The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was...

28
Culture, Christianity ,& Collapse The Roman Empire:

Transcript of The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was...

Page 1: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Culture, Christianity, & Collapse

The Roman Empire:

Page 2: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Roots of European CivilizationAs the Roman Empire spread, it assimilated and spread all cultures • Took the best of each• Especially Greek!

Philosophy: Epicureanism and Stoicism both big, but by 100AD, Stoicism is the “religion” of the educated (WHAT?)• Seneca the Younger

• Condemned immoral upper class (hatedluxuries and Roman games)

• We are giving into the worst part of ourselves!

• Marcus Aurelius• Stoicism reminded him of his duties as Emperor –must live for others

Page 3: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

ReligionReligions were an important part of Roman culture –kept local peoples happy!

• Huge Greek influence• Gods given Roman names (Zeus = Jupiter, Aphrodite = Venus, Poseidon = Neptune, etc)

• Ancestor worship becomes big• Families offer regular sacrifices to honour/appease ancestors

• Religious holidays – big deal!• 132 days each year were holidays

• Meant lots of downtime – especially since Romans only worked 6 hours each day!

• Religious tolerance was a big deal!• Monotheistic religions – especially Judaism and Christianity – regarded as dangerous 

Page 4: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

ArtWhile Greek art had emphasized harmony, balance and idealism, Roman art featured strength and greatness

• Architecture• Etruscan arches = huge buildings• Baths – enormous social structures• Aqua‐ducts – could supply 455L per person per day

• Sculpture• Less idealized than Greeks• But BIGGER• (Constantine’s head = 2.5 meters tall)• Idea of GREATNESS

Page 5: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There
Page 6: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

ScienceBrilliant Engineers• Excellent surveying led to excellent roads• Like modern highways – raised, with ramps leading on and off

• Constructed 85,000 km of road – connected everything!

Notable Scientists• Ptolemy of Alexandria:

• Concluded that Earth was centre of universe (idea becomes dominant) 

• Galen of Pergamum:• Dissected apes to figure out human anatomy and diseases

Page 7: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

LiteratureTo the Romans, the most important element of education was rhetoric – speaking and writing persuasively.

The masters:• Cicero• Virgil• Horace• Ovid

These men not only produced important literature, they actually developed the Latin language (like Shakespeare and English)

“Even if you have nothing to write, write and say so.”‐Cicero

Page 8: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

WomenIn Rome, women were very much respected and had much freedom

• Shocked the Greeks – (rampant immorality??)• Women still had guardians, but light‐hearted (much independence)

• Women shared all aspects of life with men• Shopped, worshipped, attended baths, had social visits, watched gladiators, were gladiators!

• Both boys and girls were educated – some became successful philosophers, businesspeople, professionals

• Could not vote, but were unofficially powerful (protests, “behind every good man...”)

• In Roman society, the idea of “family” took on new value• Men looked out for family• Wives were respected and loved• Children were taught to be obedient and respectful

Page 9: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Laws

Under the Empire, the legal system emphasized:

• Equality – All citizens (Patricians or Plebs) given equal justice

• Tended to protect the weak and poor –lawyers provided for those who could not pay

• Everyone guaranteed a fair trial

• Paul “appealed to Caesar”: “It is not the custom of the Romans to hand over any man before the accused prisoner has met his accusers face to face, and has the opportunity of defending himself upon the charge laid against him.”

• Led directly to modern legal systems• Rome’s most enduring achievement????

Page 10: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Christianity in The Roman Empire

Page 11: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

The MessiahThe turning point of all history

• Started out as a tiny movement

• Captured the heart of the whole world

• Makes no sense to historians!

• How could such cowardly people turn into such courageous martyrs??

Page 12: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Sent to the Gentiles

Although Paul was Jewish, but he had been born in a Greek city and was familiar with Greco‐Roman culture. 

He helped explain basic Christian beliefs in terms other adherents of this culture could grasp.  

The Apostle Paul was a convert to Christianity and commissioned by  the Church to spread the Gospel message to the Gentiles.  

Between the years 45‐58AD Paul would could on three missionary journeys where he:

• founded Churches• preached the Gospel• made converts• trained local church leaders

With each missionary journey Paul and the Gospel message came closer and closer to Rome

Page 13: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome.  

There he spent two years under house arrest where he wrote letters to the Christian communities in the Roman empire.  He would be released and later rearrested and martyred.

Initially the Romans thought that Christianity was a Jewish sect.  However overtime the Church would become predominant  Gentile. The Book Acts shows many examples how the Gentiles enthusiastically accepted the Gospel

Most of the early Roman Christians were• slaves• dispossessed farmers• poor city people

The Gospel message of hope and acceptance was very appealing and provided the spiritual and cultural needs Roman religion could notOver time Roman converts to 

Christianity would come from all social classes.   The organization of the Roman Empire 

allowed for the quick spread of Christianity throughout its borders.  

Page 14: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Many early Christians kept their faith a secret for there own safety.• Met in private homes/ catacombs• Used secrets signs

For many Romans, religion was a social activity that promoted unity and loyalty to the state.

Because Christians refused to perform Caesar worship many powerful Romans saw Christianity as:

• Subversive• Dangerous

All the secrecy and Roman ignorance led to wild stories about the “Mysterious Christians and their strange ceremonies”• Cannibalism (took communion literally)

Keeping Secrets

Page 15: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

The greater the persecutions the greater the growth of Christianity.  

Persecution of the ChurchAlthough the Christians were unpopular most Emperors tolerated them. However there are a few emperors remembered for their persecution against the early Christians:

There have been more Christian martyrs in the last century alone compared to the 1900 years prior.

The Great PersecutionBetween 303‐311 AD Diocletian the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and religious traditionalist looked to wipeout the Church and restore Rome to its pagan roots. Diocletian would enthusiastically 

• Ban Christianity• Burn scripture• Murder 200000 Christians

Nero  scapegoat for great fireDomitian Christians one of many groups persecutedDecius  strongly pursued Church leaders

Page 16: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Christianization of the EmpireThe KEY MOMENT in establishing Christianity in Rome was in 312AD:

Constantine became sole ruler after the  Battle of Milvian Bridge.  Before the battle Constantine saw a cross of light in the sky which he believed was a sign from Jesus Christ.

Although many question if Constantine’s motives were politically driven he did many things to help the early church:•Allowed religious tolerance and freedom for Christians throughout the empire 

• Publically funded churches•Allowed Christians to have important jobs•Declared Sunday a day of rest and worship

Page 17: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

As the power of the emperors grew weaker and weaker the power of the Church leaders (Pope) grew stronger and stronger. 

Official StatusIn 380 AD Emperor Flavius Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Rome.

•Majority of Roman citizens convert to Christianity• Almost no separation between church and state• Paganism banned

Page 18: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

CHW 3M

Collapse of the Empire

Page 19: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

The Big Question

How does the strongest, most stable empire in history collapse?

If Rome can fall, is any civilization truly “infallible”? (America? Russia? Canada?)

The years between 180 and 476 marked a slow/steady decline in the Roman Empire.

Page 20: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Crisis of the Third CenturyAfter Marcus Aurelius came a time known as “The Anarchy”

• 26 emperors – only 1 dies natural death

• “Barracks emperors” – used army to take control

• Constant barbarian attacks

• Plagues and famines common

• Taxes and inflation rise

• Very difficult time for common people

• Empire almost collapsed!

Two emperors saved the day...

Page 21: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Temporary ReliefDiocletian (284AD)• Great organizer – heavy‐handed approach restored order• Divided empire into 2 halves (with 2 emperors) to reduce possibility of revolt (Augustus and Caesar)

• Reorganized and expanded army to protect against barbarians (500,000 soldiers)

• Annual taxes introduced (Nice for citizens ‐ regularity)• Death led to civil war between two empires

Constantine (306AD)• Restored order – another heavy‐handed organizer• Increased army even more (600,000)• Hired many barbarian tribes (why? Good idea?)• Moves capitol to Byzantine (Constantinople)• More power/order, but furthers split between East and West

Page 22: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There
Page 23: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

The Barbarian Invasions (4th & 5th Cent.)

The Hun Threat: Mongolian Huns began to move West, attacking Rome and scaring/threatening other Barbarian tribes

• Causes more attacks/migrations into Rome

• Goths: “Let us join you or we will fight our way in”• Made into private Roman army, but mistreated• Turned on Rome – surprise attack kills Eastern emperor and destroys army

• Opens the way for more barbarian attacks• 410AD: Sacked Rome – world grieves

• Vandals: Push through Western Empire and Africa• 455AD: Sacked Rome for 2 weeks (“vandalism”)

• Attila the Hun: Mighty warrior, ransomed East Empire before turning to West

• Pope Leo I persuades Huns to leave without attacking Rome (more menace than actual threat)

Page 24: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

End of the Empire

WHAT HAPPENED?Dozens of theories – but three main factors include:

• Army issues• Failure to industrialize economy• Final economic failure

While the Huns left, Germanic barbarians remained within, and controlled, Rome.

•Franks, Anglosaxons, settle in Europe•476AD: West Roman Emperor is a German – end of Roman Empire

Page 25: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Army IssuesConsistent problem: Government could not control the army – the army controlled the government

• Rooted in imperialism:• Since empire grew faster than government could support, army needed to maintain order

• Corruption: Army gradually degenerated• Mercenaries and thugs increasingly ran military 

• Led to armed revolutions

Page 26: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Failure to Industrialize EconomyRome was not producing as much goods as it should have… = technologically weak.

This was due to:• Steady supply of slaves: Discourages technological innovations (why bother?)

• Education system: Science downplayed in favour of arts/rhetoric (sciences seen as vulgar)

• Less production = less $$$• This meant much more taxes needed to support empire, armies

Page 27: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There

Economic CollapseEveryone became poor – economy could no longer sustain empire/armies

• Large army = huge taxes• Upper class gave exemptions to richest classes – common people pay all the taxes

• Common people literally went broke• Led to inflation, rising prices

• Economy collapsed• Empire could no longer fund anything (like army)

CHAOS ENSUED!

Page 28: The Roman Empire - Helmermrshelmer.weebly.com/uploads/2/.../the_roman_empire... · In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There