The role of Sulphate reducing Bacteria in Ground water management: an assesment of few case studies...
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“The role of sulphate reducing bacteria in groundwater quality management: an assessment of few cases studies from the metropolitan cities in
India”
Presented by-Sandeep Satapathy, K..Harish
MS, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal.
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INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER IS: 10500
Sulphates:
• Requirement desirable Limit - 150 mg/l
• Remarks: May be extended up to 400 mg/l
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Dhanbad Jamshedpur Kolkata Amritsar Kanpur80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Sulphate Conc.
Sulphate Conc.
Desirable Limit - 150mg/l By 2008, it had reached 110mg/l
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• The estimation of this contamination in the metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai etc. has been in the ranges
• air as 50-60 μg/m3 (NAPM, India 2010)
• dissolved water as 400mg/L (BIS, 2009)
• surface water as 50-60mg/L (BIS 2009)
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Main Gypsum Industries In India
APRajasthanGujurat KeralaMaharashtraOrissa West BengalTamil nadu
Gypsum building materials are used in all construction types. It is used for the interiors of homes and offices, schools, shops, airports, etc. It also medical utility.
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Rajasthan Gypsum Map
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Effects of SOx Contamination
• SOx is a secondary contaminant with a low/indirect level of threat to lives.
• It gives water a bitter taste and leads to a laxative effect causing dehydration in the severest of cases.
• Contaminants of groundwater on the basis of Odor, taste, color, corrosiveness and foaming properties.
• Contamination of any level of the presence of Hydrogen Sulfide is a threat level as it possesses all the above listed properties.
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Keynotes of Euro Gypsum
• Closed Loop Recycling: the waste is used to make the same product again. Gypsum can be reused over and over because the chemical composition of the raw material in plaster-boards and blocks always remains the same.
• Euro gypsum stakeholders are interested in a higher scale of bio-diversity than only the quarry footprint (alpha-diversity).
• It is a flexible framework adaptable given the local context of each gypsum quarry. It answers to European legislation and strategies for biodiversity.
• The development or selection of biodiversity indicators should start with identifying the issue or decision-making need that the indicator will address.
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Thus Ultimately focusing on 3R’s-
Renovation-Resource Efficiency- Recycling
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Sulfate reducing bacteria like Disulfovibrio disulfuricans have been used for fixing the elevated sulfates in water body for more than a decade by now (Mc Intire and Edenborne, 1990).
Bacterial sulfate reduction is a naturally-occurring process that proceeds only in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of sufficient organic carbon and sulfate.
Proposal:
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Biological pretreatment
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Eco-bio blocks
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• The end product generated, i.e. hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has a negative stress on the environment by release of sulphuric acids,
• growth of Iron (Fe) rich bacteria and formation of pyrites etc.
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• An adoption of the strategy of sulfur elimination plants at Minnesota, USA.- 60% result efficiency.
• Step 1: Constitutive Aeration (less than 10mg/L [SO4
2- ]).
• Step 2: Filtration (less than 40mg/L [SO42- ]).
• Step 3: Shock Chlorination (less than 75mg/L [SO42- ]).
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Constitutive Aeration They involve both anaerobic and aerobic (with oxygen) treatment to a higher level than a primary treatment system, resulting in effluent that is suitable for garden (excluding fruit and vegetables) and landscape irrigation.
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Filtration
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Ultra FiltrationUltra filtration is a pressure-driven purification process in which water and low molecular weight substances permeate a membrane while particles, colloids, and macromolecules are filtered. UF is effective in the removal of colloids, proteins, bacteria, pyrogens and other organic molecules larger than .01 Micron size.
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Nano Filtration
Nano Filtration is essentially a liquid phase one, because it separates a range of inorganic and organic substances from solution in a liquid mainly, but by no means entirely, water.
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Shock Chlorination • Shock chlorination is performed by mixing a large
amount of sodium hypochlorite( in form of a powder or a liquid) such as chlorine bleach, into the water.
Shock chlorinated water should be used when, sodium hypochlorite count goes down to 3 ppm or less.
Sodium thiosulfate is an effective chlorine neutralizer.
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Commercial Manufacturers
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Summary
• Here, we highlight possible remedy measures for treatment of the sulfate pollutants from water bodies using the lessons from the effective strategies adopted by the developed countries of the world.
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References• Anderson, P. F., C. R. Faust, J. W. Mercer, Analysis of conceptual designs for remedial measures at Lipari landfill,
New Jersey, Groundwater, 22, 176–190, 1984.• Arrow, K. J., Criteria for social investment, Water Resour. Res., 1, 1–8, 1965.• Arrow, K. J., R. C. Lind, Uncertainty and the evaluation of public investment decisions, Am. Econ. Rev., 60, 364–378,
1970.
• Baecher, G. B., M. E. Pate, R. deNeufville, Risk of dam failure in benefit-cost analysis, Water Resour. Res., 16, 449–456, 1980.
• Barber, C., P. J. Maris, Recirculation of leachate as a landfill management option: Benefits and operational problem, Q. J. Eng. Geol., 17, 19–29, 1983.
• Benjamin, J. R., C. A. Cornell, Probability, Statistics, and Decision for Civil Engineers, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
• Bryson, A. E., Y. C. Ho, Applied Optimal Control, 377–382, Blaisdell, Waltham, Mass., 1969.
• Burman, D. R., P. V. Roberts, D. M. Mackay, Estimating the impact of policy decisions on hazardous waste landfill performance, EPA draft report, Washington, D. C., 1985.
• Cartwright, K., R. H. Gilkeson, T. M. Johnson, Geological considerations in hazardous-waste disposal, J. Hydrol., 54, 357–369, 1981.
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Acknowledgement
Dr.Pritam NasipuriAssistant ProfessorEarth and Environmental SciencesIISER Bhopal