THE RUNNING PHYSICS

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SCIENTIST WHO GIVE THEIR EFFICENT LIFE IN PHYSICS

Albert Einstein 1879-1955

Issac Newton 1643-1727

Neils Bhor 1885-1962

Richard Feynaman 1918-1988

Marie Curie 1867-1934 Werner Heisenberg 1901-1976

Gaileo Galleio 1564-1642

Erwin Schrödinger 1887-1961

Ernest Rutherford 1871-1937 Paul Dirac 1902-1984

Max Plank 1858-1947

Micheal Faraday 1791-1886

Enrico Fermi 1901-1954

James Chadwick 1891-1947 Stephen Hawking 1942-

J.J. Thomson 1856-1940 Wolfgang Pauli 1900-1958

Antoine Henri Bacqueral 1852-1908 James Clark Maxwell 1831-1879

Louis De Brogile 1842-1987

Max Born 1882-1970

Pierre Curie 1859-1906 Subharmany Chandrashekar 1910-1995

Blaise Pascal 1623-1662

Lise Meitner 1878-1968 Guglielmo Marconi 1874-1937

Albert A. Michelson 1852-1931 Satyendra Nath Bose 1894-1974

J.Robert Oppenheimer 1904-1967 Robert Hooke 1635-1703

C.V. Raman 1888-1970 Murray Gell-Mann 1929-

Willelm Rontgen 1854-1923 Ludwig Boltzmann 1844-1906

Abdus Salam 1926-1996

Hendrick Lorentz 1853-1928

Chen-Ning Yang 1922-

Luis Walter Alvarez 1911-1988

Stephen Weinberg 1933-

Alessandro Volta 1745-1827

Aurthur Comptom 1892-1962 William Hawerence Bragg 1890-1971

Carl Friendrich Gaurs 1777-1855 Eugene Wingner 1902-1955

Donald A. Glasor 1926-2013 Tsaung-Dao Lei 1926-

Nikola Tesla 1856-1943

Physics (from Ancient Greek "knowledge of nature") the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves.

Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.

Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization, and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

Quantum Physics

Quantum physics allows for particles to be in two states at the same time. Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics or quantum theory), including quantum field theory, is a branch of physics which is the fundamental theory of nature at small scales and low energies of atoms and subatomic particles. Classical physics, the physics existing before quantum mechanics, derives from quantum mechanics as an approximation valid only at large scales. Quantum mechanics differs from classical physics in that energy, momentum and other quantities are often restricted to discrete values, objects have characteristics of both particles and waves, and there are limits to the precision with which quantities can be known Uncertainty principle.

Quantum mechanics gradually arose from Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem and Albert Einstein's 1905 paper which offered a quantum-based theory to explain the photoelectric effect. Early quantum theory was profoundly reconceived in the mid-1920s.

The reconceived theory is formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms. In one of them, a mathematical function, the wave function, provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle.

Important applications of quantum theory include quantum chemistry, superconducting magnets, light-emitting diodes, and the laser, the transistor and semiconductors such as the microprocessor, medical and research imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging and electron microscopy, and explanations for many biological and physical phenomena.

Bio Physics

The science of the application of the laws of physics to biological phenomena. Biophysics or biological physics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the approaches and methods of physics to study biological systems. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. Biophysical research shares significant overlap with biochemistry, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, bioengineering, computational biology, biomechanics and systems biology.

The term biophysics was originally introduced by Karl Pearson in 1892.

A mechanism is a device designed to transform input forces and movement into a desired set of output forces and the movement. Mechanisms generally consist of moving components such as gears and gear trains, belt and chain drives, cam and follower mechanisms, and linkages as well as friction devices such as brakes and clutches, and structural components such as the frame, fasteners, bearings, springs, lubricants and seals, as well as a variety of specialized machine elements such as splines, pins and keys. The German scientist Reuleaux provides the definition "a machine is a combination of resistant bodies so arranged that by their means the mechanical forces of nature can be compelled to do work accompanied by certain determinate motion.". In this context, his use of machine is generally interpreted to mean mechanism. The combination of force and movement defines power, and a mechanism is designed to manage power in order to achieve a desired set of forces and movement. A mechanism is usually a piece of a larger process or mechanical system. Sometimes an entire machine may be referred to as a mechanism. Examples are the steering mechanism in a car, or the winding mechanism of a wristwatch. Multiple mechanisms are machines.

Tesla Coil

The Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit designed by inventor Nikola Tesla in 1891. It is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency and alternating -current electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits. Tesla used these circuits to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, X-ray generation, high frequency alternating current phenomena, electrotherapy, and the transmission of electrical energy without wires. Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in spark gap radio transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the 1920s and in medical equipment such as electrotherapy and violet ray devices. Today their main use is for entertainment and educational displays, although small coils are still used today as leak detectors for high vacuum systems.

Television Television is an amazing window on the world. At the flick of a button, you can travel from the North Pole to the Serengeti, watch men walking on the Moon, see athletes breaking records, or listen to world leaders making historic speeches. Television has transformed entertainment and education; in the United States, it's been estimated that children spend more time watching TV (on average 1023 hours a year) than they do sitting in school (900 hours a year). Many people feel this is a bad thing. One of TV's inventors, Philo T Farnsworth (1906–1971), came to the conclusion that television was hopelessly dumbed down and refused to let his children watch it. Whether TV is good or bad, there's no doubting that it's an ingenious invention.

An antenna (aerial) on your roof picks up radio waves from the transmitter. With satellite TV, the signals come from a satellite dish mounted on your wall or roof. With cable TV, the signal comes to you via an underground fiber-optic cable.

The incoming signal feeds into the antenna socket on the back of the TV.

The incoming signal is carrying picture and sound for more than one station (program). An electronic circuit inside the TV selects only the station you want to watch and splits the signal for this station into separate audio (sound) and video (picture) information, passing each to a separate circuit for further processing.

The electron gun circuit splits the video part of the signal into separate red, blue, and green signals to drive the three electron guns.

The circuit fires three electron guns (one red, one blue, and one green) down a cathode-ray tube , like a fat glass bottle from which the air has been removed.

The electron beams pass through a ring of electromagnets. Electrons can be steered by magnets because they have a negative electrical charge. The electromagnets steer the electron beams so they sweep back and forth across the screen, line by line.

The electron beams pass through a grid of holes called a mask, which directs them so they hit exact places on the TV screen. Where the beams hit the phosphors (colored chemicals) on the screen, they make red, blue, or green dots. Elsewhere, the screen remains dark. The pattern of red, blue, and green dots builds up a colored picture very quickly.

Meanwhile, audio (sound) information from the incoming signal passes to a separate audio

circuit.

The audio circuit drives the loudspeaker (or loudspeakers, since there are at least two in a stereo TV) so they recreate the sound exactly in time with the moving picture.

Organic Light-Emitting Diodes OLED or Organic Light-Emitting Diode is a type of display technology that makes it possible to create even slimmer TV sets than LCD or plasma, while at the same time making them more efficient and eco-friendly.

To make an OLED light up, we simply attach a voltage (potential difference) across the anode and cathode.

As the electricity starts to flow, the cathode receives electrons from the power source and the anode loses them (or it "receives holes," if you prefer to look at it that way).

Now we have a situation where the added electrons are making the emissive layer negatively charged (similar to the n-type layer in a junction diode), while the conductive layer is becoming positively charged (similar to p-type material).

Positive holes are much more mobile than negative electrons so they jump across the boundary from the conductive layer to the emissive layer. When a hole (a lack of electron) meets an electron, the two things cancel out and release a brief burst of energy in the form of a particle of light—a photon, in other words. This process is called recombination, and because it's happening many times a second the OLED produces continuous light for as long as the current keeps flowing.

We can make an OLED produce colored light by adding a colored filter into our plastic sandwich just beneath the glass or plastic top or bottom layer. If we put thousands of red, green, and blue OLEDs next to one another and switch them on and off independently, they work like the pixels in a conventional LCD screen, so we can produce complex, hi-resolution colored pictures.

Ceiling Fan The first ceiling fans appeared in the early 1860s and 1870s, in the United States. At that time, they were not powered by any form of electric motor. Instead, a stream of running water was used, in conjunction with a turbine, to drive a system of belts which would turn the blades of two-blade fan units. These systems could accommodate several fan units, and so became popular in stores, restaurants, and offices. The electrically powered ceiling fan was invented in 1882 by Philip Diehl.

Principle behind the Ceiling Fan The electric motor is the electric machine within the ceiling fan that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The ceiling fan capacitor torques up the electric motor, allowing it to start and run. An electrical current reaches the motor and then enters coils of wire that are wrapped around a metal base. As this current passes through the wire, a magnetic field is caused that expends force in a clockwise motion that actually changes the electric energy into mechanical energy. This action causes the motor coils to spin. As the coils are spinning, the fan captures this spinning motion, transferring it to the fan blades.

How the Ceiling Fan Cools Fans do not actually cool air (if anything, electric fans warm it slightly due to the warming of their motors), but the breeze created by a ceiling fan speeds the evaporation of sweat on human skin, which makes the body feel cool. Thus, fans may become ineffective at cooling the body if the surrounding air is near body temperature and contains high humidity. Since the fan works directly on the body, rather than by changing the temperature of the air, during the summer it is a waste of electricity to leave a ceiling fan on when no one is in a room.

Wireless Router Wireless started out as a way of sending audio programs through the air. Pretty soon we started calling it radio and, when pictures were added to the signal, TV was born. The word "wireless" had become pretty old-fashioned by the mid-20th century, but over the last few years it's made a comeback. Now it's hip to be wireless once again thanks to the Internet. By 2007, approximately half of all the world's Internet users were expected to be using some kind of wireless access—many of them in developing countries where traditional wired forms of access, based on telephone networks, are not available. Wireless Internet, commonly used in systems called Wi-Fi®, WAP, and i-mode, has made the Internet more convenient than ever before. But what makes it different from ordinary Internet access?

From radio to Wi-Fi

Radio is an invisible game of throw-and-catch. Instead of throwing a ball from one person to another, you send information, coded as a pattern of electricity and magnetism, from a transmitter (the thrower) to a receiver (the catcher)—both of which are kinds of antennas. The transmitter is a piece of equipment that turns electrical signals (such as the sound of someone speaking, in radio, or a picture, in TV) into an oscillating electromagnetic wave that beams through the air, in a straight line, at the speed of light (300,000 km 186,000 miles per second). The receiver is a mirror-image piece of equipment that catches the waves and turns them back into electrical signals—so we can recreate the radio sounds or TV pictures. The more powerful the transmitter and receiver, the further apart they can be spaced. Radio stations use gigantic transmitters, and that's why we can pick up radio signals from thousands of miles away on the opposite side of Earth. Wireless Internet is simply a way of using radio waves to send and receive Internet data instead of radio sounds or TV pictures. But, unlike radio and TV, it is typically used to send signals only over relatively short distances with low-power transmitters.

Wi-Fi If you have wireless Internet access at home, you probably have a little box called a router that plugs into your telephone socket. This kind of router is a bit like a sophisticated modem: it's a standalone computer whose job is to relay connections to and from the Internet. At home, you might use a router to connect several computers to the Internet at once (saving on the need for several separate modems). In other words, the router does two jobs: it creates a wireless computer network, linking all your computers together, and it also gives all your machines a shared gateway to the Internet.

You can connect a router to all your different computers using ordinary network-connecting cables (for the technically minded, these are called RJ-45, Cat 5, or Ethernet cables). This creates what's called a LAN (local area network) linking the machines together. A computer network is a very orderly affair, more like an organized committee meeting, with carefully agreed rules of behavior, than a free-for-all cocktail party. The machines on the network have to be hooked up in a standard way and they communicate in a very orderly fashion. The rules that govern the network setup and the communication are based on an international standard called Ethernet (also known as IEEE 802.3). A wireless router is simply a router that connects to your computer (or computers) using radio waves instead of cables. It contains a very low-power radio transmitter and receiver, with a maximum range of about 90 meters or 300 ft, depending on what your walls are made of and what other electrical equipment is nearby. The router can send and receive Internet data to any computer in your home that is also equipped with wireless access (so each computer on the wireless network has to have a radio transmitter and receiver in it too). Most new laptops come with wireless cards built in. For older laptops, you can usually plug a wireless adapter card into the PCMCIA or USB socket. In effect, the router becomes an informal access point for the Internet, creating an invisible "cloud" of wireless connectivity all around it, known as a hotspot. Any computer inside this cloud can connect into the network, forming a wireless LAN. Just as computers connected to a wired LAN use Ethernet, machines on a wireless LAN use the wireless equivalent, which is called Wi-Fi (or, more technically, IEEE 802.11). Wireless Internet is improving all the time, so better forms of Wi-Fi are constantly evolving. You may see wireless equipment marked 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n: these are all broadly compatible variants of 802.11, with 802.11n, 802.11g and 802.11a somewhat faster than 802.11b. Other more recent variants are named 802.11a with an extra letter added on the end (such as 802.11ax, 802.11ay, and so on). For example, 802.11ah is designed to work with the so-called Internet of Things, 802.11ax is for high-efficiency LANs, and 802.11az is concerned with "location services" (finding the accurate position of mobile devices). Wi-Fi is where the expression Wi-Fi hotspot comes from. A Wi-Fi hotspot is simply a public place where you can connect your computer wirelessly to the Internet. The hotspots you find in airports, coffee bars, bookshops, and college campuses use one or more wireless routers to create wireless Net access over a large area. The University of Twente in the Netherlands has one of the world's biggest hotspots. Using 650 separate access points, it has created a seamless hotspot that covers the entire 140 hectare (350 acre) campus. Cities like Philadelphia have also announced ambitious plans to turn huge areas into hotspots. Wi-Fi hotspots are now popping up all over the world. By 2007, there were estimated to be around 180,000 in the United States alone; in October 2012, the JWire directory was listing over 793,049 hotspots in 145 countries worldwide; and in 2015, according to the Wi-Fi Alliance, the number of worldwide hotspots exceeded five million.

Li-Fi

The term Li-Fi was coined by pure LiFi’s CSO, Professor Harald Haas, and refers to light based communications technology that delivers a high-speed, bidirectional networked, mobile communications in a similar manner as Wi-Fi. Although Li-Fi can be used to off-load data from existing Wi-Fi networks, implementations may be used to provide capacity for the greater downlink demand such that existing wireless or wired network infrastructure may be used in a complementary fashion.

LiFi is the use of the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit information at very high speeds. This is in contrast to established forms of wireless

communication such as Wi-Fi which use traditional radio frequency (RF) signals to transmit data.

With LiFi, data is transmitted by modulating the intensity of the light, which is then received by a photo-sensitive detector, and the light signal is demodulated into electronic form. This

modulation is performed in such a way that it is not perceptible to the human eye. LiFi is a category of Optical Wireless Communications (OWC). OWC includes infra-red and

ultra-violet communications as well as visible light. However, LiFi is unique in that the same visible light energy used for illumination may also be used for communication.

Advantages Of Laziness

Yeah! Many peoples thought that the laziness is the big issue of human life that destroy there

future. For this many peoples have many explainations in India a line in sanskrit that is

अलसस्य कुतो विद्या अविद्यस्य कुतो धनम ्।

अधनस्य कुतो वमत्रं अवमत्रस्य कुतः सुखम ्॥

This means that No effort

then, No knowledge then, No money

then, No friend then, No joy For reading

alasasya kuto vidyā, avidyasya kuto dhanam |

adhanasya kuto mitram, amitrasya kutaḥ sukham || alasasya kuto vidyA, avidyasya kuto dhanam | adhanasya kuto mitram, amitrasya kutaH sukham ||

But it is not correct today I show you 10 benefits of Laziness

1. Being lazy makes people label you as dull and stupid. But actually lazy people are clever and intelligent people. Laziness is just something you see, because even if the

person in front of you looks like a slob, you have no idea what is going on in their head.

2. Lazy people are too lazy to even do things that make you unproductive – like surf

Facebook during work, play games and while away your time on your phone.With these out of your way, being productive is the only choice you have got left. Because

even chilling out requires effort and energy. 3. Because of laziness, you must have left some jobs to be done for the last minute. And

because you left the job for the last moment, when you sit down to do it, you do it

with great intensity and concentration.And you like the thrill that comes with it. 4. Because you are lazy, getting a shortcut to doing a complex task is what you are best

at. This is very useful in computer programming, where you are required to optimize code, and by extension, can be applied to any problem that needs to be done as easily as possible, with as less energy as it can take. There is a fact many scientists many

things or invent things for do any thing in small time and low effort for e.g. first person travel through foot or walk to go anywhere but after sometimes a thing invent

that is called Bike or Motorcycles or Cars or Vechiles that give us relax life. 5. Stress and anxiety that comes with taking studies too seriously is actually very bad for

a young teen’s growth.Being chilled out and passing time watching TV may sound

like a waste of time, but the teens are figuring out a way to know what they want to do later in life – by being happy with what they are doing.

6. And while people sit at a place and loiter, their minds are not being dulled. They are thinking deeply about life itself. Laziness is a good way to introspect about life in general.

7. You put off a really big job because of being lazy? Have you noticed that in that time you end up doing many other small tasks?That is because the lazy time is extremely

good to get the small jobs done and then have time for the big task. 8. Many problems just take care of themselves even if you do not intervene. It could be

delegation or just the natural way things work, but this is one of the best advantages

of procrastination and laziness. 9. Laziness is an excellent counter to anxiety. Anxiety towards any situation makes you

unproductive. It is also detrimental for the efficiency at which you do your future jobs.Being lazy takes anxiety associated with the job, and makes you more relaxed.The tough part is snapping out of laziness at the right time.

10. If you are one of those people who thinks that he is clever but lazy too, there is a good chance that you might end up on the topmost jobs in your company. The Von

Manstein Matrix states that being industrious and hardworking doesn’t matter. What matters is a combination of activeness and the rate of work you do. By that logic,

being stupid and hardworking is one of the most harmful combinations.

Video Link: https://youtu.be/kFHXDRvHbw8

ABOUT THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOK

This book is written by Eshan Singh. He born on 23 September 2002 in Begusarai, Bihar. On year 2017 he started writing this book. He passed ACT Maths exam by 90% and Physics by 96%. By learning on online courses with website Alison.com.