The Russian Revolution and the birth of the Soviet Union
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Transcript of The Russian Revolution and the birth of the Soviet Union
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The Russian Revolution and the birth of the Soviet Union
Totalitarian Government in the Soviet Union
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Totalitarian government is the exact opposite of liberal democracy…
• Suppress individual liberties • Abolish all competing political parties• Eliminate or regulate private property• Use the bureaucracy and technology to
impose its ideology and enforce its commands
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-the ultimate goal of a totalitarian state is…
• Total control of the individual- what is believed, what values are held…
• There are no private moral judgements, no individual thought, no individual conscience…
• People have no natural rights…, they are building blocks for a new social order...
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• Czar Nicholas II - “Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationalism”
• Unlike his predecessors, he was weak, incompetent and suspected of being under the influence of his German-born wife Alexandra, and a half-crazed monk named Grigori Rasputin.
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• There were two revolutions in 1917:• The February (March-western calendar)• The October (November…)
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The November 6th Revolution…
• The second revolution was instigated and inspired by a radical socialist party then known as the Bolsheviks. Its leader was Vladimir Lenin.
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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov • 1870-1924• Third of five children
to a respectable middle class family
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Alexander Ulyanov – idolized by his younger brother
• Implicated in an attempted conspiracy to kill Czar Alexander III, he was executed.
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• Vladimir was arrested and exiled to Siberia in 1887 for participating in anti-government demonstrations
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• In 1890, Lenin was given permission to enter the law school at St. Petersburg.
• By 1897, exiled again for his anti-government speeches and pamphlets
• In 1900 exiled to Switzerland
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Vladimir Ulyanov became a folk legend…
• All Soviet books called Lenin a genius and the greatest thinker who ever lived.
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World War One: The Battle of Tannenberg, 1914
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• In 1915, Czar Nicholas decided to go and direct the war from the front lines
• Czarina allowed a crazed monk named Rasputin to run the homefront
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Demonstrators gathering in front of the Winter Palace in Petrograd, just prior to the Russian Revolution, January 1917.
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Economic Causes
• Illiterate and oppressed peasant majority• Striking workers shut down industries • Inefficient transportation system • Food and fuel shortages
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Social Causes
• Extreme differences in classes• Peasants’ desire for land• Deprivations resulting from the war
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Political Causes
• Autocracy - weak and ineffectual ruler• Spread of Marxist ideas• Charismatic leaders such as Lenin and
Trotsky• Enormous losses in The Great War
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Abdication: March, 1917Nicholas Romanov became a private citizen
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• The provisional government the “Kerensky Government” [because its primary figure was Alexander Kerensky] made a fatal mistake – it remained in the war.
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• Lenin (living in Switzerland) was secretly aided by the German govt to return to Russia
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Upon returning to Russia, Lenin promised “Peace, Bread and Land” …and “All Power to the Soviets.”
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Lenin. October.
Power to Soviets. Land to Peasants. Factories to Workers.
Peace to all Nations.
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Leon Trotsky- architect of the October (November) Revolution
• Seized the headquarters of the Provisional Government; as well as key govt buildings, railway stations, telephone exchanges, electric generating plants
• Next morning, all soviets approved the takeovers.
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918
• Lenin gave up 1/3 of the population, 3/4 of Russia’s iron resources and 9/10 of its coal supply plus a huge indemnity to Germany
• The Bolsheviks accepted Germany’s harsh conditions in order to focus on securing power…the real revolution was yet to come.
• News of the treaty contributed to a civil war – the Reds vs the Whites - which lasted until 1921.
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• Czar Nicholas II and his family were first exiled to Siberia but later, in July of 1918 were killed
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“The Bolsheviks didn’t cause a revolution, they captured it.”
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Lenin suffered a stroke and paralysis in 1922; his health slowly deteriorated until his death in 1924
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Iosef Vissarionovich Dzhugashavili
1879-1953
• “Stalin” transformed the Russian Empire” into the Soviet Union; from a poor, undeveloped agricultural country into one of the world’s industrial and military giants.
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• Stalin’s early years…
1888-1894 attended local church school
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• Tiflis Theological Seminary
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Stalin arrest records…
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As a revolutionary, Stalin .…
• helped organize workers’ strikes…• set up a secret press to spread Marxist
ideas…distributed illegal pamphlets…• participated in train and bank robberies…• by 1912, was a member of the inner circle
of the Bolshevik party.
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• Lenin and Stalin in Finland
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Stalin’s “second death” strategy
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• 1927 expelled from the Communist party
• 1928 exiled to Siberia• 1929 deported to
Turkey/Mexico• 1940 murdered
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Planned Economy or Command Economy
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Stalin’s Industrial policies
• Initiated five year plans to promote the production of heavy machinery
• Focused on building steel mills, cement plants and oil refineries.
• Limited production of consumer goods like clothing and cosmetics.
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Stalin’s Agricultural policies
• Eliminated wealthy, land-owning kulaks
• Initiated Collectivization- large government farms called “collectives” replaced private plots.
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Stalin’s Political policies- Dictatorship of the Communist Party
• Created a secret police with unlimited power to crush dissenters critical of Soviet life
• Strictly controlled the minority nationalities• Used “show trials” to eliminate and intimidate all
potential rivals • Used art & literature to glorify himself and the
Communist State
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Stalin’s Social/Cultural policies…“The Cult of personality”
• Mandated & expanded education at all levels• Promoted educational opportunities for women• Censored all forms of creative thinking and
expression • Replaced religious teachings with Communist
ideals
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• THE END……. any questions my comrades?
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Any Questions?
The End