The Role of Soft Power in International Relations

8/12/2019 The Role of Soft Power in International Relations

1/18

_lc rkmc ke sket pkwcr ah ahtcrhdtakhdm rcmdtakhs

Pc mavc ah dh crd ke prcvakusmy uhaid`ahdjmc `mkjdm ahtcrbkhhcbtcohcss, wlcrc pkmatabs,

cbkhkiabs, tcblhkmk`y, dho scrakus tlrcdts, subl ds bmaidtc bldh`c dho chvarkhichtdm

oc`rdodtakh, rkutahcmy kpcrdtc dho ldvc ordidtab aipdbts dbrkss hdtakhdm jkrocrs. @mkjdmasdtakh

as hkt dh aockmk`y, hkr as at dh djstrdbt bkhbcpt, at as d rcdmaty. Ah tlas wkrmo, tlc prabc ke dhaiksaty

jctwcch stdtcs lds rasch ordidtabdmmy, icdhah` tldt sket pkwcr as ahbrcdsah`my dh ahtc`rdm pdrt ke

`mkjdm ck-pkmatabdm pkwcr dho ahemuchbc.

Rkic ldvc `khc sk edr ds tk bmdai tldt burrcht `mkjdm pkmatabs as cijrkamco ah skictlah`

dpprkdblah` d bmdsl ke bavamasdtakhs(Luhtah`tkh, 4112). Ae truc, at bkumo jc dr`uco tldt at as hkt

praidramy ouc tk ahlcrcht oaeecrchbcs kr oasd`rccichts, jut dt mcdst ah pdrt jcbdusc ke d sket

pkwcr oceabat, dho iasusc ke ldro pkwcr, jy tlc SR lc`cikh.

Ds Gkscpl Hyc, tlc prcciahcht sblkmdr ah tlc eacmo, sdys, sket pkwcr as dh aipkrtdht rcdmaty.

_lksc scme-stymco rcdmasts wlk ochy tlc aipkrtdhbc ke sket pkwcr drc mafc pckpmc wlk ok hkt

uhocrstdho tlc pkwcr ke scoubtakh (Hyc, :>>


2/18

strdtc`acs wlabl ekbus kh iamatdry ahtcrvchtakh, bkcrbavc oapmkidby dho cbkhkiab sdhbtakhs, kr

tlrku`l sket pkwcr(Pamskh, :>>).

Dbbkroah` tk Hyc, sket pkwcr as tlc djamaty tk deecbt ktlcrs tk kjtdah tlc kutbkics khc wdhts

tlrku`l dttrdbtakh rdtlcr tldh bkcrbakh kr pdyicht (Hyc, :>>


3/18

erccoki dho wcdmtl wcrc rcspcbtco dho ocsarco tlc wkrmo kvcr. Cvch ds rcbchtmy ds :>>4 at wds

bmdaico, pcrldps hdavcmy, tldt S.R. bumturc, mkw-jrkw kr la`l, rdoadtcs kutwdros watl dh

ahtchsaty mdst scch ah tlc odys ke tlc Zkidh Ciparc Dicrabds sket pkwcr.. rumcs kvcr dh

ciparc kh wlabl tlc suh hcvcr scts (Gkeec, :>>4, p.?2).

Hkw, dhta-Dicrabdhasi as raec, cvch tlc hkri, erki Asmdiab cxtrciasts ah tlc Iaoomc Cdst

tlrku`l tk ikocrdtc ahtcmmcbtudms ah wcdmtly Pcstcrh hdtakhs dho cvcrywlcrc ah jctwcch. Ah d

JJB pkmm, dbrkss twchty-eavc bkuhtracs ah :>>0, ldme ke rcspkhochts jcmacvco tlc Shatco Rdtcs

pmdyco d idahmy hc`dtavc rkmc ah tlc wkrmo (JJB, :>>0).

Lkw oao SR sket pkwcr ekrtuhcs edmm sk ordidtabdmmy; Raipmy put, tlc aipkrtdhbc ke sket pkwcr

ah SR ekrca`h pkmaby wds uhocrcstaidtco dho tlc cipldsas kh at dmikst vdhaslco. Rket pkwcr

okcs hkt juamo kr idahtdah atscme dho, ds tlc skmc rcidahah` supcrpkwcr, mdbfah` tlc chciy ke

bkiiuhasi, tlc SR wds dmwdys `kah` tk edbc oaeeabumtacs ah rcidahah` ds jcmkvco ds at as

pkwcreum.

_lc rcdskhs ekr tlc ocbmahc drc huicrkus dho ahtcrtwahco6 lastkrabdm, aockmkàbdm, tcblhkmkàbdm,

pkmatabdm, dho cbkhkiab. Ds tlc Bkmo Pdr choco tlcrc wds d Zcdmastdho hckbkhscrvdtavc pusl

tkwdros d rlctkrab dho aockmk`y ke d uhapkmdr wkrmo, ke SR suprcidby dho tlc djamaty tk jc jktl

d jcdbkh dho d rumcr ke wkrmo deedars. Eufuydid edikusmy bmdaico tldt wc wcrc sccah` tlc cho

ke lastkry jcbdusc tlc Dicrabdh wdy, bdpatdmast, majcrdm ocikbrdby ldo wkh dho hktlah`

wkumo cvcr bldmmch c at d`dah (Eufuydid dho Jmkki, 41>?, p.45).

_lc aockmkàbdm kppksatakh tk sket pkwcr bdh pcrldps jcst jc suiico up jy tlas quktc erki SR

stdtcsidh Gklh G. IbBmky7 wkrmo kpahakh; A okht jcmacvc ah wkrmo kpahakh. _lc khmy tlah`

tldt idttcrs as pkwcr (IbBmky batco ah Ldcecmc, :>>4, p.55). Rket pkwcr wds scch jy skic ds dh

kxyikrkh, tldt pkwcr bdh khmy jc ldro. Hyc bdmms tlas tlc bkhbrctc edmmdby tldt cspkuscs tldt

skictlah` as hkt d pkwcr rcskurbc uhmcss yku bdh orkp at kh d baty kr kh ykur ekkt (Hyc, :>>>?, p.40). Ah 411>, aiicoadtcmy ekmmkwah` tlc cho ke tlc Bkmo Pdr, Hyc wrktc las


4/18

sciahdm pacbc Rket ^kwcr ah wlabl lc pkahtco kut tldt sket pkwcr wds ikrc aipkrtdht tldh

cvcr. Lc prcsbachtmy ekrcsdw tldt skbadm, pkmatabdm dho tcblhkmkàbdm bldh`cs wcrc `kah` tk idfc

pkwcr rcmdtakhslaps ikrc bkipmcx dho Ds wkrmo pkmatabs jcbkics ikrc bkipmcx, tlc pkwcr ke

dmm idgkr stdtcs tk `dah tlcar kjgcbtavcs wamm jc oaiahaslco (Hyc, 411>, p.433). Lc wdrhco tldt

ae tlc ikst pkwcreum bkuhtry edams tk mcdo, tlc bkhscquchbcs ekr ahtcrhdtakhdm stdjamaty bkumo jc

oasdstrkus (ajao, p.432).

_lc SR lds dmwdys traco tk jdmdhbc twk bkhemabtah` aipumscs dbbkroah` tk Fckldhc dho Hyc

(4114). Kh tlc khc ldho, at lds daico ekr cxcipmdrasi, kr tlc ocsarc tk stdho dpdrt erki

tlc wkrmo dho scrvc icrcmy ds d ikocm ke skbadm dho pkmatabdm pkssajamaty, wlamst, saiumtdhckusmy at

lds pursuco vahoabdtakhasi, tlc ur`c tk bldh`c tlc wkrmo tk idfc at mkkf dho dbt ikrc mafc tlc

Shatco Rtdtcs. _ldt tlcrc lds jcch d slaet tk `rcdtcr vahoabdtakhasi sahbc tlc Bkmo Pdr as

dmikst aipkssajmc tk ochy. Dbbkroah` tk Jdbcvabl, tlc SR idahtdahs d `mkjdm iamatdry prcschbc,

dho prkgcbts ldro pkwcr tlrku`l ekrca`h ahtcrvchtakhs, usah` d rlctkrab ke pcdbc dho krocr tk

oasùasc tlcar truc iktavcs (Jdbcvabl, :>4>, p.4?).

Zuhhah` dmkh`saoc tlas aockmkàbdm rlctkrab wds d strubturdm, cbkhkiab khc. Ourah` tlc Bkmo

Pdr, dho sahbc, tlc SR iamatdry lds jcbkic sk mdr`c dho pkwcreum tldt at lds pcrldps jrco

kvcrrcmadhbc. Ae rlctkrab su``csts tldt khmy stabfs idttcr, dho yku ldvc tlc mdr`cst stabf ah tlc

pmdy`rkuho, wly ok yku hcco tk bdrc djkut wlctlcr yku drc mafco;

_lcrc lds jcch iubl wrattch djkut tlc SR iamatdry ahoustradm bkipmcx dho at as bmdaico tldt tlc

SR lds brcdtco d stdtc ke pcridhcht wdr ah wlabl iamatdry spchoah` lds bkhtahukusmy ahbrcdsco,

dho tlc iamatdry lds tlc pkwcr tk ahemuchbc pkmatabs dho juo`ctdry dmmkbdtakhs (Ouhbdh dho

Bkyhc, :>42, Jkvc dho Hastab, :>4?, @koercy ct dm., :>4?, JDBCUABL dho Jdbcvabl, :>>1,

Jdbcvabl, :>4>, Eracoidh dho ^rcjmc, :>4:).

Ah :>4> tlc SR spcht ikrc kh ats iamatdry tldh dt tlc lca`lt ke tlc Bkmo Pdr, dho SR pravdtc

scbtkr iamatdry spchoah` lds cxpmkoco ds wcmm (Ouhbdh dho Bkyhc, :>42, p.4). _lc SR lds

chtcrco ahtk d hcw cquamajraui watlah d pcridhcht wdr cbkhkiy dhotlc vcry bkhbcpt ke

ocechsc lds jcbkic khc ke bkhstdht prcpdrdtakh ekr euturc wdrs dho ekrca`h ahtcrvchtakhs

rdtlcr tldh dh cxcrbasc ah rcspkhsc tk khc-kee tlrcdts (ajao, p.2). Rtuoacs ldvc rcpcdtcomy slkwh

tldt, sahbc Pkrmo Pdr AA, SR pkmatabs, ahbmuoah` jktl juo`cts dho pkmaby-idfah`, lds jcch

ahbrcdsah`my ahemuchbco jy tlc iamatdry (JDBCUABL dho Jdbcvabl, :>>1). Raiumtdhckus tk tlc

`rkwtl ah iamatdry ahemuchbc dho cxpchoaturc, tlc sket pkwcr, pujmab oapmkidby juo`ct lds

ordidtabdmmy slruhf (Hyc Gr, :>>?, Jmahfch, :>>2).


5/18

Ah :>>< tlc SR dbbkuhtco ekr ?42,

Eracoidh dho ^rcjmc, :>4:). Ah tlc sdic ycdr, Ocechsc dho Lkicmdho Rcburaty ocpdrtichts

idoc up hcdrmy ?1% ke bavamadh cipmkyicht ah tlc ecocrdm `kvcrhicht (Ouhbdh dho Bkyhc,

:>42, p.44). Plamc SR iamatdry spchoah` ds d sldrc ke `mkjdm cxpchoaturc idy ldvc ocbrcdsco

sahbc tlch, 21% ah :>4: dbbkroah` tk @mkjdmAssucs.kr`, at stamm djskmutcmy owdres tlc spchoah` ke

dhy ktlcr hdtakh (scc Ea`. 4).

Pldt Ouhbdh dho Bkyhc (:>42, p.3), ocsbrajc as d pksatavc eccojdbf mkkp wlcrcah pcrvcrsc

ahbchtavcs brcdtc ahbrcdsah`my `rcdtcr ahvcstichts ah iamatdry-rcmdtco dbtavatacs dt tlc bkst ke ktlcr

spchoah` prakratacs. Bratabs usc odihah` mdh`ud`c ah bkhocihah` tlas oastkrtakh ke prakratacs,

dmmc`ah`, ekr cxdipmc, tldt rcskurbcs ldvc jcch oarcbtco tk d jmkdtco, pravamc`co, dhtabkipctatavc

Ea`. 4

(@mkjdmAssucs.kr , :>42)


6/18

prkburcicht bkipmcx wlamc Dicrabds bdpdbaty tk ahvcht, ahhkvdtc, dho chldhbc prkoubtavaty

dmkh` hkh-iamatdry mahcs lds jcch aipdarco (La``s, 4113, p.2?).

Ouhbdh dho Bkyhc (:>42, p.:5) drùc tldt pcdbc dho prkspcraty drc ah pcram ds d rcsumt ke

prakratasah` iamatdry spchoah` kvcr tlc wdhts ke tlc pckpmc.Ds tlcy bmdai, tlc pcridhcht wdrcbkhkiy as scme-cxtchoah` (ajao, p.:5) dho lds d ordidtab oastkrtah` ceecbt kh jktl tlc cbkhkiy

dho tlc pkmatabs ke tlc SR. Shocr tlas oastkrtakh, at as tk jc cxpcbtco tldt sket pkwcr wamm jc

uhocrvdmuco, dho ldro pkwcr prcschtco ds tlc mkàbdm skmutakh tk dmm prkjmcis.

_lc iamatdry ahoustradm bkipmcx dho ats hcco tk gustaey ats kwh cxastchbc, bkijahco watl dh

aockmkàbdm ocrasakh ke sket pkwcr, lds mco tlc SR okwh d rkdo ke kvcrusc, dho ahdpprkpradtc usc

ke ldro pkwcr, ahtcrvchtakhasi dho drrk`dhbc. As at dhy surprasc tldt tlc supcrpkwcr, wlk lds

jcbkic uhdsldicomy jummyah`, as hk mkh`cr jcmkvco;_las vahoabdtakhasi, tlas ahtcrvchtakhast,

jummyah` kvcrrcmadhbc kh ldro pkwcr lds jcch ahbrcdsah`my rc`droco jy tlc ahtcrhdtakhdm

bkiiuhaty ds bruocmy drrk`dht, d edbt tldt Dicrabdhs ldvc jcchsmkw tk rcbk`hazc. (Fckldhc

dho Hyc Gr, 4112)

Ply sket pkwcr; Ply hkw;

Ds `mkjdm bkipmcxaty dho ahtcrbkhhcbtcohcss lds ahbrcdsco, tlc bkst ke ldro pkwcr lds `rkwhcxpkhchtadmmy (jktl eahdhbadmmy dho pkmatabdmmy), ds ats ceecbtavchcss lds ocbrcdsco. Ah d erdhf

rcdoah` ke ahtcrhdtakhdm rcmdtakhs at as ldro tk drùc watl Hycs bmdai tldt,Plamc iamatdry ekrbc

rcidahs tlc umtaidtc ekri ke pkwcr ah d scme-lcmp systci, tlc usc ke ekrbc lds jcbkic ikrc

bkstmy ekr ikocrh `rcdt pkwcrs tldh at wds ah cdrmacr bchturacs (Hyc, 411>, p.430).

Ds tlc okmmdr bksts ke tlc tkkms dho tcblhkmkàcs ke wdr ldvc rasch, ikrc dho ikrc stdtcs ldvc

jcbkic cbkhkiabdmmy ahtcrbkhhcbtco, tlrku`l trdoc dho mkjdm eahdhbc, brcdtah` ahtcrocpchochbc

wlabl eurtlcr ahbrcdscs tlc eahdhbadm bksts ke wdr. Raiumtdhckusmy, ocikbrdby lds sprcdo, dhoahekridtakh lds jcbkic edr ikrc rcdoamy dvdamdjmc, eurtlcr ahbrcdsah` tlc aipkrtdhbc ke

ikjamasah` sket pkwcr tlrku`l pujmab oapmkidby. _lc hkw edikus cqudtakh, fhkwmco`c as

pkwcr (sbachtad pktcstds cst), wds bkahco jy Erdhbas Jdbkh ah 4310. Rahbc tlch at lds jcch

rcplrdsco ah d waoc vdracty ke bkhtcxts erki _lkids Lkjjcs tk Iabldcm Ekubdumt (Zkor`cz

@drbd, :>>4). Ats prcscht idhaecstdtakh as drùdjmy tldt ahekridtakh as pkwcr dho, ds Hyc

drùcs, Ahekridtakh as pkwcr, dho tkody d iubl mdr`cr pdrt ke tlc wkrmos pkpumdtakh lds dbbcss

tk tldt pkwcr (Hyc, :>>4).


7/18

_lc sprcdo ke ocikbrdby pmdbcs oastahbt bkhstrdahts kh tlc ocsa`h dho bkhoubt ke SR ekrca`h

pkmaby (Pamskh, :>>, p.45:), khc lds khmy tk mkkf dt tlc

Drdj Rprah` tk scc tlas.

D wcmm coubdtco pkpumdtakh, watl dbbcss tk dmm tlc ahekridtakh wlabl tcblhkmkàbdm dovdhbcs ah

bkiiuhabdtakh ldvc dmmkwco, as edr mcss mafcmy tk tdfc ekr `rdhtco tldt tlcar ahtcrcsts dma`h watl

tlc SR. Cvch ae tlc mcdocr ke d ekrca`h stdtc as erachomy tk tlc SR,tlcy wamm jc maiatco ah tlcar

djamaty tk chdbt erachomy pkmaby ae tlcar pkpumdtakh lds dh uhedvkurdjmc aid`c ke tlc Shatco Rtdtcs.

At slkumo jc bmcdr tldt, ds Hyc stdtcs, Ah subl barbuistdhbcs, oapmkidby daico dt pujmab kpahakh

bdh jcbkic ds aipkrtdht tk kutbkics ds tlc trdoatakhdm bmdssaeaco oapmkidtab bkiiuhabdtakhs

dikh` mcdocrs (Hyc, :>>, p.45>).

At as dmsk ahtc`rdm tk hktc tldt idhy ke tlc assucs wc edbc ldvc bldh`co, dho drc hk mkh`cr d

idttcr ke khc stdtc d`dahst dhktlcr._lcsc hcw, `mkjdm prkjmcis rcquarc bkmmcbtavc dbtakh dho

ahtcrhdtakhdm bkkpcrdtakh, skictlah` tldt as hcxt tk aipkssajmc tk dblacvc tlrku`l bkcrbakh

dmkhc (ajao, p.452). Ds Hyc drùcs, Dmtlku`l ekrbc idy skictaics pmdy d rkmc, trdoatakhdm

ahstruichts ke pkwcr drc rdrcmy sueeabacht tk ocdm watl tlc hcw oamciids ke wkrmo pkmatabs (ajao,

p.45?).

_lc Dicrabdh orcdi,watl ats bkhbkiatdht skbadm dho pkmatabdm vdmucs, as ahbkhtrkvcrtajmy

aockmkàbdm. At as jdsco kh dh aocd ke cxbcptakhdmasi, dh djskmutc bkhvabtakh tldt tlcars as tlc

ra`lt wdy tk ok tlah`s. Ds Mapsct put at7 Dicrabdhasi... as dh "asi" kr aockmk`y ah tlc sdic wdy

tldt bkiiuhasi kr edsbasi kr majcrdmasi drc asis (Mapsct, 4110, p.4


8/18

asi, at rcquarcs tlc wahhah` ke lcdrts dho iahos, skictlah` tldt bdht jc okhc watl ldro

pkwcr dmkhc.

_lc SR mco wdrs ah Ardq dho De`ldhastdh wdr drc ammuiahdtah` cxdipmcs ke ldro pkwcr jcah`

cxpchsavc dho ahceecbtavc, ketch cvch bkuhtcrprkoubtavc. Jktl tlc eahdhbadm dho pkmatabdm bksts ketlc wdrs ldvc jcch dstrkhkiabdm dho tlcar subbcss iahaidm (Jcmdsbk, :>>1, Rta`matz, :>>5, Rta`matz

dho Jamics, :>>>0, Fcc`dh, :>4>). _lcy ldvc cvch, jy idhy dbbkuhts,

idoc tlc SR pksatakh ah tlc Iaoomc Cdst ordidtabdmmy wkrsc tldh at wds. D pacbc ah _lc Hcw

Qkrf _aics (Idzzctta, :>>5) oasbussco lkw SR spy d`chbacs tlciscmvcs d`rcc tldt tlc

Dicrabdh ahvdsakh dho kbbupdtakh ke Ardq lds lcmpco spdwh d hcw `chcrdtakh ke Asmdiab

rdoabdmasi dho tldt tlc kvcrdmm tcrrkrast tlrcdt lds `rkwh. At lds jcch bmdaico tldt tlc Jusl

doiahastrdtakh iasusco ahtcmma`chbc, hkt tk ahekri ocbasakh-idfah`, jut tk gustaey d ocbasakh

dmrcdoy idoc dho tlc ahtcmma`chbc bkiiuhaty ldo ah edbt dhtabapdtco tldt tlc wdr wkumo mafcmy

jkkst pkmatabdm Asmdi dho ahbrcdsc syipdtly ekr tcrrkrast kjgcbtavcs (^ammdr, :>>5, p.2). Edico

pujmab ahtcmmcbtudm Hkdi Blkisfy bmdais tldt dbbkroah` tk Ardqas, tlcrc as lkpc ekr hdtakhdm

rcbkhbamadtakh ae tlc ahvdocrs, wlk drc rcspkhsajmc ekr tlc ahtcrhdm vakmchbc, watlordw dho mcdvc

Ardq tk Ardqas (:>4>, p.42>).

Ah De`ldhastdh tlc SR iamatdry idy ldvc, dt mcdst tcipkrdramy, sujouco tlc _dmajdh jut khmy d tahy

erdbtakh ke dm Tdcod kpcrdtavcs ldvc jcch bdpturco dho tlc SR bcrtdahmy bdht jkij tlc dm Tdcod

bcmms wlabl cxast ah Ldijur`, Fdumd Muipur, kr Octrkat (Hyc Gr, :>>2)._lc wdr kh tcrrkr

bdhhkt jc wkh ae tlc huijcr ke pckpmc jcah` rcbruatco dho trdahco jy cxtrciast `rkups as mdr`cr

tldh tlc huijcr wlk drc fammco, kr octcrrco erki gkahah` tlc cxtrciast bdusc (Hyc Gr, :>>1,

p.452).

Gkscpl Hyc cxpmabatmy oasbusscs tlc hcco ekr sket pkwcr ah rcmdtakh tk tlc wdr kh tcrrkr, sdyah`

tldt, _lc Shatco stdtcs wamm wah tlc wdr kh tcrrkrasi khmy ae ikocrdtc Iusmais wah, dho tlcShatco Rtdtcs djamaty tk dttrdbt ikocrdtcs as bratabdmtk vabtkry (Hyc Gr, :>>2). Khmy sket pkwcr

bdh wah tlas wdr jcbdusc tlc stru``mc d`dahst trdhshdtakhdm tcrrkrasi as d stru` mc tk wah lcdrts

dho iahos (Hyc, :>>>?, p.40).

_lksc euhodichtdmasts laoah` ah bdvcs drc cxtrciasts wlk drc dmsk dt wdr watl tlcar kwh

ikocrdtc Asmdiab bkuhtcrpdrts dho tlus tlc burrcht wdr kh tcrrkrasi as hkt d bmdsl ke


9/18

bavamasdtakhs jut d stru``mc wlksc kutbkic as bmkscmy taco tk d bavam wdr jctwcch ikocrdtcs dho

cxtrciasts watlah Asmdiab bavamasdtakh (Hyc Gr, :>>2). Hyc drùcs tldt _lc Shatco Rtdtcs iust

dokpt pkmabacs tldt dppcdm tk ikocrdtcs dho iust usc pujmab oapmkidby ikrc ceecbtavcmy tk

cxpmdah bkiikh ahtcrcsts tk wkumo-jc dmmacs ah tlc Iusmai wkrmo (ajao.).

_lc fcy tk uhocrstdhoah` tlas aocd, ke tlc hcco tk wah d bavam wdrjctwcch ikocrdtcs dho

cxtrciasts ah Asmdiab hdtakhs, as tldt Asmdi as hkt d ikhkmatlab chtaty dho tldt idahstrcdi Asmdiast

ikvcichts drc rcekriast rdtlcr tldh rdoabdm ah hdturc (Dykkj, :>>3, p. 13?)._lrku`lkut

lastkry, oaeecrcht uhocrstdhoah`s ke Asmdi ldvc bkipctco ekr mcàtaidby dho suprcidby,

ahbmuoah` bkipctatakh jctwcch d iamatdrazco uhocrstdhoah` ke tlc bkhbcpt ke galdodho ktlcr

hkh-iamatdht ahtcrprctdtakhs (Jdxtcr dho Dfjdrzdocl, :>>>>3, p.15>) ahsasts, Drdj

dhta-Dicrabdh schtaicht as hkt jdsco kh kppksatakh tk Dicrabdh vdmucske ocikbrdby dho

erccoki. At as euhodichtdmmy `rkuhoco ah pdrtabumdr dspcbts ke Dicrabdh ekrca`h pkmaby.

_lc mkh`, bkipmcx, dho erdu`lt pkmatabdm lastkry ke tlc Iaoomc Cdst, dho Pcstcrh ahtcrvchtakh

tlcrcah, as bcrtdahmy kutsaoc tlc purvacw ke tlas pdpcr jut, cvch d burskry uhocrstdhoah` idfcs at

cdsy tk scc wly _lc idgkr pkwcrs dho tlcar pkmabacs drc pcrbcavco jy ikst Iusmais ds jcah`...

ocmajcrdtcmy dhta-Iusmai (Dykkj, :>>3, p. 131).Rahbc tlc edmm ke tlc Kttkidh Ciparc dt tlc

jcàhhah` ke tlc :>tlbchtury, pkwcreum Pcstcrh stdtcs ldvc bkhtahudmmy usco la`l-iahoco

rlctkrab ke ocikbrdby, dho scbumdrasdtakh, dmm tlc wlamc tdfah` pdrt ah ahtcrvchtakhs, ketch ekr

tlcar kwh cbkhkiab jchceat, dho bkhtahuah` tk eahdhbadmmy, iamatdramy dho pkmatabdmmy prkp up

erachomy oabtdtkrs. _lc SR lds jcch pdrtabumdrmy jmdtdht ah ats scme-ahtcrcstco ahtcrvchtakhs dhotlas lds rcsumtco ah `rkwah` dhta-Dicrabdh schtaicht, kpchah` tlc okkr tk Asmdiab cxtrciasts.

_lc odtd kh _djmc 4. slkws d suiidry ke fhkwmco`c dho schtaicht watlah oaeecrcht Iaoomc

Cdstcrh hdtakhs. Ae wc mkkf dt tlc eahdm twk bkmuihs, rcspkhochts wcrc dsfco tk rdhf tlcar

d`rccicht kh d sbdmc ke 4-3 dho tlch dvcrd`cs wcrc bdmbumdtco wlcrc 4 cqudms tlc la`lcst sbkrc

dho > tlc mkwcst. Pc scc tldt tlc dvcrd`c rcspkhocht tlku`lt tldt tlc 1/44 dttdbfs wcrc ikrc

gustaeadjmc tldh uhgustaeadjmc dho tldt edvkurdjamaty tkwdros tlc SR wds kh dvcrd`c hc`dtavc.


10/18

Rket pkwcr as hkt saipmy djkut wdredrc, dhktlcr tcmmah` cxdipmc ke tlc sket pkwcr oceabat as ah tlc

`mkjdm assuc ke bmaidtc bldh`c. _lc bkkpcrdtakh hccoco ekr tlc skrt ke rcdm dbtakh rcquarco tk

dvkao oasdstcr lds tlus edr edamco tk idtcradmasc. D wdr kh bmaidtc bldh`c bdhhkt jc wkh jy d

sah`mc bkuhtry, hkr bdh at jc eku`lt jy d iamatdry, dmtlku`l wc mafcmy edbc d rcdmaty ah wlabl

jkrocrs drc ahbrcdsah`my iamatdrasco tk ocdm watl chvarkhichtdm rceu`ccs (Rdbls, :>>0, Mastcr,

:>4?, Okblcrty dho @adhhaha, :>>1, Pammadis, :>>4>).

^rkvaoah` mcdocrslap kh bmaidtc bldh`c, dho keecrah` erachomy chbkurd`cicht (cvch ahbchtavcs)

jktl rcquarcs sket pkwcr, dho wkumo juamo sket pkwcr rcskurbcs. Arkhabdmmy tlas as ketch tlc bdscwatl sket pkwcr7 ats dppmabdtakh wamm ketch ahbrcdsc tlc rcskurbc, wlcrcds usah` ldro pkwcr ah ats

pmdbc wamm ocbrcdsc tlc rcskurbc.

At as hkt gust trdoatakhdm wdr dho bmaidtc bldh`c tlku`l. _lc SR lds dh aid`c prkjmci dho at as

hk surprasc. Gksce Gkeec kutmahcs d pkmciabdm cxd``crdtakh ke lkw tlc SR as vacwco

ahtcrhdtakhdmmy ah Plks Derdao ke Ir. Ja` (:>>4). Lc sdys tldt tlc SR as ikrdmmy, skbadmmy, dho

bumturdmmy rctrk`rdoc7

At stamm lds bdpatdm puhaslicht, dho ea`urcs prkvc tldt at as chekrbco ah d rdbast idhhcr.

(@chtzfkw dho Rldpark, :>>?, p.4:>)


11/18

At as prkuomy d hdtakh ke ahtkmcrdht, euhodichtdmast rcma`akh. At rceuscs tk jc d `kko `mkjdm batazch jy tdfah` bmaidtc bldh`c scrakusmy, kr rdtaeyah` tlc

Ahtcrhdtakhdm Braiahdm Bkurt, kr tlc mdho iahc jdh.

At as Oarty Ldrry dho @mkjkbkp rkmmco ahtk khc, dh arrcspkhsajmc dho drrk`dht mkjdmbatazch.

At ochacs ats pckpmc bratabdm skbadm scrvabcs mafc lcdmtl bdrc. Ahstcdo ke jcttcrah` tlc mkt ke tlc pkkr dho uhsfammco, at sluhts iammakhs ke tlci, idahmy

odrf sfahhco iahkratacs, kee ahtk praskh.

At hkt khmy dbbcpts, jut doiarcs `rkss ahbkic ahcqudmaty,

At lds mct ats pujmab sblkkm systci dho pujmab aherdstrubturc ocbdy. At `kr`cs atscme kh edtty edst ekko, wdmmkws ah tdwory idss chtcrtdahicht dho rceuscs tk

euho tlc drts.

At rutlmcssmy sdbraeabcs tlc `kko dho la`l iahoco ah bumturc ah edvkur ke pdp dho pkp. Ats `rcdt uhavcrsatacs (dvdamdjmc khmy tk tlc rabl dho wcmm bkhhcbtco) bkhbcdm vdst ammatcrdby

dho a`hkrdhbc.

Ah idttcrs scxudm at as jktl pruracht dho pruoasl.At as puratdhabdm dho scme-ahoum`cht, plamastahc dho cmatast, sdhbtaikhakus dho brdssmy idtcradmast

(Gkeec, :>>4, p.?2-??).

Ocspatc tlas scciah`my jmcdf pabturc ke lkw Dicrabdh skbacty bdh jc, dho skictaics as,

pcrbcavco, pkmms slkw tldt tlc Iaoomc Cdst brdvcs tlc jchceats ke trdoc, `mkjdmazdtakh, dho

aiprkvco bkiiuhabdtakhs. SR tcblhkmk`y as waocmy doiarco, dho Dicrabdh bumturc as ketch

ikrc dttrdbtavc tldh SR pkmabacs. @avch subl waocsprcdo (dmjcat dijavdmcht), ikocrdtc vacws,

tlcrc as stamm d bldhbc ke askmdtah` cxtrciasts (Hyc Gr, :>>?, p.4


12/18

ats bumturc (ah pmdbcs wlcrc at as dttrdbtavc tk ktlcrs) ats pkmatabdm vdmucs (wlch at mavcs up tk tlci dt lkic dho djrkdo) dho ats ekrca`h pkmabacs (wlch tlcy drc scch ds mc`ataidtc dho ldvah` ikrdm dutlkraty)

(Hyc, :>>>?, p.41).

Ikrc tldh d ocbdoc d`k, dh dovaskry `rkup rcpkrtco tk tlc SR `kvcrhicht, rcbkiichoah`

icdsurcs tk chldhbc tlc aid`c ke tlc SR ah tlc Iaoomc Cdst. Dikh` ktlcr tlah`s at su``cstco7

tlc dppkahticht ke d hcw Platc Lkusc oarcbtkr ke pujmab oapmkidby, bkhstrubtakh ke majrdracs

dho ahekridtakh bchtcrs, trdhsmdtakh ke Pcstcrh jkkfs ahtk Drdjab, ahbrcdsco sblkmdrslaps dho

vasatah` ecmmkwslaps, dho trdahah` ikrc Drdjab spcdfcrs dho pujmab rcmdtakhs spcbadmasts (ajao,

p.41). Rubl icdsurcs drc gust tlksc tldt Hyc prkpkscs ds pdrt ke d mkh`-tcri strdtc`y ekr

ocvcmkpah` d rablcr, ikrc kpch bavam skbacty ah Iaoomc Cdst bkuhtracs (ajao, p.41).

Dt tlc sdic taic, hk dikuht ke pujmab oapmkidby wamm jc ceecbtavc uhmcss tlc stymc dho

sujstdhbc ke SR pkmabacs drc bkhsastcht watl tlc jrkdocr ocikbrdtab icssd`c (ajao, p.41). At

iust jc uhocrstkko tldt brcoajamaty dho mc`ataidby drc wldt sket pkwcr as dmm djkut! (Hyc Gr,

:>>2)._ldhfs tk tlc ahekridtakh rcvkmutakh pkmatabs lds jcbkic d bkhtcst ke brcoajamaty (Hyc,

:>>>) ah wlabl at idy hkt idttcr sk iubl wlksc iamatdry kr cbkhkiy wahs jut

umtaidtcmy.. wlksc stkry wahs (Drquammd ct dm., 4111).

Ah 4120, Jratdahs Ekrca`h Rcbrctdry Dhtlkhy Coch sdao tldt `kko bumturdm prkpd`dhod bdhhkt

rcicoy tlc odid`c okhc jy jdo ekrca`h pkmaby (Batco ah Pd`hmcathcr, 411?, p.3>). _las as tlc

bkipmcxaty ke pujmab oapmkidby, wlcrcah dh ahbrcdsah`my ahekrico dho skbadmmy dwdrc `mkjdm

pkpumdtakh as byhabdm dho, ae ahekridtakh as scch ds prkpd`dhod at bdh hkt khmy jc ahceecbtavc, jut


13/18

ahocco bkuhtcrprkoubtavc ds at uhocriahcs d bkuhtrys rcputdtakh ekr brcoajamaty (Hyc, :>>>). ujmab oapmkidby as hkt d cuplciasi ekr prkpd`dhod jcbdusc, ds tlc sdyah` `kcs,

dbtakhs spcdf mkuocr tldh wkros dho strdtcàcs ke pujmab oapmkidby bdhhkt wkrf ae tlc

ahekridtakh pkrtrdyco buts d`dahst tlc `rdah ke pkmaby(ajao, p.4>4)

Khc ke tlc ikst bkiikh, dbbcptco, dho cdsy ekris ke pujmab oapmkidby as jrkdobdstah`. Ah tlc

Dustrdmadh bkhtcxt as bmdaico tldt ahtcrhdtakhdm jrkdobdstah`, ds dh ahstruicht ke sket pkwcr, as

tlc ikst ceeabacht dho ceecbtavc wdy tk prcscht Dustrdmads bumturc, aockmk`y dho ahstatutakhs.

(Rbktt, :>4>).

Rbktt (:>4>) pdssakhdtcmy ocechos tlc rkmc ke tlc Dustrdmadh Jrkdobdstah` Bkiiassakh (DJB) ah

prcschtah` vacws tldt drc skictaics bratabdm ke `kvcrhicht pkmabacs, sdyah` tldt tlas ocikhstrdtcs

d jcmace ah ahocpchocht gkurhdmasi dho tldt Dustrdmadhs ok hkt gust prcdbl ocikbrdtab aocdms, jut

mavc tlci. Plamc at bdh jc uhocrstdhodjmy oaeeabumt ekr d `kvcrhicht tk suppkrt tlc kpch

prcschtdtakh ke bratabdm vacwpkahts, at as ketch tlc ikst ceecbtavc wdy ke cstdjmaslah` brcoajamaty

(Hyc, :>>5). ^drt ke dhy Pcstcrh hdtakhssket pkwcr dppcdm as ats kpch, ocikbrdtab

skbacty dho pkmaty, dho ats ercc prcss.Ds Hyc sdys, Plch `kvcrhicht ahstruichts dvkao subl

bratabasi, tlcy hkt khmy oaiahasl tlcar kwh brcoajamaty jut dmsk edam tk bdpatdmazc kh dh aipkrtdht

skurbc ke dttrdbtakh (ajao, p.4>5).

Rbktt (:>4>) pkahts tk tlc DJB bldrtcr wlabl oarcbts ahtcrhdtakhdm jrkdobdsts tk chbkurd`c

dwdrchcss ke Dustrdmad dho dh ahtcrhdtakhdm uhocrstdhoah` ke Dustrdmadh dttatuocs dho drùcs

tldt jy rcprcschtah` tlc vdmucs ke tlc Dustrdmadh pckpmc dho tlc Dustrdmadh wdy ke maec rdtlcr

tldh tlc @kvcrhichts vacws tlc DJB idfcs tlc ikst icdhahèum bkhtrajutakh tk Dustrdmads

pujmab oapmkidby.Jrkdobdstah` ds pujmab oapmkidby as ikst ceecbtavc wlch tlc duoachbc as

bkheaocht tldt at as ercc ke pkmatabdm dho bkiicrbadm ahtcrcsts. _lc khmy pcriassajmc ahemuchbcs

drc dbburdby, edarhcss, tlc ercc cxprcssakh ke dho oavcrsaty kevacws, aipdrtadmaty (Rbktt, :>4>). Ae

wc (tlc Pcst, mco jy tlc SR), lkpc tk juamo tlc hcbcssdry sket pkwcr rcskurbcs wc iustuhocrstdho tlc rkmc ke brcoajamaty dho scme-bratabasi (Hyc, :>>

pcrbcht ke tlc Rkvact pkpumdbc cvcry wccf dho jctwcch 0> dho pcrbcht ke tlc pkpumdtakh ke

Cdstcrh Curkpcwlamc ah tlc hcw bchtury, watl lu`c juo`ct buts, UKD rcdblcs d icrc :

pcrbcht ke Drdjs (Jmahfch, :>>2, p.:


14/18

Juamoah` dho idahtdahah` sket pkwcr rcquarcs bkhbcrtco ceekrt dho euhoah`, jktl ke wlabl ldvc

jcch mdbfah`. Rket pkwcr ahatadtavcs drc ekrbco tk bkipctc watl ldro pkwcr khcs dho tlc

ahstatutakhs ke ldro pkwcr drc vdstmy, oasprkpkrtakhdtcmy mdr`cr, jcttcr euhoco, dho ikrc

ahemuchtadm tldh tlc ahstatutakhs ke sket pkwcr, mcdvah` tlci ah d sujkroahdtc pksatakh, mdbfah`

tlc rcskurbcs dho bmkut ke tlcar ldro pkwcr bkuhtcrpdrts(Pamskh, :>>) jut ah d `mkjdmasco wkrmo at as hkt khmy okicstab duoachbcs wlk

drc mastchah`, kr idttcr, dho at as aipkrtdht tk rcicijcr tldt tlc sdic wkros dho aid`cstldt

drc ikst subbcsseum ah bkiiuhabdtah` tk d okicstab duoachbc idy ldvc hc`dtavc ceecbts kh

ekrca`h duoachbcs (Hyc, :>>?).

Plamc jrkdobdstah` lds d mdr`c rkmc tk pmdy ah sket pkwcr `chcrdtakh, at bdhhkt wkrf dmkhc. Ae at as

scch ds ammc`ataidtc, ds prkpd`dhod at bdh ldvc tlc kppksatc ceecbt ke oaiahaslah` sket pkwcr.

Ekr tlas rcdskh tcmmah` as edr mcss ahemuchtadm tldh dbtakhs dho syijkms tldt slkw ds wcmm ds tcmm

(Hyc, :>>2). Ekr cxdipmc, prkvasakh ke _suhdia rcmacetk Ahokhcsad ah :>>? lcmpco tk

rcvcrsc ah pdrt tlc prcbapatkus smaoc ah Dicrabdh stdhoah` ah Ahokhcsadh pkmms tldt jc`dh detcr tlc

Ardq wdr (Hyc, :>>2).

At idy cvch jc pkssajmc tk `chcrdtc dmikst dmm ke khcs sket pkwcr tlrku`l dbtakhs dmkhc. Dh

cxdipmc ke tlas as Hkrwdy wlabl, ocspatc d sidmm pkpumdtakh, hkh-bchtrdm mkbdtakh dho mdbf ke dh

ahtcrhdtakhdm mdh`ud`c, trdhshdtakhdm bumturc, kr cbkhkiab bmkut, lds ocvcmkpco d vkabc dho

prcschbc kut ke prkpkrtakh tk ats ikocst sazc dho rcskurbcs tlrku`l dbtavatacs ahbmuoah`

bkhemabt icoadtakh ah tlc Iaoomc Cdst, Rra Mdhfd, dho Bkmkijad, ds wcmm ds ats mdr`c dao juo`ctdho ats ercqucht pdrtabapdtakh ah pcdbc fccpah` iassakhs (ajao, p.4>?)

Rket pkwcr watlkut ldro pkwcr;

Iubl ke tlc bratabasi ke sket pkwcr dpprkdblcs as jdsco kh tlc aocd tldt tlcrc as d

iaspcrbcptakh tldt sket pkwcr dmkhc bdh prkoubc ceecbtavc ekrca`h pkmaby (Hyc Gr, :>>1, p.45>).

Ke bkursc sket pkwcr as hkt dmwdys tlc skmutakh. Rket pkwcr bkumo hkt ldvc wkh Pkrmo Pdr AA


15/18

dho, ds Hyc sdao tlc edbt tldt tlc Hkrtl Fkrcdh Oabtdtkr Fai Gkh` Am mafcs tk wdtbl Lkmmywkko

ikvacs as uhmafcmy tk deecbt las bkuhtrys hubmcdr wcdpkhs prk`rdi (:>>1, p.454).

Ldro dho sket pkwcr skictaics rcahekrbc dho skictaics sujstatutc ekr cdbl ktlcr (Hyc Gr,

:>>2) icdhah` tldt sidrt strdtcàcsbkijahc tlc tkkms ke jktl ldro dho sket pkwcr (ajao,p.45>)._las as wlcrc tlc bkhbcpt ke sidrt pkwcr bkics ahtk pmdy. Ridrt pkwcr as tlc bdpdbaty

ke dh dbtkr tk bkijahc cmcichts ke ldro pkwcr dho sket pkwcr ah wdys tldt drc iutudmmy

rcahekrbah` subl tldt tlc dbtkrs purpkscs drc dovdhbco ceecbtavcmy dho ceeabachtmy (Pamskh, :>>).

_lc bkhbcpt ke sidrt pkwcr as aipkrtdht ekr twk rcdskhs7 earstmy, jcbdusc hcatlcr ldro pkwcr kr

sket pkwcr dmkhc as sueeabacht ah tkodys wkrmo, dho scbkhomy, jcbdusc tlc pkmatabs ke scmmah` sket

pkwcr dpprkdblcs tk tlc okicstab pkpumdtakh ke d stdtc bdh jc oaeeabumt (ajao). At as drùco tldt

ahbrcdsah` sket pkwcr rcskurbcs as d hdtakhdm scburaty aipcrdtavc dho tldt tlc hdtakhdm ahtcrcst as

jcah` jdomy scrvco jy dh aipcrecbt, oablktkikus ocjdtc djkut sket pkwcr vcrsus ldro pkwcr

(ajao, p.444).

_lcrc as waocsprcdo jcmace ah Dicrabd dho drkuho tlc wkrmo tldt rcbcht SR scburaty dho

ekrca`h pkmaby, cspcbadmmy uhocr tlc Jusl doiahastrdtakh jut dmsk uhocr Kjdid, lds

bkiprkiasco tlc oapmkidtab dho scburaty ahtcrcsts ke tlc Shatco Rtdtcs, prkvkfco

uhprcbcochtco rcschticht drkuho tlc wkrmo dho rcdtmy oaiahaslco Dicrabds pksatakh ah tlc

wkrmo (ajao, p.444). Pamskh idfcs d `rcdt ocdm ke tlc bkhtrdst jctwcch tlc SR dho Blahd wlki

lc sdys ldvc ocpmkyco pkwcr rcskurbcs strdtcàbdmmy tk ocvcmkp dho pursuc d okbtrahc ke

Blahds ^cdbceum Zasc dho ldvc slkwh d skplastabdtco dpprcbadtakh ekr tlc eumm rdh`c ke

ahstruichts ke hdtakhdm pkwcr (ajao, p.444-44:).

Bldhàh` `mkjdm pkwcr pdttcrhs bdusco jy tlc rasc ke Ahoad, Blahd, Jrdzam, dho ktlcr dbtkrs,

bkijahco watl tlc cxpmksakh ah tcblhkmk`y dho bkiiuhabdtakhs dho tlc sprcdo ke jktl

coubdtakh dho ocikbrdby lds icdht tldt tlc wkrmo lds jcbkic sidrtcr, dho Dicrabds rca`hah`

ekrca`h pkmaby cmatcs ldvc hkt fcpt up (Pamskh, :>>>


16/18


17/18

Jajmak`rdply

DZTSAMMD, G., ZKHECMO_, O., JDZHCR-^ZKJQ, O., PAMMADIR, C. & BLZAR_ADH, G. 4111. _lcCicr`chbc ke Hkkpkmataf7 _kwdro Dh Dicrabdh Ahekridtakh Rtrdtc`y, ZDHO Bkrpkrdtakh.

DQKKJ, I. :>>3. _lc euturc ke pkmatabdm Asmdi7 tlc aipkrtdhbc ke cxtcrhdm vdradjmcs.Ahtcrhdtakhdm Deedars,4>. Pdslah`tkh Zumcs7 Dicrabd's ^dtl tk ^cridhcht Pdr, Lchry Lkmt dhoBkipdhy.

JDBCUABL, D. G. & JDBCUABL, D. G. :>>1.Dicrabdh Ciparc7 _lc Zcdmatacs dho Bkhscquchbcs keS.R. Oapmkidby, Ldrvdro Shavcrsaty ^rcss.

JD\_CZ, F. & DFJDZWDOCL, R. :>>>0. Uacw ke SR's `mkjdm rkmc 'wkrsc'. Dvdamdjmc7lttp7//hcws.jjb.bk.uf/:/la/dicrabds/5:0/>?/4?Y.

JCMDRBK, D. :>>1. Bkst ke Ardq, De`ldhastdh, dho Ktlcr @mkjdm Pdr kh _crrkr KpcrdtakhsRahbc 1/44, OADHC ^ujmaslah`.

JACZIDHH, E. & JKDR, A. :>4>. ^rcpdrah` ekr d wdricr wkrmo7 _kwdros d `mkjdm `kvcrhdhbcsystci tk prktcbt bmaidtc rceu`ccs. @mkjdm Chvarkhichtdm ^kmatabs,4>,5>-2. Pahhah` tlc Pdr ke Aocds. Ah7MCHHKH, D. _. & MCHHKH, D. _. G. (cos.)_lc Jdttmc ekr Lcdrts dho Iahos7 Ssah` Rket ^kwcr tk Shocriahc _crrkrast Hctwkrfs.IA_^rcss.

JKUC, U. & HAR_AB, Z. :>4?. Iamatdry ah pkmatabs dho juo`ctdry dmmkbdtakhs.Gkurhdm keBkipdrdtavc Cbkhkiabs.

BLKIRFQ, H. :>4>. Lkpcs dho rkspcbts, ^ch`uah Jkkfs Maiatco.

OKBLCZ_Q, J. & @ADHHAHA, _. :>>1. Bkherkhtah` d rasah` taoc7 d prkpksdm ekr d bkhvchtakh khbmaidtc bldh`c rceu`ccs. Ldrv. Chvtm. M. Zcv.,22,2?1.

OSHBDH, _. F. & BKQHC, B. G. :>42. _lc kvcrmkkfco bksts ke tlc pcridhcht wdr cbkhkiy7 Didrfct prkbcss dpprkdbl. _lc Zcvacw ke Dustradh Cbkhkiabs,:5,?42-?24.

EZACOIDH, J. L. & ^ZCJMC, B. D. :>4:. Juo`ctdry sdvah`s erki iamatdry rcstrdaht. ESFSQDID, E. & JMKKI, D. 41>?. Icoad, coubdtakh dho dhta-Dicrabdhasi ah tlc

Iusmai wkrmo. _lc Gkurhdm ke Cbkhkiab ^crspcbtavcs,442. @mkjdm Oastrajutakh ke Iamatdry Cxpchoaturc ah :>4:. @KOEZCQ, Z., JZCPAR, G., @ZDOQ, G. & @ZKBK__, B. :>4?. _lc pravdtc iamatdry ahoustry dho

hckmajcrdm aipcradmasi7 Idppah` tlc tcrrdah. Kr`dhazdtakh,:4,

4>5-4:3. LDCECMC, I. :>>4. Gklh E. Fchhcoy, SRAD, dho wkrmo pujmab kpahakh. Oapmkidtab Lastkry,:3,

52-


18/18

MCHHKH, D. _. & MCHHKH, D. _. G. :>>2. _lc Jdttmc ekr Lcdrts dho Iahos7 Ssah` Rket ^kwcr tkShocriahc _crrkrast Hctwkrfs, IA_ ^rcss.

MA^RC_, R. I. 4110.Dicrabdh cxbcptakhdmasi7 D okujmc-co`co swkro, PP Hkrtkh &Bkipdhy.

MAR_CZ, I. G. :>4?. Bmaidtc Bldh`c Zceu`ccs. Bratabdm Zcvacw ke Ahtcrhdtakhdm Rkbadm dho^kmatabdm ^lamkskply (ekrtlbkiah`).

IDWWC__A, I. :>>5. Rpy d`chbacs sdy Ardq wdr wkrschs tcrrkr tlrcdt. Hcw Qkrf _aics,:?. HQC GZ, G. R. :>>2. _lc vcmvct lc`cikh7 lkw sket pkwcr bdh lcmp ocecdt tcrrkrasi. Ekrca`h

^kmaby,425,0?-03.

HQC GZ, G. R. :>>?. Ocbmahc ke Dicrabd's Rket ^kwcr-Ply Pdslah`tkh Rlkumo Pkrry, _lc.Ekrca`h Dee.,>1. @ct Ridrt-Bkijahah` Ldro dho Rket ^kwcr. Ekrca`h Dee.,. Rket pkwcr. Ekrca`h pkmaby,432-404. HQC, G. R. :>>?. Rket ^kwcr7 _lc Icdhs tk Rubbcss ah Pkrmo ^kmatabs, ûjmab Deedars. HQC, G. R. :>>1.

ÂMMDZ, ^. Z. :>>5. Ahtcmma`chbc, pkmaby, dho tlc wdr ah Ardq. Ekrca`h Deedars,43-:0. ZKOZ@CW @DZBD, G. I. :>>4. Rbachtad ^ktcstds CstFhkwmco`c as ^kwcr7 Erdhbas Jdbkh tk

Iablcm Ekubdumt. Hcklcmabkh,:1-4:4.

RDBLR, G. O. :>>0. Bmaidtc bldh`c rceu`ccs. Rbachtaeab Dicrabdh,:15,?2-?2. RDOAFA, M. 4113. Dm-md Haodi7 Dh Drdj Uacw ke tlc Hcw Pkrmo (Oas) Krocr. Drdj Rtuoacs

Tudrtcrmy,4-::.

RBK__, I. :>4>. Rket ^kwcr, ûjmab Oapmkidby dho tlc Zkmc ke tlc ûjmab JrkdobdstcrsVKhmahcY. djb.hct.du7 DJB. Dvdamdjmc7lttp7//djkut.djb.hct.du/spccblcs/sket-pkwcr-pujmab-oapmkidby-dho-tlc-rkmc-ke-tlc-pujmab-jrkdobdstcrs/VDbbcssco 4>/>3/4?.

R_A@MA_W, G. :>>5. _lc La`l Bkst ke tlc Ardq Pdr. _lc Cbkhkiasts' Ukabc,2,4-2. R_A@MA_W, G. C. & JAMICR, M. :>>>,3>:-3:1.

PAMRKH, C. G. :>>-4:?.
http://about.abc.net.au/speeches/soft-power-public-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-the-public-broadcasters/http://about.abc.net.au/speeches/soft-power-public-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-the-public-broadcasters/http://about.abc.net.au/speeches/soft-power-public-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-the-public-broadcasters/http://about.abc.net.au/speeches/soft-power-public-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-the-public-broadcasters/http://about.abc.net.au/speeches/soft-power-public-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-the-public-broadcasters/http://about.abc.net.au/speeches/soft-power-public-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-the-public-broadcasters/

The Role of Soft Power in International Relations

Documents

Transcript of The Role of Soft Power in International Relations