THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

509 BC-27 BC

Section 1 Assignments

7.1 worksheet Textbook page 154, questions 1-4 Rome’s Perfect Location Reading 1-3

Due Tuesday

Founding of the Roman Republic: Fall of Greece and Rise of Rome

With the death of Alexander the Great, the Rome began to rise as the dominant power of the Mediterranean world

The Land: Its Geography and Importance(page 150)

Advantages Good location to

control the region(seas/center)

Apennine mountain and various seas allow for trade and travel

Disadvantages Alps allow for

invaders from the north

Large coastline allows for invaders

Background-Rome

Founded by brothers Romulus and Remus.

Romulus kills Remus, hence the name Rome (753 BC)

Built on 7 Hills on the Tiber River Good farming In the middle of trade

routes Located 15 miles inland

from the coast Settled by Greeks(culture),

and Latin's After a harsh king, vowed

no more kings-Replace with a Republic

Early Roman Republic

Republic: Citizens vote on leaders to run the Government (only adult males could vote and be a leader)

Use a system of checks and balances to keep the balance of power

Three important groups of citizens who help govern the Republic: Senate Magistrates Assemblies

Early Roman Republic Government

Government Group Role/Function

Senate Most powerful, controlled money and army, could name dictator or act as a court

Magistrates Consuls: 2 elected, one year terms Run government and army Veto power

Praetors: Aids to the consuls Could run army, often acted as the courts

Censors: Organize citizens based on wealth Oversee public behavior

Assemblies Vote on laws and elected officialsVeto power if not in the ‘public interest’

Senate

Most Powerful- controlled public funds and decide foreign policy

Acted as a court Could propose that a citizen be named

Dictator or absolute ruler(6 months) Dictator had total control over the army

and courts

Magistrates

Elected officials Included the

Consuls, Praetors, and Censor

Consuls

2 elected Chief Executives-1 year terms Ran Government, Commanded the Army

and could appoint dictators(6 month rule)

Could veto-refuse to approve the acts of other consuls

Praetors

Help Consuls Commanded the army in times of war Oversaw the legal system in times of

peace

Censors

Registered citizens according to wealth Appointed candidates to the senate Oversaw moral conduct of all citizens

Assemblies

Made up of citizens Vetoed/approved laws

and elected officials(consuls)

Elected 10 officials called tribunes-power over actions by the Senate and other public officials-made sure rulings were fair and in interest of people

The Conflict of Order(367-287)

Powerful landowners

Controlled the Government

Nobles-Inherited power

Majority of the population

Farmers and workers

Few rights Could not hold a

public office

Patricians Plebeians

Over time the Plebeians achieve politically equality, not economic equality Also got the laws of Rome written down- Twelve Tables

The Role of the Army

Every adult male who owned land had to serve in the army

Disciplined, well trained, and moral was high among troops

4,500 to 6,000 troops per legionnaire

Auxilia-national guard

The role of the wise policies

Allowed conquered Italian people to be citizens of the Roman Republic

Granted partial citizenship to people of more-distant cities, including Greek city-states Own property, could marry, but they could

not vote Conquered people had to provide land for

the Roman Farmers (Spreads Roman influence)

Assignment

Read Section 2, Chapter 7 pages 155-157 and answer questions 1-4

Due Wednesday 8th hour, Thursday 1st hour

ROME EXPANDS ITS BOARDERS

Punic Wars

The Punic Wars 265B.C.-146 B.C. Background information Rome came in conflict with Carthage (a

powerful city on the N. coast of Africa) Carthage soon expanded into the

western Mediterranean, including Spain and Sicily

Carthage feared that the Roman’s would try to control Sicily

Roman’s feared that Carthage’s navy would control the Mediterranean and prevent overseas trade.

1st Punic War 4:33

23 years of fighting

Naval War Carthage asked

for peace Romans forced

Carthage to: 1. Pay money for

damages 2. Give up Sicily,

Sardinia

Video Questions1. What practice of the

Carthaginians disturbs even the Romans?

2. Why does the 1st Punic War seem one

sided at the start?3. How do the Romans build a navy?4. How big is Hannibal invasion force?5. What was the deciding factors in the 2nd Punic War6. What happens at the Battle of Cannae?7. Why is Scipio able to defeat Hannibal?8. What happens to Hannibal?

2nd Punic War

Started in Spain, 15 years Hannibal- Greatest general of all

time created a large army Marched across the Alps in N. Italy

(1/3 die) Waged war throughout Italy Major victory at the Battle of Cannae Fails to take the city of Rome Roman’s appoint General Scipio Rome invaded Africa Hannibal went back to Africa Scipio defeats Hannibal at the Battle

of Zama Carthage was forced to:

1. Pay money 2. Give up navy and colonies in Spain

3rd Punic War

Roman’s still did not trust Carthage

Roman wanted to crush Carthage

They burn it to the ground, kill ½ million people

They were now the supreme power in the Mediterranean Sea

The problems with expanding Land:

Gain new territories(provinces)

Make subjects of Rome

Government: Senate and nobility

were more powerful Corrupt government

Agriculture: Small farmers lost their

land Rome dependent upon

provinces for grain Livestock were killed Society: Unemployed urban poor Public welfare Expanded trade created a

new social class of wealthy business people

Gap between the rich and poor growsWho was Spartacus?

A Weakening Republic-133 BC-27 BC

Large gap between rich and poor

People need land and want political reform(citizenship, hold public office)

Senate and Equites hold most of the power

The brother Gracchi, Tiberius and Gaius

Tiberius elected tribune-133 BC

Attempts land reforms- limit amount of land to be owned, give land to the poor

State funded grain for the people

Killed by a mob of Senator and supporters

Brother Gauis is elected tribune in 123 BC

Pushes brothers reforms and others

Senate passes ‘ the ultimate decree’ death without trial

Problems Attempted Reforms

A Weakening Republic-133 BC-27 BC

The Gracchi brothers reforms and deaths mark a turning point in the republic Violence becomes

common place in politics

Highlights the power of the Senate and needs of the poor

Rome fights allied people in a series of ‘civil wars’

Generals begin to create there own armies of volunteers soldiers who are loyal to them

A New Age Social War

Julius Caesar

1. What kind of world is Julius Caesar born in to?

2. What is Caesar’s motivation?

3. What makes Caesar so popular?

4. Why does Caesar need Southern Gaul?

5. How does Caesar ensure he wins the election for Consul?

6. What makes Caesar a good general? Give examples from the battles discussed.

7. Why is Caesar a threat to Pompey the Great and the Senate?

8. How is the Triumvirate ended?

9. How do the Gaul's drive out the Romans?

10. Why is crossing the Rubicon a significant event for Caesar?

11. Why is Julius Caesar a significant figure in Roman history?

12. Did the conspirators do the right thing by assassinating Caesar? Explain.

Video Questions

Julius Caesar

Caesar is a popular speaker and general

Part of the first Triumvirate or rule of three(Pompey the Great and Crassus)

Conquers Gaul, first to invaded Britain and Germany

While in Gaul, Crassus is killed, Pompey declares himself sole consul and orders Caesar home

Caesar invades Rome (crosses the Rubicon River)

Chases Pompey to Egypt, places Cleopatra as ruler(love affair)

Pompey is killed, Caesar returns home victorious, named dictator for life

44 BC- March 15, Ides of March, Senators conspire to kill Caesar, led by Brutus and Cassius, he is assassinated

Beginning Rule and Assassination

The Roman Empire

Caesar had named 19 year old Octavian his heir

Formed with Marc Anthony and Lepidus

Octavian emerges as sole leader 27 BC

Reigned from 27 BC to 14 AD

Known as the ‘Pax Romana’ or Roman peace

Second TriumvirateThe First Emperor-Augustus

Roman Readings

At each group you will read about a different key person in Roman History(silent)

Once you are done you will be asked to discuss what you read(notes)

Julius Caesar Octavian/

Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Vespaisan

Life in the Roman Empire

Read pages 162-167 and list 5 facts about each topic on your sheet.

Worksheet

Life in the Roman Empire

3 key factors Strong

government and laws

Roads and widespread trade

Strong Army

Distinct Social Classes

Slavery is common Not always

permanent Male dominated

society Public Entertainment

is an essential part of Roman life Chariots races-

Circus Maximus Gladiators-Coliseu

m

Building a Strong Empire Life in Roman Empire

Life in the Roman Empire

Use concrete to build grand structures

Aqueducts for water-Arch and the keystone

Vaulted Dome

One thing all Romans participated in was the daily trip to the public baths

All social classes

Engineering Baths

Roman Empire

96 AD-180 AD Rome is relatively

stable and maintains orders

From 235 AD to 284 AD the Roman Empire begins to fall apart

Civil War Invaders on the

borders Inflation Unemployment

The Five Good Emperors The Beginning of the End

A Divided Empire

Ends Civil War, Establishes order

Decides empire is too big large for one man to rule

Divides Empire-West-East

Co-Emperors

Takes over Western Empire after his father dies

Civil War with the East

Wins- Reestablished sole empire

Establishes city of Constantinople

Adapts Christianity as the state religion

Rules until 337 BC

Diocletian 284 AD Constantine 306 AD

Bell work

List 3 facts about the Coliseum.

List one thing Diocletian and Constantine did as Emperor.

The Fall of The Western Roman Empire

After Constantine the empire once again became divided East and West

Rome and Constantinople

300’s AD Goths invade empire

410 AD Visigoth’s sack Rome

455 AD Vandal’s sack Rome

Attilla and the Hun’s attack in 451 AD

476 AD the last emperor falls

The Final Invasions

Causes of the Decline

Invasions/Civil War

High cost of defense

Dependence on Non-Roman troops

No Loyalty to Rome

General’s greed Corruption Ineffective

political system

High Taxes Inflation Loss of War loot Poor Harvests SocialGap of rich and poorLoss of ValuesLoss of Patriotism

Military/Government Economic

Reading Assignment/ Unit Review

Read each primary source and answer the questions that follow.

Due Wed. 8th hour Thurs. 1st hour

Study your review sheet, notes and old assignments

Notecard Test Wed. 8th hour,

Thurs. 1st hour You will get 20-30

minutes at the beginning of class during MOD to review

Reading Packet Unit Review