The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Advanced...

The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents

Advanced Drivers and Riders

North Wilts Group RoADAR

Car Section

The Associate’s Manual

Original authored by Chris Gleed (MAIRSO) – RoADAR Advanced Tutor

RoADAR North Wilts Group The Associate’s Manual

Issue 2.6 Page 2 of 27 02/01/2012

Issue 2.0 – Formatting improved, TOC made automatic, headers and footers added

Issue 2.1 – 26/06/2008 - Revised for Highway Code and Roadcraft 2007 editions

Issue 2.2 – 19/11/2008 - Contact details amended

Issue 2.3 – 15/12/2008 – Contact details amended

Issue 2.4 – 15/12/2009 – Contact details amended

Issue 2.5 – 25/10/2010 – Revised contact details for 2010 and some minor corrections to Roadcraft points.

Issue 2.6 – 2/1/2012 – Revised contact details for 2011/2012


Issue 2.6 Page 3 of 27 02/01/2012

Car Section--Contacts List...........................................................................................................................5

Welcome ...................................................................................................................................................6

The System of Car Control..........................................................................................................................6

Associate’s Commitment .........................................................................................................................6

North Wilts Group – RoADAR (Other Information) ...................................................................................8

Books for Guidance.................................................................................................................................8

Drills – Moving Off and Stopping .................................................................................................................9

P.O.W.D.E.R CHECK................................................................................................................................9

Cockpit Drill.......................................................................................................................................... 10

Shutdown Drill...................................................................................................................................... 11

The Vehicle – You – On the Road.............................................................................................................. 12

The Vehicle .......................................................................................................................................... 12

You...................................................................................................................................................... 12

What Makes A Good Driver.................................................................................................................... 12

Attitudes to Speed ................................................................................................................................ 12

On The Road........................................................................................................................................ 13

Anticipation....................................................................................................................................... 13

Hazards ............................................................................................................................................ 13

On the Road (continued)....................................................................................................................... 14

Highway Code................................................................................................................................... 14

Traffic Signs and Road Markings......................................................................................................... 14

Useful Highway Code Rules ................................................................................................................... 14

Dangers and your Awareness ................................................................................................................ 15

Actual Danger ................................................................................................................................... 15

Potential Danger ............................................................................................................................... 15

Manoeuvring (The Secret!) ............................................................................................................... 15

Pre-Reversing Checks ........................................................................................................................ 15

Bends .................................................................................................................................................. 16

Speed and Braking................................................................................................................................ 16

Typical Braking Distances...................................................................................................................... 16

Thinking Distance/Braking Distance ....................................................................................................... 17

Thinking Distance.............................................................................................................................. 17

Actual Braking Distances - the Variables................................................................................................. 17

Rules for Braking............................................................................................................................... 17

ABS – Anti-Lock Braking System......................................................................................................... 17

Points to note on Motorways ................................................................................................................. 18

A few extra notes ................................................................................................................................. 19


Issue 2.6 Page 4 of 27 02/01/2012

Commentary and Observation Points/Links:............................................................................................ 19

The Tips! .......................................................................................................................................... 19

Tips for the Test ................................................................................................................................... 21

Commentary ..................................................................................................................................... 21

Pre Driving Check.............................................................................................................................. 21

Cockpit Drill ...................................................................................................................................... 21

System of Car Control........................................................................................................................ 21

Hazards ............................................................................................................................................ 21

Phases of the System ........................................................................................................................ 21

Acceleration Sense ............................................................................................................................ 21

Limit Point ........................................................................................................................................ 21

MIRRORS............................................................................................................................................. 22

Which to use..................................................................................................................................... 22

Moving away from a Stop .................................................................................................................. 22

Turning left or right ........................................................................................................................... 22

MIRRORS 2 (Useful Tips)................................................................................................................ 23

Gradients Down ................................................................................................................................ 23

MSM Routine..................................................................................................................................... 23

TEN TESTING TIPS............................................................................................................................... 24

Examiner’s Corner.................................................................................................................................... 25

RoADAR Car Test Report Sections ............................................................................................................. 26

1: Use of Controls .............................................................................................................................. 26

2: Driving Performance....................................................................................................................... 26

3: General Ability ............................................................................................................................... 26

4: Knowledge .................................................................................................................................... 26


Issue 2.6 Page 5 of 27 02/01/2012

Car Section--Contacts List

Secretary: Mrs Monica Graham

114 Marines DriveFaringdon

OxonSN7 7UG

Tel: (H) 01367 242377

Mob: 07941 259004E-Mail: [email protected]

Treasurer: Mr Mike Southgate

14 Kennet Ave

SwindonSN25 3LG

Tel: (H) 01793 520973Mob: 07894 167950

E-Mail: [email protected]

It is appreciated if all Test Applications are made through the Treasurer, which enables the group to obtain a

small discount. When applying for your test, please ensure your cheque is made out to “North WiltsROADAR”.

Chairman: Mr Nick Carrington

17 Brynards Hill

Wootton BassettSwindon

SN4 7ERTel (H): 01793 636630 after 6.30pm

Mob: 07977 256715

E-Mail: [email protected]

Associate Car Co-ordinator: Car Training Officer:

Mr Peter Emmerson Mr Andrew HortonThe Bakehouse, 78 Wessington Park

16 Townend, Calne

Chitterne, Warminster, Wiltshire WiltshireBA12 0LF SN11 0AX

Tel (H): 01985 850070 Tel (H): 01249 248982

E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]

Any queries relating to Tutors/Drives etc to be conducted through the Associate/Tutor Co-

ordinator.

In Appreciation:

Thanks go to Andrew Robbins, (The Gloucestershire Group), for his assistance and loan of material to assist with this Guide. A multitudeof thanks go to Chris Ellis, (Examiner) for his guidance over the years and for the information enclosed that has been used to assist in thecompilation of this guide.Grateful thanks to Mike Newman for his input and knowledge.

In fact! Thank you to all of the people who do so much to help our cause and its contribution to ‘Road Safety’.


Issue 2.6 Page 6 of 27 02/01/2012

WelcomePlease complete your Tutor’s details below:

Tutor’s Name:

Tutor’s Tel No:

Tutor’s e-mail address:

Tutor’s Membership No:

Thank you for joining the North Wilts Group of RoADAR. We hope that you enjoy the Guidance that we offer

and learn how to obtain more from your vehicle.

Your guidance will be based upon the ‘System of Car Control’ which is a system used by Police Forces

nationwide but does not involve any ‘Response’ technique.

The System of Car ControlThe ‘System of Car Control’ is defined as: ‘A way of approaching Hazards that is Methodical, Safe and

leaves nothing to chance. It gives the one essential aspect of Safe Driving which is…

’Time to React’!

It consists of 5 Phases: Information - Position - Speed - Gear - Acceleration

(Learn to quote this as the Examiner may ask how you define the ‘System’).

Associate’s Commitment

Your rewards based on the principles of Advanced/Defensive Driving Techniques will only become worthwhileif you apply the utmost commitment to your Guidance Drives. It does mean a dedicated approach bearing in

mind that the Tutor’s time is given freely and they receive no payment for their time with you. What they ask

for is for certain Group Rules to be applied during your commitment:

The Associate Must: -

• Hold a Current Driving Licence and Insurance – which may be requested for inspection by the Tutor.The address must correspond with that given on your application.

• Be Medically fit and if on Medication, be legally fit to drive – Eyesight will be checked to determine if itcomes up to current legislation – Spectacles or Contact Lenses to be worn where required.

• Use a vehicle which is, Roadworthy and meets all Legal Requirements. (It must be clean and tidyinside and out, contain nothing liable to interfere with the Driver’s ability to control the vehicle. E.g.Windscreen Stickers, Items rolling around. Mobile Phones must be switched off.)

• Drive Legally and in accordance with the Highway Code.

• Be punctual for appointments and have a valid reason for any cancellations at short notice.

• Let the Tutor know at the earliest possible opportunity if they are going to be late or cannot meet anappointment.

• Undertake to practice the skills learned.

• Agree to purchase and study ‘Roadcraft’ and the ‘Highway Code’.

• Be prepared to drive in any weather conditions which are considered acceptable to the Tutor.

We expect the Associate to be totally committed and contradiction of any of the above maybe considered to be a lack of commitment and could lead to the withdrawal of guidance and

advice.


Issue 2.6 Page 7 of 27 02/01/2012

More than 90% of Accidents are caused by Driver Error.

The System of Car Control

What is it?

(A mnemonic to help you remember) IPSGA

Information – Position – Speed – Gear - Acceleration

The purpose of The System of Car Control is to prevent Accidents by providing an Approach to Hazards, which

is Safe, Systematic and Simple and is Applicable in all circumstances.

It promotes Careful Observation, Early Anticipation and Leaves Nothing to Chance.

It gives the driver time to select the best Position, Speed and Gear to negotiate Hazards.

Once perfected, the Driver approaching a Hazard will always be in the Correct Position on the road,

Travelling at the Correct Speed and have the Correct Gear engaged.

The ‘System of Car Control’ gives you that essential aspect of SafeDriving.

TIME TO REACT


Issue 2.6 Page 8 of 27 02/01/2012

North Wilts Group – RoADAR (Other Information)

You will be given a series of Guidance Drives to enable you to reach the required Test Standard. The drives

will start with an ‘Assessment Drive’, which will determine your present standard. A ‘Progress Report’ willbe completed at the end of each drive and you will be given feedback and comments in the form of a

‘Debrief’. This will be based on the Tutor’s opinion of the future guidance required. You may have an opinion

of your driving ability and your own assessments of your drives so it is valuable for you to comment.

Your Tutor has been proven to be able to apply the principles of Advanced Driving and will have been

awarded one of the highest, if not the highest Grades of Civilian Driving Awards available so please bear inmind that he/she will be conversant with the standards you reach at certain stages and make positive

suggestions as to how improvement/changes can be made.

Associate Progress Report – Marking Details:

1 or E = Introduction or Explanation

2 = Moved on but Associate is guided

3 = Generally good but Prompted on occasions

4 = Seldom prompted

5 = Independent of all prompts and driving to the Required Standard

When you reach the markings of 5 in each category or thereabouts you will be deemed to be driving to the

required standard to apply for the test. The Test result does of course depend on your ability on the day todrive under ‘Exam Conditions’ and still reach the required standard.

Books for Guidance

• Roadcraft – The Police Driver’s Handbook (ISBN-10: 0117021687)

• The Official Highway Code (ISBN-10: 0115528148)

As the drives are based on principles of driving from the Police Manual Roadcraft with the advice from theHighway Code also being used, therefore it is important to purchase these two books.

(On Test you are marked on your knowledge of ‘Roadcraft’ and the ‘Highway Code’)

Many of the Rules within the Highway Code are Legal Requirements and if you disobey these rules then youare committing a criminal offence. Although failure to comply with the other rules contained in the HighwayCode will not, in itself, cause the person to be prosecuted, the Highway Code may be used in evidence inany court proceedings under the Traffic Acts to establish liability.

• Know your Traffic Signs (ISBN-10: 0115528555) This is also a useful aid.

• Roadcraft Video or DVD (ASIN: 0113413084) can be purchased in shops. (There may also be acopy to loan).


Issue 2.6 Page 9 of 27 02/01/2012

Drills – Moving Off and Stopping

P.O.W.D.E.R CHECK

The details of the check should be read in conjunction with Page 164 of Roadcraft.

The P.O.W.D.E.R. check should be carried out at least on a weekly basis, depending upon the use to whichthe vehicle is put. If it covers a relatively high mileage on a Daily or Weekly basis it may be prudent to carry

out the check on a Daily basis, thus complying with the guidelines on Pages 128-130 of the Highway Code.

However, as in the case of a Diploma Re-Test, the Examiner may well ask for it to be carried out in his

presence prior to the drive.

P.O.W.D.E.R is a mnemonic and is explained below.

P Petrol (or Diesel). Is there sufficient for the journey?

O Oils, (Lubricants). This includes engine oil and the hydraulic systems that operate theBrakes, Clutch and Power Steering.

W Water. Coolant Levels in the Radiator Expansion Bottle and of course water in the

Windscreen washer Bottle which is a Legal Requirement.

D Damage. If you hand wash your vehicle then you are more than likely able to spot any

damage. The purpose of this is to ensure that there is nothing that will cause safety or legalrequirements to be compromised. (It is very wise to check for damage after having left the

vehicle for some time, maybe parked. Check for damage to vehicle and check tyre inflation

has not changed to a detrimental effect). Do this before driving off!!!

E Electrical Systems. Ensure that all the lights operate. Also include the Horn, Hazard Lights

and check that the Indicators function correctly from using the Indicator Control Lever.

R Rubber. This means Tyre Pressures, Tread Depth*, (minimum 1.6mm), and any damage to

the sidewalls caused by ‘kerbing’. Check the condition of the Windscreen Wiper Blades. (Ifsplit then replace immediately). Also check hoses under the bonnet for leaks, condition and

tightness of clips.

My Tyre

Pressures

Front: Rear:

NB: If using a Hire Car it is wise to carry out the above checks and also check the ‘Legality’ of

the vehicle. (e.g.: Current Tax Disc in place)

* Tread Depth (Cars, Vans, Trailers/Caravans) not less than 1.6mm, across central ¾ of the

breadth of the tyre and around the entire outer circumference.


Issue 2.6 Page 10 of 27 02/01/2012

Cockpit Drill

This Drill should be read in conjunction with Page 165 of Roadcraft. However, the Drill used in the previous

edition is far more systematic and is recommended.

It should be carried out every time the vehicle is used, although it is accepted that, if only one person usesthe vehicle, those items such as Seat, Mirrors, Steering Wheel and Head Restraints will not require any

adjustments.

1. Check that the Hand Brake/Parking Brake is firmly applied and then check the pressure of the FootBrake against that of the Hand Brake/Parking Brake. Any decrease in pressure on the Foot Brakeindicates a fault.

2. Ensure that the Gear Lever is in Neutral. Simply engage First Gear with the Clutch depressed and notethe lack of lateral movement. Move the lever to Neutral and note the significant increase in

movement. On Automatic Gearboxes ensure that the lever is in the P (Park) position.

3. Adjust the seat squab, (the bit you sit on). Ensure that there is a slight bend in the Left Knee whenthe Clutch pedal is depressed. Assuming that the steering is properly adjusted, place the wrists on

the wheel at 12 o’clock position. If you have to stretch away from the backrest to reach it, or yourarms are bent significantly, then the backrest needs adjusting. There should only be a slight bend at

the elbows. Adjust the Head Restraint so that it is level with the top of your ears. Now adjust the

Mirrors. With the interior mirror, (the third eye), you should have the top of it level with the top of therear screen and a slight view of your Left Ear/Head Restraint. Door Mirrors are adjusted to provide a

view of One-Third of the car and Two Thirds of the Road with a 50/50 split between ground and sky.

4. Check that all doors are shut and, most importantly unlocked. (Some vehicles have an ‘Auto Locking’system which activates at certain speeds).

5. Familiarise yourself with all the controls and auxiliaries – the examiner may ask!!!

6. Check the Seat Belt for any twists or damage and ensure that it operates correctly. Fit it low and tothe side and ensure that there is no ‘Slack’ across the body. This is all there is between you and theSteering Wheel. Check ‘Inertia’ operation & Seat Belt Locking Mechanism. Make sure all passengers

do likewise. (If it is a ‘Hire Car’ it is important to carry out these checks and also it would be wise to check thatthe ‘Seat Belt Pretensioners’ have not been previously Deployed/Activated)

7. Switch on the Ignition and explain the Warning Lights – Red are Primary and Orange areSecondary.

8. Depress Clutch and start engine. Once the engine is running, slowly release Clutch Pedal.

9. If practicable, carry out a ‘Rolling/Moving Brake Test’. Explain that is to see if the vehicle pulls up in astraight line with no adverse affect on the steering. Carry it out at approximately 20 mph in second

gear.


Issue 2.6 Page 11 of 27 02/01/2012

Shutdown Drill

1. Bring the vehicle to a smooth, gliding halt ensuring that the front wheels are straight and that theSteering Wheel is level.

2. Once the vehicle stops, allow approximately two seconds before the Left Hand leaves the SteeringWheel to firmly apply the Hand Brake/Parking Brake. Make sure that the ‘Pawl’ button is depressed asthe brake is applied. Keep both Brake and Clutch Pedals depressed.

3. Select Neutral.

4. Switch off all controls and auxiliaries that were used during the drive – Wipers, Lights, Fan, etc. Thereis nothing more embarrassing than opening the Driver’s Door to have the ‘Headlights On’ alarm

sound! (Also the Examiner doesn’t want the Radio coming on prior to your Test Drive!!)

5. Now switch off the Ignition.

6. Remove feet slowly from the pedals allowing for a slight movement, especially if the vehicle is parkedon a slope. Movement could be more pronounced and abrupt if fitted with Disc Brakes all round so

‘Slow Movement’ off of the pedals will assist in some elimination of movement.

7. Remove hands from the Steering Wheel.

8. Remove the Seat Belt and stow it correctly. It is bad discipline to let it fly back into the reel as themetal attachments could smash windows and damage the paintwork.

The above system is ideal if the vehicle is turbo-charged. It only takes a few seconds to carry out the drill

and this gives the ‘Turbo’ time to idle. Remember that they revolve at very high speed (150,000rpm!), and

switching them off at that speed can cause damage as without the engine running they run dry of oil.

Note:

With modern vehicles and designs changing regularly it is not possible to mention the best procedures forthem all but please pay attention to any details printed within the handbook and please discuss with your

Tutor any differences that may be applicable for use with the ‘Shutdown Drill’.


Issue 2.6 Page 12 of 27 02/01/2012

The Vehicle – You – On the RoadThe Vehicle

Roadcraft (The Police Driver’s Manual). Roadcraft mentions aspects and characteristics of the modern car.

The basic design and supplementary aids built into the vehicle significantly affect its handling characteristics.

These vary widely between vehicles so it gives some general guidance.

You have variations in Wheel – Drive, Auto / Manual, Petrol / Diesel, Power Ratio, Traction Control, Electronic

Braking Aids, Antilock Braking System (ABS), Adaptive Suspension, things like Foot Controlled Parking Brake,Rain Sensing Windscreen Wipers, Reversing Sensors and even Cup Holders!

To drive well you need to adapt your driving to the characteristics of your vehicle, so it is important to knowand follow the manufacturer’s guidance.

Familiarise yourself with the guidance within the vehicle handbook.

You

It has been proven that Attitudes affect driving safety. It depends on recognising that attitudes are

important and on making a personal commitment to change attitudes that are unsafe.

What Makes A Good Driver

Good drivers have a quiet efficiency in their actions and this derives from:

• A good level of attention.

• Accurate observation.

• Matching the vehicle’s speed and direction to the situation.

• Awareness of the risks inherent in particular road and traffic situations.

• Acting to keep identified risks to a minimum.

• Awareness of their own limitations and those of the vehicle and the roads. (Never trying to exceedthem).

• Skilful use of the vehicle controls.

Attitudes to Speed

The faster you go, the less chance you have of taking any avoiding action and the greater your risk of being

involved in a crash. Speed is largely a matter of choice. The occasions when it is absolutely necessary to drive

fast are fairly limited.

‘Good driving requires you to drive at a speed that is safe for theconditions’.

Your driving can be affected by your Moods, Stress, Loud Music, Tiredness/Fatigue, some Prescription Drugs

and Over the Counter remedies, in fact all sorts of problems. Your eyesight can deteriorate over time so EyeTests are essential. Be very aware of the dangers that you face.

‘Good driving requires 100% concentration and commitment’

‘Your Family deserve it!’


Issue 2.6 Page 13 of 27 02/01/2012

On The Road

Good driving requires a high level of attention and your drives will be based on aspects like:

Observation, Anticipation and Planning, (OAP).

Your Observations, Action and Reasons, (OAR).

‘Observation’ means using, Sight, Hearing and even Smell to gain as much information about conditions as

possible. ‘Effective Observation’ is the foundation of good driving. If you do not know something isthere you cannot react to it! Careful and attentive observation gives you extra time to think and react, and

so, gives you more control over your driving.

Anticipation

The more time that you have to react to a hazard, the more likely you are to be able to deal with it safely.

Anticipating hazards will give you that extra time, looking well ahead and planning accordingly, knowing whatis taking place behind you, (Fantastic Invention, Mirrors!!! If used properly), watching other driver’s

behaviour….and their passengers. (Assess other driver’s behaviour & attitude in relation to possibly presentinga hazard to you). As your drives and guidance continues you will realise the importance of using useful

techniques like ‘Commentary’, the ability to think aloud as you drive along, mentioning ‘What you see’, ‘Whatyour Actions will be’ and the ‘Reasons’ for those actions’.

You will also be able to grade the ‘Importance of Hazards’ and base your actions on the element of risk that

each hazard presents to you.

The intensity of danger associated with hazards varies with:

• The Hazard itself.

• How close it is to you.

• Road Layout.

• Whether the Hazard is Stationary or Moving.

• How fast you are approaching it.

The greater the element of danger, the higher the priority that you should give it.

Your decision is based on:

• What can be seen.

• What cannot be seen.

• What might reasonably be expected to happen.

• Which hazards present the greatest threat.

• What to do if things turn out differently from expected. (Contingency Plans).

Hazards

(Definition of a Hazard- Anything that is Potentially Dangerous).

There are 3 Types of Hazard:

1. Physical Features, such as, Junctions, Roundabouts, Bends, Hill Crests or Road Surfaces.

2. Risk arising from the Position and Movement of other Road Users.

3. Problems arising from Variations in Weather Conditions and Visibility

All of this information is contained within Roadcraft. (Our Bible!)


Issue 2.6 Page 14 of 27 02/01/2012

On the Road (continued)

We have mentioned Attitudes, What Makes a Good Driver, Observation, Anticipation and Planning and Hazards

etc. We now move on to other aspects to assist in increasing your knowledge.

We do not want to replicate what is contained within ‘Roadcraft’ but we would like to give you some

intermediate guidance until you are familiar with the books we have asked you to purchase and have begun to

read and absorb the information contained within them.

Highway Code

It is surprising that some people purchase a vehicle costing thousands of pounds and yet do not consider thebenefits of purchasing a copy of the ‘Highway Code’. All of your ‘Rules and Regulations’ are outlined within it.

How else can you begin to understand the periodic changes to the ‘Code’ that are made?

Traffic Signs and Road Markings

Remember:-

• Circles Command.

• Triangles Warn.

• Rectangles and Squares Inform.

Centre Lane Markings: Short Markings with Long Gaps. Guide.

Hazard Lines: Long Markings with Short Gaps. Warn.

Solid Lines: Continuous White Lines. Command.

With all Signs and Lines use the Mnemonic O.U.R.

O – Observe! U – Understand! R – React!

Useful Highway Code Rules

1. Rules 90-91-92 Fitness to drive and Eyesight checks.

2: Rule 103 Signals.

3: Rule 110-111 Flashing Headlights.

4: Rules 124-125 Speed Limits

5: Rule 126 Typical Stopping Distances. (Useful Guidelines).

6: Rules 127-131 Line and Lane Markings.

7: Rule 132 Reflective Road Studs

8: Rule 149-150 Use of Mobile Phones & in-vehicle technology

9: Rule 161 Mirrors (Essential Mirror Checks).

10: Rule 168 Being Overtaken.

11: Rule 170-183 Road Junctions, (Especially Pedestrians crossing at Junctions).

12: Rule 188-190 Mini Roundabouts. (You Must pass around the central markings).

13: Rule 200-203 Reversing.

14: Rule 112 Horn.

15: Rule 223 Buses, Coaches & Trams. (Give way to buses).


Issue 2.6 Page 15 of 27 02/01/2012

Dangers and your Awareness

Actual Danger

This is the type of danger where the law or the rule of the road places the onus on the driver to ensurethat it is SAFE before He/She continues.

Examples include:

• Stop/Give Way Lines

• Traffic Lights

• Centre Lane Markings

• Vehicles Parked on the Nearside (left).

In relation to the gearbox this means ‘View before Gear’. (Delayed Gear).

Potential Danger

This is the type of danger where Road Sense or Common Sense suggests that certain safety precautions aretaken Before entering the Danger area!

Examples include:

• Children playing on the Footpath

• Dog not controlled on leash

• Vehicle parked on the ‘Offside’ (right).

• Person crossing the road.

In relation to the gearbox this means ‘Gear before View’. (Early View).

Manoeuvring (The Secret!)

The ‘Secret’ of Low Speed manoeuvring is a ‘Slow Car and Fast Steering’. In other words, the vehicle movesvery slowly in the desired direction and the Steering Lock is applied or removed quickly whilst using all round

effective observation.

Do not turn the Steering Wheel until the vehicle is moving. (Dry Steering) This can cause undue

wear on the Tyres and Steering mechanisms.

Pre-Reversing Checks

Before carrying out any Manoeuvre on the road, especially those areas that require reversing manoeuvres to

be implemented, ask yourself the following questions:

1. Is the Manoeuvre Legal?

2. Is it safe?

3. Is it convenient?

4. Can it be carried out with this vehicle in this location?

In short! SLAC. Safe, Legal and Convenient!


Issue 2.6 Page 16 of 27 02/01/2012

Bends

• Bends are either Left or Right.

• After a Left there is usually a Right.

• Bends are sub-divided as follows;

G = G radual

A = A cute

B = B lind

O = O pen

The majority of bends are Gradual or Blind. Use the mnemonic GABO to remember.

Speed and Braking

Mph Feet per

Second

Metres per

second

20 29 9

30 44 13

40 59 18

50 73 22

60 88 27

70 103 31

Typical Braking Distances

Speed ThinkingDistance

Braking Distance Overall StoppingDistance

Mph Feet Metres Feet Metres Feet Metres

20 20 6 20 6 40 12

30 30 9 45 14 75 23

40 40 12 80 24 120 36

50 50 15 125 38 175 53

60 60 18 180 55 240 73

70 70 21 245 75 315 96


Issue 2.6 Page 17 of 27 02/01/2012

Thinking Distance/Braking Distance

The Highway Code gives advice on ‘Stopping Distances’. These are ‘Guides’ but one would do well to

acknowledge their importance.

There are of course many ‘variables’.

There are many cars on the roads that can stop within the distances given in the Highway Code but there are

some cars that cannot stop within the Highway Code Limits.

Thinking Distance

There are some ‘variables’ for the ‘Thinking’ condition and they are;

• Physical Condition

• Mental Condition

• Speed of the Vehicle

• Whether you are concentrating and whether you are expecting something.

Actual Braking Distances - the Variables

Speed of the Vehicle – Vehicle Condition – Road Conditions – Uphill/Downhill.

Rules for Braking

1. Brake firmly only when travelling in a straight line.

2. Brake in plenty of time.

3. Vary your Brake Pressure according to the condition of the Road Surface.

4. Remember the value of engaging a low gear at an early stage on a descent.

(This will assist in eliminating the need for much periodical braking as you make the descent).

ABS – Anti-Lock Braking System.

If ABS is fitted it activates automatically when maximum braking pressure is applied.

It prevents the wheels from locking so that you can continue to steer the vehicle during braking.

(Refer to Owner’s Manual for Manufacturer’s preferred method of operation).


Issue 2.6 Page 18 of 27 02/01/2012

Points to note on Motorways

• Lane Orders:

Hard Shoulder.

Lanes 1, 2 , 3 + 4 if applicable. (There could be more!) M4 Bus Lane.

Central Reservation.

• Cat’s Eyes:

Red Hard Shoulder

White Lane Markings

Amber Central Reservation

Green Entry & Exit Points

• Markers:

Every 100 metres Indicating direction to nearest Telephone.

(Nearly equal to Stopping Distance at 70 mph).

(These are to be found towards the rear of the Hard

Shoulder).

Effectively you will never be more than ½ mile from thenearest telephone.

Every One Mile Emergency Telephone connected to Highways Agency.

( If using the Emergency Telephone you will be asked for the

number shown on the box, this enables the Highways Agency

to pinpoint your location so that assistance can be providedquickly).

Exit Countdown MarkersAt 300, 200, 100 Yards.

• Matrix Signs in Central reservation or on Hard Shoulders.

• Signposts to Exits:

First Sign @ 1 Mile Usually Road and Junction Number.

Second Sign @ ½ Mile As above but with Destination.

Third Sign at Exit Usually same as Second Sign, also with information as to

destination ahead.

Fourth Sign Route Direction Sign at point where Slip-Road leaves the

Motorway.

Countdown Markers Start at 300yds from Exit with another at 200yds and anotherat 100yds.


Issue 2.6 Page 19 of 27 02/01/2012

A few extra notes

One of the most difficult things, (but one of the most useful), that people encounter during their guidance

drives is the incorporating of a ‘Commentary’ to complement the drive. People are sometimes embarrassedwhen they try to talk under these types of situations, they talk in a ‘whisper’ and sometimes the drive actually

gets worse before it gets better. It does help to imagine that you are talking to someone in the rear of the

vehicle. If you imagine that the passenger is blind and you are describing what you are seeing and doing thenthey can build up a picture. For instance, the Examiner likes to know what you are thinking so why not explain

to him. Eg. “We are approaching quite an open stretch of Dual Carriageway and it is possible toencounter some gusty conditions so I do intend to take some extra grip on the steering while

driving in that area. I note that there is an articulated lorry ahead so the extra grip on thesteering needs to be taken prior to the planned overtake, also because of the spray coming off

the lorry I will operate my wipers just prior to the planned overtake which will assist my vision

through and past the hazard”.

We hope that the ‘Tips on ‘Commentary’ and ‘Observation Points/Links’ assist in some way to helping you add

some ‘Gloss’ to an already ‘Polished Drive’! That ‘Polish’ only builds up to a ‘Gloss’ when the proper‘Preparation’ is complete!

Commentary and Observation Points/Links:

The Tips!

Do not dwell on the ‘Historical’! Keep to the OAR principles.

• O = Observations

• A = Actions

• R = Reasons

Relate Hazards to the Highway Code and make your Commentary unique and add some ‘Humour’ wherepossible!

Here are some useful ‘Observation Link’ phrases to use during your Commentary.

1. Every day is ‘Dustbin day’ somewhere.

2. A mirror positioned on the offside (or nearside) means a hidden entrance on the nearside (oroffside).

3. British Telecom vans usually work in pairs.

4. The more the paint on the road, the more the danger.

5. When the Brake Lights illuminate, the Brakes are already applied.

6. A phone box (or letter box) on the offside (or nearside) means that Pedestrians are liable to crossfrom the opposite side to use it.

7. If it is a ‘Pedestrian Controlled Crossing’ there will be a ‘Control Box’ halfway down the posts. (Itcould be illuminated so someone has pressed the button!).

8. Green Traffic Lights are potentially more dangerous than Red Traffic Lights because they maychange to Red. (A planned common sense approach is required to all Traffic Lights).

9. On the approach to a Pedestrian Crossing I check Left and Right and the ‘Rear View Mirror’.

10. An empty Bus Stop on the nearside means that the Bus may be just around the next corner.

11. People waiting at a Bus Stop on the offside means that the Bus could be parked around the nextcorner and vehicles will be passing it on my side of the road, passengers that have alighted maybe crossing behind it.


Issue 2.6 Page 20 of 27 02/01/2012

12. People waiting at the Bus Stop on the nearside means the Bus is behind me – or they’ve missedit!!!

13. Where there is no pavement, expect Pedestrians to be walking in the road.

14. Every puddle hides a mineshaft.

15. Empty bins on the pavement means that the ‘Dustcart’ could be just around the corner

16. I’m travelling in the ‘Correct Position’ at the ‘Correct Speed’ with the ‘Correct Gear’ engaged, butmore importantly I am able to Stop within the distance I can see to be clear.

17. Sunlight between the shadows on the road surface means a junction or driveway which ispotentially dangerous.

18. A cluster of Street Lamps in the distance usually means a Roundabout.

19. A single Street Lamp usually means a minor junction to the Left or Right.

20. Street Lights in the middle of nowhere indicate a Hazard!

21. A Green Traffic Light does Not mean that it is Safe to continue.

22. A smooth road surface has a low skid resistance.

23. A coarse road surface has a high skid resistance.

24. Good Positioning of the vehicle affords the following advantages…(Stability, View and Safety withthe Safety coming from the extra view).

25. The ‘Principles of Cornering’ are basically, Position, Speed and Gear on Approach and you‘Must be able to stop within the distance you can see to be clear’.

26. A village nameplate means houses, people and a possible lower Speed Limit around the nextcorner!

27. A Church Spire or Tower in the distance means a Village or Town ahead.

28. See how I position the vehicle to ‘Equalise the Danger’ on both sides.

29. Looking for the ‘Lurker’ behind the approaching lorry.

30. The smell of freshly mown grass could mean a tractor or mowing machine around the nextcorner.

31. Sun in my Rear View Mirrors means oncoming drivers could encounter ‘Blind Spots’ and limitedvisibility.

32. A headlamp flash means danger.

33. Good arm signals can never be misleading.

34. Only a fool breaks the 2 second rule, (or a ‘Prat’ breaks the 2 second gap).

35. Road Signs are the Language of the Road so we must Observe them, understand them and reactin good time.

36. See how I give the ‘Learner Driver’ time and space.

37. I am constantly scanning the driving environment using Sight, Sound and Smell.

38. The secret of Low Speed Manoeuvring is a Slow Car and a Fast Wheel.

39. At night, the more cat’s eyes the more the danger.

40. The Sign for the ‘Footpath’ means that there could be Walkers or groups of Walkers in the road.

41. The Sign for the ‘Bridleway’ means that we could encounter Horses and Riders in the road.


Issue 2.6 Page 21 of 27 02/01/2012

Tips for the Test

Commentary

Giving a Commentary not only tests your knowledge of the ‘Highway Code’ and ‘Roadcraft’, but also helps theExaminer assess how far ahead you are looking and how much effort has been put into preparation.

The following points should be used in your Test and Commentary.

Pre Driving Check

Use the Mnemonic P.O.W.D.E.R; explain the checks that are carried out on the vehicle before use.

Cockpit Drill

Please keep the drill concise, well structured, well practised and confident. A good drill will give a good startto the Test.

System of Car Control

The ‘System of Car Control’ is a way of approaching and negotiating hazards that is Methodical, Safe and

leaves nothing to chance. It provides a simple and consistent method of driving which ensures that no

detail is overlooked and therefore leaves ‘Nothing to Chance’ – giving the essential aspect of safe Driving –

TIME TO REACT!

Hazards

Three main types as in ‘Roadcraft’! Physical, other road users, and conditions.

Phases of the System

5 Phases to be considered in sequence with the ‘Information’ phase overlapping all other phases as detailed in

‘Roadcraft’!

Remember: Essential Mirror Checks are required before the Signal, then Position, Speed and Acceleration

phases so make sure that you refer to them as so!

Acceleration Sense

‘Acceleration Sense’ is the ability to vary the speed of the vehicle in response to changing road and traffic

conditions, by accurate use of the accelerator.

Standard Position (In so far as there is one!)

The ‘Standard Position’ on the road is the one that gives you the ‘Best View’, but with careful regard toSafety’!

Note: In choosing your road position, never sacrifice Safety for any other advantage.

Limit Point

The ‘Limit Point’ is the furthest point along a road to which you have an uninterrupted view of the road

surface.

Shutdown Drill (After a nice, smooth stop, announce: “I started with a Drill I will finishwith a Drill”)

This is just as important as the ‘Cockpit Drill’ and needs to be as concise, as well structured, as well practisedand as confident! A ‘Systematic Shutdown’ is essential!


Issue 2.6 Page 22 of 27 02/01/2012

MIRRORS

Rule 161 of the Highway Code states:

All mirrors should be used effectively throughout your journey, you should;

• Use your mirrors frequently so that you always know what is behind and to each side of you.

• Use them in good time before you Signal or change direction or speed.

• Be aware that mirrors do not cover all areas and there will be ‘Blind Spots’. You will need to lookround and check.

Remember – Mirror – Signal – Manoeuvre. (MSM) Prepare – Observe – Move. (POM)

Most vehicles have 3 Driving Mirrors.

• An Interior Mirror.

• Two Exterior Mirrors, one on the nearside, (Left - Hand) door and one on the offside,

(Right – Hand) door.

There are different types of mirrors like ‘Flat Mirrors’ and Convex Mirrors’ but these can be discussed with yourTutor.

Which to use

Routine Mirror Checks. Generally every 5 – 10 seconds. More regular in heavy traffic (up toevery 2-3 seconds)

Braking Mirror Checks. As you slow down.

Essential Mirror Checks. Before any Signal, Change in Direction or Speed.

When you use the Mirrors make sure that following vehicles/drivers are reacting and are aware of yourintentions.

Truck Drivers. If you can’t see their Mirrors, they can’t see you! As you overtake have a look at the Truck

Driver’s Right Hand Mirror…you can see the driver…he may be on the phone! Whatever He/She is doing itmay influence your decision during the overtake.

Moving away from a Stop

• If moving away from the Left: Carry out Nearside Blind Spot Check - Left Door Mirror – Interior Mirror– Right Door Mirror – Right Shoulder Check.

• If moving away from the Right: Carry out Offside Blind Spot Check – Right Door Mirror – InteriorMirror – Left Door Mirror – Left Shoulder Check.

Mirrors to be used in ‘Pairs’.

Use your Interior Mirror first, followed by the Exterior Mirror. This will of course depend on the Situation or the

Manoeuvre.

Eg. When turning Left in slow moving traffic, your nearside mirror will help you check for cyclists moving up

on your Left.

Turning left or right

• If you intend to turn Right: Check Interior Mirror then Offside Mirror, Signal. When Safe to turn,cast a glance in the Offside Mirror when the Right Hand goes to the top of the steering to ‘Pull’ down

and make the turn to the Right plus a check of the ‘Blind Spot’ to the Right.

• If you intend to turn Left: Check Interior Mirror first, followed by the Nearside Mirror, Signal.When Safe to turn, cast a glance in the Nearside Mirror when the Left Hand goes to the top of the

steering to ‘Pull’ down to make the turn to the Left plus a check of the ‘Blind Spot’ to the Left.


Issue 2.6 Page 23 of 27 02/01/2012

MIRRORS 2 (Useful Tips)

When negotiating a ‘Right Hand Bend’ you will find that the Right Hand Door Mirror gives you extra vision

behind you and to the offside where you lose some vision from the Interior Mirror.

When negotiating a ‘Left Hand Bend’ you will find that the Left Hand Door Mirror gives you extra vision behind

you and to the nearside where you lose some vision from the Interior Mirror.

Gradients Down

You will also notice that as you make the descent you lose some vision from the Interior Mirror, this vision can

be regained by looking into your offside mirror. The mirrors are there to use!

All round effective observation! At all times!

MSM Routine

• Mirrors Check the Speed and Position of traffic behind you.

• Signal Consider if a Signal is necessary. If it is, Signal your intention to change course or

Slow Down in good time.

• Manoeuvre A manoeuvre is any change of Speed or Position.

The manoeuvre is broken down into:

• Position

• Speed

• Look

Correct position for the Manoeuvre – Appropriate Speed to complete the manoeuvre safely.

Look: (Think of the following LADA) Look – Assess – Decide – Act.

Looking means three things.

Assessing.

• What can you see?

Deciding.

• Depending on what you see.

Acting.

• Either continue or wait.

Use the MSM routine before:

Moving off – Signalling –Changing Direction – Turning Left or Right – Overtaking or Changing

Lanes – Slowing Down or Stopping.

Hopefully this will make you ‘Think’ about your Mirror Use a little more.


Issue 2.6 Page 24 of 27 02/01/2012

TEN TESTING TIPS

Here are some hints and tips to help you;

1. You must seek to make progress at all times during your drives, especially on your test. Progress doesn’tnecessarily mean speed, it means keeping the wheels turning, especially at roundabouts or traffic queues,

remember PLAN TO STOP, AIM TO GO!

2. Remember your Mirror Checks. Rule 161 of the Highway Code demands them before any changes ofposition or speed. Make sure you actually move your head for the Mirror Checks, if the Examiner doesn’tsee your head move, you haven’t done it!

3. The Shoulder Check will usually be carried out when turning left, (major to minor), or whenever aMirror Check is insufficient to clear the blind spot.

4. Initially, try to be regimental in your actions during the timing of the phases. Separate the Position andSpeed phases – complete one before going on to the next. Remember, get all of your speed off beforemaking the turn, (don’t brake and turn at the same time!) If you decide to choose a lower gear, i.e.3,

then Foot Off the Footbrake before selecting the Gear.

5. Try to keep the car moving. This can be achieved by the use of good Observation – Anticipation –Planning. Make good use of Acceleration Sense, (choose 3rd gear) on the approach to hazards. If seen

in plenty of time the hazard can be negotiated without the use of brakes, only a simple reduction in speedby rolling off the throttle.

6. Even if it is not possible to overtake you must show the Examiner that you are looking for the overtake, soalways position for the Best View but with Careful Regard to Safety!

Have a thorough working knowledge of the Highway Code, this is very important as you can bedowngraded if you get the questions wrong!

7. In Commentary the procedure is Observations (say what you see) – Actions (say what you aredoing) – Reasons (say why you are doing it)!

8. If you decide to give a light or a horn warning, alter Position or Speed first, then give the warning.Generally, only give Light Flashes on fast roads when overtaking. Don’t be frightened to give a hornwarning, especially if you cannot see around a bend on a single track road or are passing pedestrians who

appear vulnerable, (children in the street, people stepping backwards into the road etc,).

9. Your drive should be Safe, Systematic, Smooth and Progressive at all times.

10. On Test Day – clean car inside and out, (especially windows) and have your Documents available.

Remember – Actual Danger = anything where the onus is on You to comply with the law; Parked vehicles

on your side of the road, Give Way lines etc.

Potential Danger = anything where common sense suggests some caution; Hill Crests, Blind Junctions,Children playing near the Kerb, oncoming traffic etc.

Good Luck and BE SAFE!


Issue 2.6 Page 25 of 27 02/01/2012

Examiner’s Corner

Every once in a while, a candidate on test will approach, negotiate and exit bends and corners in line with the

advice contained in ‘Roadcraft’. More often though something is not quite right and the balance just isn’tthere, resulting in a good approach speed, a ‘Dab’ mid corner and a slow exit speed.

This is not necessarily the fault of the Test Candidate as, after asking a few questions, I realise that the‘teaching’ hasn’t been quite right. So what can we do about it?

The syllabus is full as it is, without people like me insisting that we do more, and this is not my intention.

Every road has a bend and whilst dealing with all of the other elements, be they Steering, Gear Changing orBraking, there will always be an opportunity to practice the Principles of Cornering. It does take time

though, so Constant Practice is required.

Basically we are looking for three things on the approach. Those three things are that the car is in the

Correct Position on the Road, Travelling at the Correct Speed, with the Correct Gear Engaged.

The car should be positioned according to the direction of the bend. Basically, Keep Right for Left Handersand Keep Left for Right Handers. I should point out though, that the Position is not taken up if it

compromises Safety! Equally, once the view has been obtained, why move across any further?

Remember – ‘Early Vision’ = ‘Early Decision’.

The Speed is selected based upon what the ‘Limit Point’ or ‘Vanishing point’ is doing!

I do not intend to go into detail here about this, as ‘Roadcraft’ and the video explain it well enough. Speed is

lost either, by Braking, Deceleration, or a combination of both. Please, Please, do not use gears to slow!

Once you have the speed right, now is the time to select the Gear for that Speed. This must be flexible andresponsive, that is to say, a gear that will make the car go or help it to slow. As a general guide, think of the

numbers on the gear lever, not as, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th, but as 20, 30, 40, 50. Those of you with AutomaticGearboxes with Sequential Shifts use the same technique.

Once the gear is selected all we need to do is wait for the ‘Limit Point’ or the ‘Vanishing Point’ to start to edge

away and we can ‘Apply the Drive’ or ‘Apply the Gas’ (whichever phrase you prefer!)

If, for example, the point opens slowly then gently ease on the gas, if however it moves away fairly briskly,

then press harder on the gas. That way we will be Slow into the Bend and Faster out!!!

Of concern is the unnecessary ‘Dab’ on the brake. It actually does nothing for the speed or the stability so I

have to assume that it’s done for ‘Comfort’. Cars are stable things, get the Approach right, use the ‘Limit Point’

or ‘Vanishing Point’ and Drive the thing through!!!

Make the Examiner a Happy Bunny!!!

Chris Ellis


Issue 2.6 Page 26 of 27 02/01/2012

RoADAR Car Test Report Sections1: Use of Controls

1: (A) Preparation (controls, Brakes, Etc.)

2: (B) Steering

3: (C) Use of Clutch

4: (D) Gears

5: (E) Use of Brakes

6: (F) Use of Accelerator / Throttle & Acceleration Sense

7: (G) Use of Mirrors

8: (H) Use of Horn

9: (J) Visibility / Conspicuity

2: Driving Performance

1: (K) Moving off and Stopping

2: (L) Application of the “System”

3: (M) Positioning

4: (N) Cornering

5: (P) Signalling

6: (Q) Reaction to Signs and other Hazards

7: (R) Reversing

8: (T) Progress

9: (U) Overtaking

3: General Ability

1: (V) Deportment

2: (W) Consideration & Restraint

3: (X) Use of Speed

4: (Y) Temperament

5: (Z) Vehicle Sympathy

6: (AX) Observation

7: (BX) Judgement of Distance

8: (CX) Commentary

9: (DX) Concentration

10: (EX) Motorway / Dual Carriageway Driving

4: Knowledge

1: (FX) Highway Code

2: (GX) Maintenance


Issue 2.6 Page 27 of 27 02/01/2012

There is also a section for ‘Overall Comments’. As you can see, there are a considerable number of Categories

covered, which integrate the ‘Finer Aspects’ of your drive. It is a full and comprehensive Report so you are

assured of constructive comments on all aspects of the drive.

You will be Re-Tested after 3 years and will have the opportunity to evaluate your progress by comparing your

Reports!

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