes, whle the lseess f thecect gves amle sce t seculat. Hece the sacasm f JsehScalge: _N

    ulcha habet sed eum

    ulchema

    ssumus scbee_;ad the well-w ctcsm f the same schla: _Au Pese de Casaubla saulce vaut meux que le ss_. But ths atfcal lve theat f the edts has t ctbuted t the ulaty f the auth,

  • ad the yuthful et has bee velad by hs eudte cmmetats.Besdes ths dsadvatage, Pesus, whe he s ead at all, cmesmmedately afte Juveal, ad, as f t ehace the ctast, sgeeally bud u wth hm; ad the hmeless f hs tes, thecabbedess f hs dalgue, the ughess f hs tasts eel theyug studet, wh fds the ddace f the hstcal adachaelgcal w whch Juveal vlves a cmesat f thelac f the lage mae ad the dazzlg hetc f the geatdeclame. O the the had, matue schlas have bee fud tevese the ula vedct, ad t say, wth M. Smcx, that the shy,yuthful fev f the dutful by, cmbed wth the lteay hestywhch et Pesus fm wtg ay thg whch was t a at f hsemaet cscusess, maes hm mve u evey eadg, whch sme tha ca be sad f Juveal, wh wtes as f he thught ad feltlttle the tevals f wtg. But whle t s easy t get tedf Juveal, t s t s easy t becme eamed f Pesus; ad t mustbe admtted that the leasue s questable. Yet, ste fM. Nsad, thee s eal quest abut the utlty f the study fthe et, wh llustates by what he des t say eve me tha by whathe says the chaacte f a age whch s f sueme mtace t thehsta. Eve f we ut the study lwe gud, we must admt thatPesuss ttle t a met st the aals f Rmalteatue s defeasble. Hweve desable t may be t get d fhm, a auth wh has left hs mess Rabelas ad Be Js, aswell as Mtage ad Bleau-- a auth whse

    ems have fusheds may qutats t mde lettes, ca t be dsmssed fm theecesstes f a lte educat wth a cveet see. Pesusdeseves u attet, f t wee ly as a blem f lteay taste.

    T the ed f the study f Pesus, t s best t l away fm thecflctg vews f the ctcs, ad t abad the attemt tdstgush betwee the weght f facts ad the mmetum f hetc the balaced attheses f

    ase ad blame. The

    st f the

    etwll be mst accuately detemed by the calculat f the statcs fhs deatmet ad hs age.

    The Sate s the ly extat fm f Lat

    ety that ca lay clam ta tuly atal g; ad the e t whch the ealy hstasf classcal lteatue wee led by the esemblace betwee the ame fthe Rma sate ad the ame f the Gee saty-dama has lg beecected. But the tuth whch ths e vlves, the cectbetwee the cmc dama ad the sate, emas. The sate ges bac tthe ula suce f cmedy, ad hlds slut all the elemetswhch the Gees cmbed t vaus fms f damatc memet. Asthe hythmcal mvemets, whch culmate such

    efects as thedactylc hexamete ad the ambc tmete, ae cmm t u whleace, ad the ude Satua vese s e wth the hec, s the ustcsgs f havest ad vtage ae cmm t Geece ad Italy; ad t s mavel that, as the sate was wg tself ut t classc

    ts, t shuld have felt ts ded t Gee cmedy, ad shuldhave daw ts mateals ad ts methds fm that lteatue whchRma lteatue ts the deatmets was me dectly deedet.Ad s the sate, thugh a geue gwth f Itala sl, was e theless subject t Gee flueces. It was taed t Gee fms, twas emeated by Gee thught; ad hee as elsewhee the etaslatt Gee, f whch the lde cmmetats wee s fd, s fte theey t the meag; hee as elsewhee u a

    ecat f the auth, asa whle, s cdted by u wledge f Gee lteatue.

    Hace, the maste f Rma sate, has me tha ce daw the

  • aallel betwee sate ad cmedy; ad Pesus, wh fllws thelteay, thugh t the hlshcal ceed f hs edecess, amseve me dstctly tha Hace des at educg the mmcy fcmedy the aw stage f the sate. At the clse f the FstSate he ges s fa as t demad f hs eades the tese study fthe Old Attc Cmedy as the eaat f the ejymet f hs ems--a extaday demad, f we d t mae due allwace f thehetcal exess f hgh ams ad eaest edeavs. A cmasf the tumvate f the _cmeda sca_ f Attca eveals lttletace f dect fluece, abudat evdece f exteme dvesty exess ad ccet. I say exess, t laguage. It stue that the laguage f Pesus has a vle te, but the masculeeegy f hs wds s fte ut f eeg wth the schlastc tameessf hs thughts. The beezy Pyx f the Athea ad the stuffy_lectcula lucubata_ f the Rma ae t futhe aat thaAsthaes ad Pesus.

    The New Attc Cmedy, the cmedy f stuat ad maes, fushedthemes that lay eae t the geus f Pesus, althugh the gace f aMeade was much futhe fm hs gas tha fm Teece, thehalf-Meade f Caesas egam. Oe assage s all but taslatedfm Meades Euuch; ad f Pesus dd t bw tats f hs

    ctue f the mse ad the sedthft fm the maste f the NewCmedy, t was t f lac f mdels. Ideed, s ueal s Pesus,wth all the ealsm f hs laguage, that e f the mst stgfeatues f hs

    ems-- the

    st t the mltay-- lses smewhatf ts sgfcace whe we emembe that the Maceda ed, twhch the New Cmedy belgs, s cwded wth tycal sldes fftue, wth the case lve f sesual

    leasue-- the casectem

    t f evey thg that ca t be eate, du, hadled. Eveyle f Pesuss cetu ca be educed fm the Gee; adalthugh t wuld be gg t fa t say that thee was cuteatt hs setch hs w ex

    eece, althugh, the ctay, Pesusseems t have vefed by actual bsevat whateve he leaed fmbs, the hstcal value f hs tat s vey much educed by theexstece f the Gee tye. As a secme f a d fclec-

    ltcal

    st t a em

    e whch ts eemes mght calla em

    e f bute fce ad mltay mechasm, the hstlty fPesus t a class whse edmace was mag tself felt me adme s t wthut ts t ad teest, ad t s uftuate thatwe have t leave ts ealty sus

    ese.

    Yet athe fm f the cmc dama was the Mme, ad we have theexlct statemet f Jaes Lydus that Pesus mtated the famusmmga

    he, S

    h; ad althugh the fagmets f S

    h ae sscaty that ths statemet ca t be vefed, t s t wthut tstsc bablty. The mmetc we f Sh s tus, adPesus mght well have tae lesss fm the ma whm Platacwledged as hs maste. The dalgue, thus bwed fm the mme,became the atstc fm f

    hls

    hc cm

    st, ad, as PesussSates ae essetally mal teatses, t s t susg that heshuld have made lage use f the same machey. Plat hmselffushed the mvemet f tw f hs essays, ad we ca detect acmmuty f mdels betwee Pesus ad sme f the late Gee wtes.Luca, the mecual, ad Pesus, the satue, fte w thesame theme, each hs way; ad whe the dalgue s ded, ad thebustle f the dama s succeeded by the effects f the scee-

    atescaft, we ae emded f athe gu

    f c

    ysts, ad fd all the

    ctuesque detal f whch Pesus s s famus the lettes fAlh ad Astaets, themselves fa-ff eches f the New Cmedy.

  • Suely these ae gals eugh, the Attc Cmedy, the Mme, Shad Plat, Meade ad Phlem. But we fd the mdels eae hme,ad, assg by the eflects f Gee cmedy Plautus ad Teece,ts efacts Afaus ad Pmus, we cme t the satcexem

    las f Pesus-- Luclus ad Hace. _Mx ut a schls etmagsts dvett, lect lb Lucll decm, vehemete satuascee sttut._ Ths statemet f the ld _Vta Pes_ s muchme csat wth the chaacte f Pesus tha hs w affectedmthfuless. Hs saucy slee had as lttle t d wth hs vesewtg as ghteus dgat wth the hetcal utug fJuveal. Hs laughte was as much a at f the cvetaltes f thesate as the _Camea_ was f hs cfdeces t Cutus. Schl-bysall mtate ccus-des; hee ad thee e mmcs the clw; adPesus, wh had t utgw the tedeces f byhd, staghtwaybega t mae ces f veses the mae f Luclus. At the sametme he was t much ude the fluece f Hace t fllw Luclus hs eglgeces, ad t lttle maste f the fm t ste the meabetwee slvely dctat ad aful cmst. As a mtat fLuclus he bldly lashes me f staw whee Luclus flgged Luus adMucus, ad beas hs ml-teeth Albades ad Dama whee Luclusbe hs jaw-teeth lvg ad mvg eemes. As a mtat fHace he aates the gab f Hata dct; but the easymvemet f gush Flaccus s lst, ad the stff stde f the yugStc betays hm at evey tu.

    As the case f the Old Attc Cmedy, Pesuss tellectual afftywth Luclus was uely magay; ad f the uses f ths studyt s uecessay t e

    duce the les f Haces

    tat f thegeat uslg f Auuca, t attem

    t t fm a msac ut f theched chs f Luca Mlles ecet cllect. The wde age ftheme, the maly caelessess f style, the bld ctcsm, the bghthum, the btg wt-- sht, almst evey chaactestc fLuclus that we ca dstgush, shws hw lttle ded thee musthave bee betwee the tw me. The dze scatteed veses f the TethB f Luclus, whch s sad t have suggested the theme f the FstSate f Pesus, ad the fagmets f the Futh B, whch smtated by Pesus hs Thd Sate, thugh me sgfcat, gveus clew t the mae the extet f hs debtedess. Hee adthee a vese, a hemstch, a jgle may have bee tae fm Luclus,ad he may have eched hs vcabulay hee ad thee fm Luclussste f dastc wds; but hs blgats t Luclus, eal admagay, ae all as thg cmas wth the lage dafts whchhe dew the teasuy f Hace.

    The blgats f Pesus t Hace have bee the theme f all theedts. The schlasts themselves have quted aallels, ad Casaubhas wtte a secal teatse the subject, ad cmmetats, wthalmst chldsh valy, have ved wth each the tg vebalccdeces ad smla tas f thught. The fact f the mtat st evdet t eed f, ad t wuld have bee much me ftablet exame the causes ad sgfcace f ths deedece, ad t studythe mdfcats f the laguage ad the thught as they

    assed thughthe alembc f Pesuss ba, tha t mult

    ly exam

    les f wds adhases that ae cmm, t ly t Hace ad Pesus, but t thelaguage f evey-day lfe. Ideed, sme g s fa as t mae Pesusqubble Hace; ad Hw gee yu ae, f the mde steet, adWhat meas that tum

    ? f the mde cad-table, ae as muchShaeseaa as sme f Pesuss bwgs ae Hata.

  • Hace had lg bee a classc whe Pesus ddged hs schl-tass adwas a dab at mables. Ideed, thg s me emaable abut Rmalteatue tha the adty wth whch the mages f ts Augustahees t the _ata_ f age. The half-cetuy that lay betweeHace ad Pesus dew tself ut t a dstat esectve, ad Vglad Hace had all the authty f _vetees_. They t ly dctatedthe fms f ety, but emeated ad dmated se. Tue, thehstlty t Vgl ad Hace had t ceased; the _atqua_ wee tdead; but the gud had bee shfted. The admes f eublca ety the tme f Hace wee eublcas-- the tme f Pesus theywee mealsts, ad the mateace f the auths f the Augustaage as the tue classcs was a at f the gamme f the st.The cut lteatue f the Nea ed fud ts mdels theeale ec essays f Catullus athe tha the ems f Vgl.Vgl had mdfed the Gee ms t sut the Lat tgue; but theseme wet bac f malce afethught t the Gee stadad, ad emulatedthe ts f the Gee vesfcat f the Alexada ed.They wee matet f the classc vcabulay, ad fud the classchythms tame, ad s they bet themselves t the eale laguage adset t t me exact hames. It was heesy wth ths set tcsde Vgl at ce lght ad ugh. The muth-fllg wds f thelde ad blde ed, mashaled seed as, ga, bea,as they et tme t a hythmcal cadece that was maed by all themusc f csace ad assace-- ths was the deal f the schlwhch Pesus assaled, just as a adme f P

    e Gldsmth mghtassal the dmat

    ety f u day, wth ts sesuus meldy ad tsevved achasms. Suely the wshes f ecet ets mght ausebefe accetg the aw lteay ceed f Pesus. But, t tmtate the exam

    le f Nsad, ad dulge dageus

    aallelsms, ts suffcet f u

    u

    se t te that Pesuss clse study f thelaguage f Hace was t ly a at f a lbeal educat, but aecessty f the schl t whch he belged. If he was t wte sateat all, he must eeds tae Hace f hs mdel. If he had wtte ae

    c, he wuld have tae Vgl.

    Besdes ths, we may bldly say that emscece s bbey. Theveses, the

    hases, the agumets that we w by heat fte becme swhlly us that they weave themselves ucscusly t the textue fu seech. We use them as cveet fms f exess, wthut theleast thught f lagasm. We qute them, thg that they ae asfamla t thes as they ae t uselves. They csttute, as twee, a sym

    athetc medum betwee me f cultue. Ad s Pesuseeated gu afte gu f the wds f Hace as cetly as theAugusta ets taslated the Gee mdels, ad thught me hamtha dd the Em

    e Jula whe he Platzed, Thaceay whe hetasfused the classcs that he leaed at the Chate Huse t hsw matchless Eglsh. That he dd t t excess s t t be deed. Heeve leaed the less f Aelles-- what s eugh.

    Havg thus befly ds

    sed f thse tus whch ae cmm t theLat tgue, ad thse whch a feely t the e f the wte, wehave w t deal wth a csdeable umbe f assages whch thememy f Pesus must have lgeed ve the wds f Hace, whchhs

    astag geus has hammeed the thughts f Hace t a mecmact a me agula utteace. T the majty f eades hscdesats ad hs amlfcats wll ale aea t be s maydstts f the gal. S, tably, whee he chaactezes Hacehmself, ad substtutes f the sm

    le _as aduc_ the

    uzzlg_excuss as_, whee the deams f a sc ma becme the deams f asc dtad, whee tellg staght fm ced s twsted t

  • dsceg the staght le whee t maes ts way u betwee cedles, ad whee he wgs fm the atual hase d wth theea the dd cmbat bbulus eas. I the lge assages thewestg s stll me uced; ad thse wh efuse t tae tcsdeat the mal atttude f Pesus may well wde at the

    evesty wth whch he dstts the les ad vechages the clsf the gal. But t s tleably evdet that, wth all Pesussadmat f Hace as a atst, he felt hmself mmeasuably suet hm mally, ad led u these adatats ad alteats as smuch gaed f the effect f hs dscuse. The slyess f Hace mghthave asweed well eugh f hs day ad f the d f vces that heeved, but the deth ve whch Pesus std gave hm a me thaStc statue. Hace mght have bee ctet wth a flute; thg lessesat tha a tumet wuld have suted the mal elevat fPesus. Hace s a csummate atst, ad t less a atst thecduct f hs lfe tha the cmst f hs ems. Pesus s thettye f the sesatal eache, ad eaches f all cetues,fm August ad Jeme t Macleae ad Mevale, have had a weaessf hm.

    Asde fm the mal te, whch s eugh t gve a dffeet g tthe mst smla exesss the tw ets, thee s a atstcdffeece f geat sgfcace the hadlg f the damatcelemet, whch they bth ecgzed as fudametal the sate. Thedamatc sates f Hace wll t bea dslcat wthutdestuct. I Pesus the chaactes ae always shftg, alwaysfadg away t a mesal _Tu_. Ths may be atly due t theteval whch he allwed t elase betwee the eds f cmst;but t s

    ssble that he ecgzed the lmtat f hs w

    wes,that hs sates wee teded t be a tted thg, ad t a smthhsewh. Ths ecemeal cmst, be t the esult f vety fecmy, maes Pesus the vey auth f Elegat Extacts. Hece ts t had t defed hm, as t s t had t defed Seeca, ad smla guds. Sgle veses g the ea f mths ad yeas.What le, f stace, me quted tha

    _Tecum habta: s quam st tb cuta su

    ellex_?

    What le ss deee tha the smbe vese,

    _Vtutem vdeat tabescatque elcta_?

    Sgle scees, whethe f dalgue f desct, ssess eveyequemet f damatc vvdess. O evey age f the cmmetay wecall hm bsh, ad yet hs

    ctues stad ut fm the cavas wth abldess whch maes us ccede that hs bs dd t ee

    hm fmseeg, f they dd t teach hm t see, what was gg aud hm.What s t a lttle emaable s yug a ma s the hesty f hs

    atg. A hme-ee

    g yuth, Pesus gves us lvg

    ctues f whathe saw at hme, whethe at Rme, at Vlateae, at Lua; theschl-m, the lectue-m, the cut f justce, the whaf,at the cuty css-ads. He has watched the caete stetchg hsle, the

    tte whlg hs wheel, the

    hysca adjustg hs scales.He has head the hse-laugh f the buly cetu, ad shveed; hashead, wth a yug Stc see, a cg ad mcg declame. Hews all abut ad ae ad achmet ad eeds; he has tutlved hs wledge f mables, ad e mght facy that the lustals

    ttle f hs auty was stll fesh hs bw. The fact that thee s beezess abut hs ems, thg that tells us f the lbeal abeyd, s athe sg f hs tuthfuless. Hs lfe s le hs w

  • eve eteatg bay f the Sxth Sate, wth the clffs f Stc

    hlshy betwee hm ad the wty sea wthut. Aetum he ws--t was t s fa fm Vlateae-- ad Bvllae, the eghbhd fwhch he had a fam, ad Lua, ad the wld f Rme; but the est fhs gegahy s the ae. Hace, the the had, ambles allve Italy, ad teats us evey w ad the t a feg tu wth thea f a ma wh had u acss the sea hs tme; ad eve f he whtaes us hs sweeg flght fm Cadz t Gages be t the ealJuveal, the udsuted Juveal has a fa wde gegahcal utltha Pesus. Ths vey lmtat s e f the best sgs f theatstc wth f Pesus, ad justfes the eget that he had t madehmself the Cabbe f Rma ety.

    We have see that Pesus was t slavshly deedet Hace,assmlated the mateal that he deved fm hm, ased the wldlywsdm f Hace t the deal stadad f the Stc, ad fllwed adffeet ca f damatc at. T ths we may add that Pesus, wth aceta astcatc dsda f cvetaltes, ges deee t thecuet f vulga dct tha the feedmas s daed. Pesus feltthat he culd affd t tal slag, ad he taled t; ad thecmmetats have fud t ecessay t hld Petus the left had,as well as Hace the ght.

    We w ceed t yet athe fmal elemet, whch s lesssgfcat t the clse studet f atque lteatue. The Rmahadlg f the hexamete was atfcal the exteme. Reasgbacwad fm the Lat hexamete, schlas have bee e t tasfethe cscus symblsm f the Rma ets t the Gee gals; adf they had st

    ed, say, at A

    llus Rhdus, they mght have beejustfed, f the late Gee

    ets smethg f the st s t tbe deed. But the healthe ed f Gee etc at was lfted faabve such tyg adatats f sud t sese as cmmetats stlldscve Hme whe they elage the symblsm f ths thats

    dac vese, the beauty f ths that cmbat f daeess adcaesua. A ecet cmas f Hme wth hs successs has shwthat, f all the sdac veses Hme, scacely e a huded cabe taced t ay

    ctuesque mtve, ad the a

    d mvemet f s mayfve-dactyl hexametes s sm

    ly the mal

    ace f the vese. Whe wecme t Lat metes, hweve, we must tae a dffeet stadad, adecgze a cscus mdfcat f the Gee ule. The Ovda

    etamete f the best

    ed-- t cte a famla stace-- s subjectt mute laws, whch ae tasgessed at evey tu Gee elegac

    ety, ad the dffeet deals f Pesus ad Hace ae dstctlytaceable the teatmet f the hexamete. Hace, as s well w,be the lfty mvemet f the hexamete t sut the easy gat f thesate. Pesus s me hetcal tha Hace, ad, althugh he admtsels wth as geat feedm as hs maste, hs vese has a memechacal stuctue tha the vese f Hace, ad may f thecvesatal

    eculates f the Hata hexamete ae much lesscs

    cuus Pesus. Hace weaes the caesua, em

    lys a geatumbe f sdac wds, ad eglects the vaety at whch the ecams; ad ehas the taed ea f a detemed schla mght hea the jg-tt f hs satc hythms the hfs f hs bb-taled mule adthe lazy fla

    g f hs

    tmateau. Pesus, the the had,hammes ut hs thughts a fa me thdx cadece. Cmag thefst sx huded ad ffty veses f the fst b f the sates fHace wth the sx huded ad ffty veses f Pesus, we fd thatme tha eght

    e cet. have fve s

    dees agast less tha fve

    ecet. Pesus. The s-called thd tchee feme caesua f thethd ft s fud e f te f Haces hexametes, ad ly

  • e f twety-sx Pesus-- a lw t eve f a Lat et.Stll me stg s the ae use whch Pesus maes f the masculecaesua f the sxth ft, wth ts csequet msyllabc clse. Asdefm all dle symblsm, ths aagemet, whch s cmaatvely cmm Hace, gves the vese a ceta famla ughess, esecallywhee the fal wd fces a u wth the fllwg le. Thesedvestes ca t be accdets, ad seve t shw that, althughPesus mght weave hmself a gamet fm the dyed theads f Hatadct, he was t bld eugh t wea the _dsccta tuca_ fHaces Muse. But we must t fget t be just, ad t s ly fa tadd that such a gab wuld have bee as aate t hs sevee adlfty, thugh aw st, as the Ca vestmets f Ovds etgddess-- f we may bw the _desse eteteue_ f Hech Hee.

    A cmas f Pesus wth Juveal-- a favte theme wth edts--des t ete t the la f ths study. It suffces f u esetuse t te that the actced hetca f the tme f Tajaculd t have shaed Qutlas admat f hs yuthfuledecess. The aallel assages whch have bee cted belg t thecmm stc f satcal stes t the thesauus f vebalhases. Wh ca beleve that Juveal t _usque ade_ fm Pesus, bwed fm hm the famla _aa avs_? Thee ae thee futuches the Teth Sate whch ecall sme f the me stgexesss f Pesus; but Rbbecs bjects t the geueess fths s

    hstc declamat, f t cvcg, ae at least suffcetlywell fuded t mae us

    ause ctg them. I mal eaestess,Pesus s as fa sue t Juveal as he s fe t hm thehetcal teatmet f hs themes; ad s lg as me wll tae tcsdeat ths mal elemet, whch mde ctcs ae

    e telmate fm ws f at, s lg as they wll say _

    ectus est qudsatcum fact_ as well as _qud thelgum_, Pesus wll cmmad aesal esteem whch des t attach t the sates f Juveal. Thegeus they f Bsse, that the geat satst f the Caesas wasa subbed sb, bgs ut stll me stg ctast the fgue fPesus as the eseved vcal astcat, ad may be wthy f ame amle develmet tha t has yet eceved. But Juveal s adageus theme. As M. Matha has admably bseved, Juveal s aauth whse declamaty te has fected hs eulgsts; ad thse whae t caed away by a admat whch dsfgues whle texalts, may eadly be temted t the ste exteme. Let us tu,the, t the mattes whch llustate me dectly the chaacte fu auths cm

    sts. Ad fst a wd tw f Stcsm.

    Wth the stg actcal tedeces f the Rmas, the ly systems fGee

    hls

    hy that eve fud lage acce

    tace at Rme wee theE

    cuea ad the Stc; ad the Stc schl the ly dctes thatcmmaded much attet wee the ethc. The subtle dalectc f theStcs, f whch we have sme ujyus secmes Cces

    hls

    hcal cm

    lats, was t cgeal t the Rma md; but theStc ceed was the ceed f the ble s

    ts f the m

    eal tme.Excluded fm ublc lfe, , at all evets, fm the satsfactyexecse f ublc fucts, the elect few t efuge Stc

    hls

    hy.[1]

    [Ftte 1: I ths sect f the Itduct I fllw Zelles Essay Macus Auelus (_Vtge u. Abhadluge_) s clsely that sme s

    ecal acwledgmet seems t be ecessay.]

    The bject f Stcsm s by meas f vtue ad wledge t mae medeedet f all wthut them, ad hay that deedece. It s a

  • athesm: Gd evealed evey thg; Gds law ecgzed eveythg; Gd the substace fm whch evey thg ceeds, t whch eveythg etus; the Ogal Fe, fm whch evey thg s b aga.Gd s the all-evasve St, Fate, Pvdece. Obedece t hseteal laws csttutes vtue ad haess. Gd ad evl ae t bemeasued by ths stadad. All that bgs us twad ths s Gd; allthat caes us away fm t s Evl. Evey thg else s dffeet.

    I Gace ut f Gace, says the Chsta; , as Calv exesses t hs evus laguage, _Qu Chstum dmdum habee vult, ttumedt_. I Vtue ut f Vtue, says the Stc. Thee s thgbetwee. The wse ae efectly wse; the flsh ae ttally flsh.Thee s t a half-uce f ecttude the fl. The vcus ma sas mad as Oestes-- ay, madde.

    The dffeece betwee huma begs s slght. Albades, the hgh-bad the hadsme, s bette tha shveled ld Baus, wh maes helvelhd by sellg gees. All exteal dstcts s t uttesgfcace by the sde f ths geat ctast f wledge adgace t whch vtue ad vce ae eslved.

    All humaty s e ele; all the wld e state; ts ule theDety; ts csttut the eteal law f the uvese. The meucdtally a ma submts t the gudace f ths law, the meexclusvely he sees hs ha

    ess vtue, the me de

    edet hewll be f all wthut hm, the me cteted hmself, ad yet theeade t ete t cmmu wth thes, ad t d hs duty t thewhle f whch he s a at.

    But t s t be bseved that the Stcsm f Pesus, le the Stcsmf Macus Atus, was f a sfte, mlde, me elgus chaactetha that f Ze ad Chysus; ad whe the Stc dscuses thethgess f all eathly thgs, the lls f lfe, mas malweaess, ad hs eed f hel

    , we hea laguage that emds us w fthe estles f the New Testamet, w f the dctes f Buddha. Thehlshe, says Zelle, s a hysca f the sul, a est adsevat f the Dety amg me, ad ths he shws by the mst ulmted,devted, ueseved

    hlath

    y. Ad t ly s, but the Stc dest dsda t mae lfe bghte the scal ccle; ad the SxthSate f u auth, whch Nsad csdes t be a yuthful escaadef the

    et-- _qu svetue cmme u cle qu st de classe_-- s less tuly Stc tha the hgh-stug Thd.

    I seag f ths subject t s dffcult t ee fm usg the wdelg, f the emtal elemet, whch s s chaactestc felg, s t watg a system whch s the

    ula syym fsuess f emt. Ths s the thess whch M. Matha has bughtut t clea elef, ad llumed by may aste examles-- athess whch wll t be stage t thse wh have studed wth ay caethe scal as

    ects f the late lfe f atquty. Ude the em

    emalty was me tha malty-- t was a elg; ad all thefmulae f ceta hases f Chsta ascetcs may be aled t theethcal sde f Stc

    hls

    hy. It s dffcult t a

    ach thesubject wthut seemg eveece; but the fath f the Chsta mustbe fa fm bust wh ca sh fm a aallel that ges fathetha the machey-- that des t vlve the mtve we. It s tthe am f ths study t deteme whethe ths

    aallelsm s t beecgzed as a _

    ae

    aat Evagelca_, as the le esult fsmla fces at w dffeet systems f thught ad belef. It seugh t eset the aallelsm, t excuse the haselgy.

  • Ou acests, at all evets, wee t afad t ecgze atualChstas such me as Scates, such yuths as Pesus. Why,eve Seeca fgued f a lg tme as St. Seeca; ad Jeemy Tayl wasfllwg ld examle whe he cted the Stc as well as the Chstacde. It s ly e ste fm the ecgt f ths stual dedt the ecgt f the actcal methds f stual w asatcated the lfe f atquty-- actcal methds whch f uuses ae eve bette descbed by a ubeleve le Luca tha bya beleve le Macus Atus. I that age f tast we fdfathe cfesss, vate chalas, medcat fas, msss,evvals, cvess, ecstases-- all shwg the dee eeds f thehuma heat, whch efused t be satsfed wth the utw gds f thePathe, ad, gace f the dve Pes, wh ale ca aswe aesal lve, sught slace the mechasm f malty. Ichaactezg Cutus, I have aleady bwed a hase fmM. Matha, ad called hm, as M. Matha calls Seeca, a stualdect; ad I have aleady vetued t call Pesus a sesataleache. Hs stc f hlshy thelgy s t as lage as smecmmetats suse; ad all the elabate attemts t shw by thesates that Pesus was a thughly taed ad csstet Stc havefaled. The mst elemetay wledge f Stc ethcs s suffcet fthe cmehes f Pesus. Whateve else he ew he et bac f

    actcal csdeats. He stcs t the maw f malty, adeteates the cadal dctes f Stcsm wth the vehemece f aPudtext. Ths vehemece, ths ethusasm, may be ex

    laed by hsyuth, hs Etusca bld, hs fess as a mal efme. A ctcwth M. Taes esuces mght accut f t by the clmate fVlateae; but, hweve t may be accuted f, ceta t s that hehmself s much m

    essed wth the

    fudty f the dctes whch he

    fesses; that he wams ad glws as he mats t hs audts thegeat secet that they ae t fee because they ae slaves t vce;that a ma wh des t udestad hs elats t hs Mae ca tmve a fge wthut sg; that the flesh thee s gd thg;ad that the agush f a ttued cscece s the wst f hells. Butthe dffcultes f Pesus ae t due t ecdte Stc thught, adca t be cleaed u

    by efeece t Stc

    hls

    hy. The tuble les the slagy ex

    esss, the lac f gac devel

    met, the estlesszeal t fce hs message hme t the heat f evey heae, ad thecsequet shftg f the esages f hs dalgue t sut the casesas they se befe hs md.

    Pesus, the, was a eache f Stcsm-- Stcsm, at ce thehlshy ad the elg f a tme whe seus ad ble atues had cty f efuge exce

    t the mst selves, whe the ly

    ssbleactvty seemed t be submss t the evtable. The hydstatc

    essue f the meal tme fced all the bette elemets t thsmuld; ad s fa Pesus beas the stam f hs ed, ad the veyabsece f

    ltcal ad

    esal alluss shws hw m

    efect lfemust have bee. But e schl f cmmetats, headed by Casaub, adeeseted t-day Gemay by Lehma, Eglad by Pet, see Pesus much me tha a dscle f the Sta; ad the sates f uauth-- es

    ecally the Fst ad Futh-- ae su

    sed t be full fme less blque efeeces t Nes

    es, hs habts, hslteay etess, hs astcatc bth. At e tme t seemed asf ths thess, whch was suggested by the schlast, had beeabaded, but the feld f hstcal geuty s t tem

    tg; ade f the vaguest f all the sates, the Ffth, has bee dscveed byLehma t be full f the mst stgg alluss t Ne. It s teugh t gat t ths schl that Ne, as the tye f hs age, may

  • have bee eset t the md f the auth. They scfully eject thsccess, ad est t all mae f legedema de t exlaaway the mssbltes f such a attac ad the mbabltes fts execut. Wth such sce as these schlas allw themselves we mayfd aallels evey whee, ad cvet assaults may be detected themst cet lteay efmaces. But t wuld t aswe the usef ths Itduct t ete t a elabate dscuss f thsquest, whch seems t be dested t a ucmftable esuect asfte as t s lad. Evey lausble ccdece has bee meted the Ntes, ad t wll be suffcet f geuus yuth t w thes f dstgushed schlas the subject.

    If ths essay had t bee lged beyd the lmt sed, t mghtbe well t gve sme accut f the gammatcal ad hetcaleculates f the style f Pesus; but the gamma f Pesus wlleset few dffcultes t thse wh ae at all famla wth theetc sytax f the Lat laguage; ad eugh has bee sad t eaethe studet, a measue, f cg wth the labed teseess f uauth.

    The mauscts f Pesus ae emaable f the age, the umbe,ad the stud bewldemet f the tascbes. The best s the _CdexMteessulaus_, Mtelle mausct, wth whch the _CdexVatcaus_ clsely ccdes; but, the wds f Jah, _Nullus Pescdex tatae aucttats est ut ebus dubs eus vestga tutsequas sed sem

    e te cm

    lues

    t eaque a ceta datu_.

    * * * * *

    A. PERSII FLACCI

    SATURARUM

    LIBER.

    * * * * *

    PROLOGUS.

    Nec fte laba lu caball, ec bct smasse Paas mem, ut e

    ete sc

    eta

    dem. Helcdasque

    alldamque Pee lls emtt, quum mages lambut 5 hedeae sequaces: se semagaus ad saca vatum came adfe stum. qus ex

    edvt

    sttac suum chaee camque dcut sta veba ca? magste ats geque lagt 10 vete, egatas atfex sequ vces; qud s dls s

    es efulset umm, cvs etas et etdas cas catae cedas Pegaseum ecta.

    NOTES.

  • PROLOGUE.

    ARGUMENT.-- I eve da f Hcee, eve deamed Paassus. Themads f Helc ad the wates f Pee ae meat ad d f mymastes-- the acwledged classcs-- t f me, a lay-bthe,wth my humble, hmely sg (1-7). Othes succeed: the at wth hsGee, the e wth he Lat. They have t deamed Paassusethe; but they have a teache-- the geat maste Belly-- ad Sxeces the Phebus All. Ha hw they tll fth the tes! (8-14).

    Alas f me! glde Muse, slve sxece ses me. _Qus legethaec?_

    Ths lgue s a suvval f the damatc elemet f the sate, asCasaub has emaed. Peculaly esal, the lgue s fud theeale ad the late stages f at, ballad lteatue ad eflectve ety. The suus veses whch ecede the Aeed-- _Illeeg_-- wee teded t seve as a lgue, ad lgues se adety ae famla t the eades f Matal, Status, Ausus, adClauda.

    Thee s gd eas t dubt the geueess f the lgue, tattbute the authsh

    t Caesus Bassus, the Edt f Pesus, asHech has de. N s thee ay suffcet gud f su

    sg thatthe lgue s fagmetay. The tw ats-- f seve veses each-- dt hag well tgethe, but the cect f the thught s t semte afte all. I the fme

    at, Pesus dcules the

    etededsuce f the

    etcal s

    at f hs tme, the latte he ex

    sests eal g (Teuffel).

    Me

    e t debate s the elat f the

    lgue t the sates. Ist a tduct t all, ly t the fst? It s tue that the

    lgue seems t belg esecally t the fst. Bth fush us wth a

    gamme f the ets vews, wth a cfess f fath whchcssted a wat f fath the age; but as the Fst Sate tselfctas a vdcat f the

    ets w, ad fms a tduct tthe the fve sates, t s safe t t estct the lgue t theawe ffce.

    It s eedless t say that these veses have t laced admes admtats. The latte half s aded by Mlt (_I SalmasHudedam_), ad the le _magste ats geque lagt_ sex

    aded by Rabelas (4, 59).

    The mete s the _scaz_ _chlambus_ (G., 755; A., 82, 2, _a_, R),ad as the cmbat f dffeet hythms s e f the

    eculatesf the eale _satua_, t s t ulely that Pesus fllwed alde atte. I Petus, ca. 5, the chlambus s le maefllwed by the hexamete, but the aalgy s t clse. The chlambus,the vet f the geat lam

    st H

    x, i

    mirbly

    p

    byi r

    c

    r fr h xpri f

    ippim, vxi,ic. Th mrch f h imb i ly chc i h fifhf, h rpi mr villy ripp p. I i michivmr,

    bry i i mlic h Thriic chrcr f iivr.

  • 1. Th lli i Ei, h _lr Hmr_, wh r fHippcr (Prp., 3, 2 [4], 6), rm h h h hi grrigil Pr (Cic., Ac. Pr., 2, 16, 51). --#f#: _i_ hprig. Th i Abl. f h lciv rli, wh hccpi i crily r iicly lciv. (G.,[2] 387.)--#prli#: rch i igly mi. Th figr i _i_.(G., 448, R. 2.) Th grr h pri, h grr h rb._N prli lbr_ = _ primrib qim lbri igi_.--#cblli#: _F cblli_, hc prig, i mc rlif _Hippcr_ = : te fountain opened by Pegasus wit isoof. _Caballus_ is a comic equivalent of _equus_. Comp. Juvenals_Gorgonei #caballi#_ (3, 118).

    [Footnote 2: G. = Gildersleeves L. Grammar; A. = Allen and Greenougs; M. = Madvigs.]

    2. #bicipiti#: two-peaked. Parnassus is called _biceps_, eiterbecause it appears to ave two peaks from suc common points of view aste entrance to te Corintian Gulf ( , ci,Chr., 5), r bc f h w ll cliff (Ov., M., 1, 316; 2,221)-- h f Dir (16, 28), h Shc (At., 1126)-- tw whch th Ct g tk t. --#m#: c. _m m_ (G., 527, R. 2; M., 401). Wth_mm_ th . I. m cmm Rcct (G.,277, R; A., 58, 11, __), ut th

    ct u

    wh th ct

    tcty cgz

    y-g. Cm

    . _

    vut gmm ugumqu m_ | _ cum #mm# m #ttg# mum_, T.,1, 6, 26. A Ov., Am., 3, 7, 25-6; A. A., 2, 169. Th ct

    cy

    t h, th c th

    wu

    m tqu _c

    u c_ (_qu

    mmm_) _mv_;

    Cgtwth cct tct tt, v tht #I# c mm.

    3. #c#: , j

    , wih

    y wrig, y prpri.--#pr

    irm#: m my pprc ( i wr h g).

    4. #Hlici#: Th M. Cmp. Hi (Thg., 1). Hrm prfrh pic frm, _Hlici

    _. --#-q

    # --#-q

    #: G., 478; A., 43, 2,_._ --#plli

    mq

    Pir#: Pir i h f

    i f Acrcrih

    ,whr Pg w br i by Bllrph. Th pic vir f iwr w l icvry. _Pllim_, rib fr ffc. Cmp._plli

    mr_, ,

    h li. Th pllr f

    p

    ill

    ri.

    5. #rmi#: , o te moe usua _enquo_, s a ommonv.. Ksseus (_Spe

    men

    t

    um_, p. 51)

    tes C

    ., De Oat., 1, 58:_tb #emttunt# stam vouptatem et ea se

    aee patuntu_; and Ta

    .,Hst., 4, 11: _vm pnps ompet, nomen emttee_. --#magnes#:busts (set up n baes, pub and pvate). Comp. _ut dgnusvenas edes et magne ma

    a_, Juv., 7, 29. --#ambunt#: moeequenty used o ames.

    6. #edeae#: Note te pua, vy eats, G., 195, R. 6. Te vy,beng sa

    ed to Ba

    us, omed te eat o v

    tos n s

    en

    ontests; ten

    e tanseed to poets geneay. --#sequa

    es#: ssom,pant. Pesus sedom, eve, uses a meey desptve eptet, andene some ommentatos ave deteted a snee n tese ods, akeyngvy be

    ks. --#sempaganus#: poo a-bote o te gud(Conngton). Te _paganus_ s admtted to a te _sa

    a pag_(_paganaa_); te _sempaganus_ s a ay-bote. Pesus s not a_vates_, but a _semvates_. He s not ntated nto at Astopanes

  • as te , Ra., 356. Thse wh beleve that theSates f Pesus wee amed at Ne, see _semagaus_,half-educated, as well as the last seve veses, a delbeatedsguse f the ets eal cdt, as a ma f cultue ad fwealth. They vel the see at the class whch he s t wthy tj.

    7. #vatum#: wth the same te f des as the Eglsh equvalet,bads. --#stum#: ehas t smly = _meum_, but atve,hme-made.

    8. #exedvt#: _Exede_ ad _ca_ bth mly dffculty (Jah),but the dffculty s cmletely cqueed _exede_; t s _ca_. The at, f t a Gee (), i Hlliz Hi(_bi_), h lr r glibly hi fmilir _Bjr_. Thmgpi i Ili, f. Ohr rgr hiirpri, which i illy Jh, bl, m_vrb r_, which my prfr _r vrb_, imply qivl hm pch. --#chr# = . G h l f mlll, lv l, p-l.

    10. #m q l#: __, f h hh

    h; _l_, f h hh m fm b ; _-q_

    mb h xhv (G., 478; A., 43, 3, __). Thh

    h

    mbl fm. Cmp. , , , Th

    ., 21, 1; _P

    p m pd

    _,Pl., Sh., 1, 3. 23 (Jh). Add , ,, Er., fr. 709 (Nc), Alxi, fr. 205 (3, 479 Mi.), whrh s ex

    essly meted. Bds, t seems, wee taed t talby huge.

    11. #egatas#: (_a atua_). --#atfex sequ#: etc sytax f _a.sequed_. G., 424, R. 4. (cm

    . 429, R. 4); A., 57, 8, _f_, 3.A s-called Gee cstuct. See 1, 59. 70. 118; 5, 15. 24; 6, 6. 24.--#sequ# = _secta_. --#vces#: (atculate) seech.

    12. #qud s#: Nay, f but. Cmmetats Hace stll dulge emas the u

    etcal chaacte f _qud s_, c

    yg Oell Od.,1, 1, 35. If _qud s_ s sac, Petus s t be ted; he usest at evey tu. --#dls#: seductve, allug. Pesus des tdeal much geeal e

    thets; hece (Pi

    ., Pyh., 4,140) i

    ffici prlll. --#rf

    lri#: br vry wy h_rflg_, which Jh ccp i hi . f 1868. Th Prf. bj. imr vivi mr crrc h h Pr. _R-_ m bvrl

    .

    i h Eglih gi, i

    h rvrl f prvi

    c

    ii. _Rf

    lgr_, cch h y by i glir, flh h igh-- whr i ly ic bfr. --#mmi#: brrl ci. Cmp. Th pli hillig, Th AlmighyDllr; prhp Th Mgic

    ixpc. Cmp. J

    v., 7, 8: _m i Piri#q

    r# ibi

    ll

    i

    mbr |

    r_, c.

    13. #crv p pri pic#: Rv p p pi,h

    biv

    ig fr pih, li _pp vr_, 6, 74.Which f h

    biv i

    jciv h hr

    ppr. Frh _crv_, P Dic will wr wll Mcrb., . 2, 4.Th ml p h fml crpr i h mgpi (_pic_). Accrig Ov. (M., 5, 294, fll.), h

    ghr f Pir

    , h Mc

    i,wr chg

    i mgpi bc

    hy h

    chllg

    h M

    c, rvil h vicri g. Thr m b lli h lirry li f h y, h bl-cig f

  • Jvl ir (6, 434 fll.). Frilr, _igchich_, 1,481. _Pri_ fr Gr. lgy.

    14. #cr cr#: pic xi f h cg cciv =_crm crm cr_ (G., 331; A., 52, 1, _b_). _Ncr_ i cpifrm Pi., Ol., 7, 7 ( , ), d h mbdh _Pm_ ffl dlq b bd dd b. Th ld d, _ml_ (), wih i flyqiy, rrly fi chmpi gi _cr_.

    CRITICA APPENDIX.

    PRO

    OGU

    .

    2. #Pr#: Pr, H. --4. #Hlici#: Hlici, J{}., H.--5. #rmi#: rliq, J{}. --7. #fr#: ffr, J{}., H.--8. #chr#: , J{}., H. --9. #pm#: p, J{}. --#vb#: vb , H. --12. #fl#: J{}.; fl, J{}., H.

    * * * * *

    SATURA I.

    O hmm! qm b ! Q

    l

    h

    ?

    d ? m h

    l! Nm? Vl d

    , vl m. T

    p mbl! Q

    ? mh Pl dm Td Lbm pl? . , qd bd Rm 5 lv,

    d xmq

    pb

    m ll

    ,

    q

    v x. m Rm q --? , f d-- d f m, m d m m d vv px

    b

    f

    m

    q

    mq

    l

    , 10

    m pm

    p

    ;

    ,

    ,

    -- Nl. Qd fm? d m pl pl h. Sbm l, m ll, h pd lb,

    d lq

    d, q

    d p

    lm m pl

    hl.

    l

    h

    pp

    l px

    q

    q

    15 l dm m d h lb d l l, lqd m plm mbl

    ll

    , p f

    l


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