The role of women in the history of

pharmacy

Made by group 5

The modern gender symbols

The two standard gender symbols denoting male ♂ and female ♀ are derived from astrological symbols, denoting the classical planets Mars and Venus, respectively.

These symbols have been in use since the renaissance.

The original ancient female symbol

The pagan female symbol is called The Chalice.

It resembles a cup or a vessel, but more importantly, it resembles the shape of a woman’s womb.

That’s why the ancients believed the female was sacred and holy, because she was able to create something from nothing, she was able to create life.

The Sacred Feminine

Thus, the woman was regarded sacred in all ancient civilization, and was worshipped as a Goddess.

For example, Ishtar in Babylon, Isis in Egypt and Venus in Greece.

The woman was regarded as holy until the medieval age.

The dark ages In the medieval age, the church took control and

wanted to give God a masculine image, and thus worked on demonizing all what’s female.

They claimed woman was the reason behind mankind’s misery because Eve ate the apple in Heaven, and thus called women the root of evil.

They regarded the pentagram the symbol of scared feminine in Pagan culture as the symbol of Satan.

Malleus Malifcarum

Known in English as The Hammer of the witches, is a book released by the church, known is the bloodiest book in history.

This book regarded all women who read or researched as witches and described ways to kill and torture them.

The Renaissance Age Starting from the renaissance age, the woman began

to make impact in all life aspects.

Whenever the society was developed, women were respected (Ancinet civilizations, modern Europe).

Whenever society was backward, women were disrespected (Meideval Europe, Modern Middle East, and almost any religious country).

Today we will take about a part of what women contributed to us, in the field of Pharmacy.

(1)Jean Kennedy Irvine

(1)Jean Kennedy Irvine

Jean Kennedy was born in Hawick in 1877.

Her first post was as assistant pharmacist to the Glasgow Apothecaries Company. She subsequently became chief pharmacist.

In 1916, she was appointed superintendent of the Joint Committee for Pricing Prescriptions, South-Eastern Division, and remained there for more than 30 years .

(1)Jean Kennedy Irvine

She was the first woman president of the staff side of the Whitley Council for the National Insurance administrative, technical and clerical services.

She was also the first woman elected to the presidency of the Insurance Committee Officers Association for England and Wales.

(1)Jean Kennedy Irvine

She was elected to the Society's council in 1937, only the third woman to have achieved this. She became its first woman President in 1947. She retired in 1952.

Mrs Irvine was also President of NAWP, She died in 1962, aged 85.

(2)Gloria Niemeyer Francke

(2)Gloria Niemeyer Francke

Dr.Gloria Niemeyer Frankce was born on 28th of April 1922.

A native of Dillsboro, Indiana, Gloria Niemeyer earned her B.S. degree in Pharmacy from Purdue University in 1942 and her Pharm.D in 1971 from the University of Cincinnati.

She then served as a drug literature specialist at the National Library of Medicine (1965–1967.

(2)Gloria Niemeyer Francke

She then served as a clinical pharmacy teaching coordinator for the Veterans Administration Hospital in Cincinnati (1967–1971).

She then Served as secretary of the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy (1968–1978).

She also served and as Chief of the program evaluation branch in the Alcohol and Drug Dependence Service, Veterans Administration (1971–1975).

(2)Gloria Niemeyer Francke

She served as a member of the APhA Foundation Advisory Committee. The society's Gloria Niemeyer Francke Leadership Mentor Award is named for her.

She died on the 3rd of August 2008.

(3)Elizabeth Marshall

She was born in 1786.

The second U.S. woman to be a pharmacist ,Elizabeth Marshall began her pharmacy career as an apprentice in a drugstore founded by her grandfather

(3)Elizabeth Marshall

In 1805 she took over the drugstore and restored the struggling business into a successful pharmaceutical laboratory, becoming the first woman in Philadelphia to have a successful commercial career.

In fact, several of Philadelphia’s most famous pharmacists began their careers working as apprentices under her guidance and leadership.

She died in 1836.

(4)Mary Munson Runge

(4)Mary Munson Runge

Mary Munson Runge was born on 1928.

She graduated from Xavier university of Louisiana in 1948.

She practiced pharmacy for 21 years and retired in 1994.

(4)Mary Munson Runge

She was the first woman and African American to serve as the president of the American pharmacist Association (APhA) in 1979.

A few of her many acheivements include recipient of The Hugo H. Schaefer Award, honorary doctor of science degree and honorary Doctor of Pharmacy degree.

she passed away on 8 Jan, 2014.

(5)Katherine Kay Keating

(5)Katherine Kay Keating

Katherine Kay Keating was born on 8 Feb, 1922.

After the world war II, she returned to collage to earn her pharmacy degree.

She enlisted in the Navy in 1942 and was among the first women inducted into the WAVES.

(5)Katherine Kay Keating

Keating transferred to the Navy’s Medical Service Corps to become the Navy’s first woman pharmacist and was assigned to head up the Navy’s pharmacist technicians’ school.

She served during three wars, becoming the first woman to rise from the rank of seaman to captain.

(6)Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf

She was born in 1681.

She was recognized as the first female pharmacist in America.

Elizabeth Greenleaf is listed among the 32 apothecaries in New England during the late 1600s and early 1700s.

(6)Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf

She owned an apothecary shop in Boston in 1727.

She was the wife of Daniel Greenleaf, a minister, physician and an apothecary.

She dies in 1762.

(7)Nellie Wakeman

She was born in 1883.

In 1913, Nellie Wakeman received a Ph.D. in pharmaceutical chemistry from the University of Wisconsin, thus becoming the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in a pharmacy discipline.

(7)Nellie Wakeman

She continued at the university as a faculty member from 1913 until her retirement in 1946.

She was an activist who encouraged women to pursue graduate education.

She died in 1952.

(8)Edna Capurra Gleason

She was born in 1886.

Edna Gleason was the first female pharmacist elected president of the California Pharmaceutical Association.

She was active in the National Association of Retail Druggists.

(8)Edna Capurra Gleason

She became a leader, both in California and nationally, in the fight for fair trade pricing.

As the owner of a community pharmacy, she promoted patient-oriented practice.

She died in 1963.

(9)Zada Mary Cooper

(9)Zada Mary Cooper

She was born on the 31st of January in 1875.

Zada Mary Cooper was the daughter of James and Janetta Cooper. She graduated from the State University of Iowa in 1897.

After graduation she became a Professor of Pharmacy at the State University, serving a total of 45 years before her retirement in 1942.

(9)Zada Mary Cooper

During her time at the university, she organized and developed the first departmental library in the college of pharmacy.

She also taught pharmaceutical arithmetic and laboratory courses, was the first editor of the College of Pharmacy News.

(9)Zada Mary Cooper

Also she was the first woman to become president of Rho Chi (national honorary pharmaceutical society), and wrote a history of the State University of Iowa College of Pharmacy in 1947.

After her retirement she made her home in Villisca, Iowa, with her brother, Dr. J. Clark Cooper.

(9)Zada Mary Cooper

Zada was a resident of Villisca when she died at an Omaha hospital at the age of 86 years.

She died on the 6th of May, in 1961.

(10)Ella P.Stewart

(10) Ella P.Stewart

She was born in 1893.

Ella P. Stewart may have been the first African American woman pharmacist to practice with a license.

She was the first African American woman to graduate from Pittsburgh University’s College of Pharmacy.

(10)Ella P.Stewart

Years later, after earning her license and buying a drugstore in Pittsburgh, she moved with her husband, who was also a pharmacist, to Toledo, Ohio, where they opened a pharmacy that would serve as a community center for African Americans.

(10)Ella P.Stewart

Stewart became a civic leader and was a member of the first group of inductees into the Ohio Women’s Hall of Fame.

She died in 1987.

This presentation was brought to you by: Group (5)

Ahmed Abdelhamid 5113016

Ziad Gamal Abdelnasser 5113140

Zeyad Magdy 5113141

Sara Moheeb 5113152

Abdallah Khaled

Nada

Mona