The role of ontologies in machine-machine communication

The role of

Ontologies in

Machine-Machine

communication

A. Gómez-Pérez

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

[email protected]

Acknowledgements:

A. Gómez-Pérez. The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015

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2


A world of digital data

Heterogeneous

Formats

Providers Domains Languages

Licenses


Towards a machine-machine shared understanding

4

Ontologies

Knowledge

level

Data level Linked data


Scenario

“Barrio de las

Letras”

“Cervantes“

“Lope de Vega

“Transport public

services”

“Accessibility

constraints”

“Games D.

Quijote”


Data distributed …

6


… in heterogeneous formats … In boards

7

The Web (Human readable format)

The Web (Human & Machine readable formats)

Web Services

As Web files ( (XML, HTML, CSV, etc.)


The problem: lack of interoperability

Publish

Extract

Publish

Extract

Publish

Extract

I want to publish data in an

interoperable structure and

format

I use GTFS I use my own CSV structure I provide a web service

Build an app that is

available all over the

world

8


USE URIs + RDF

José

Twin Stroller

Boardgames

API

Mirasierra

Ventisquero de

la Condesa

Yes

CSV

Mega Games

Ventisquero de

la Condesa

Yes

CSV

Mega Games

D.Quijote

Game

MG

29,95

HTM

L

José

Mobility

Impairment

hasImpairment

twin stroller requires

Boardgame

likes

Mirasierra

address Ventisquero de

la Condesa

AccesoSillaR

uedas

hasAccessibility

Mega

Games

address

hasAccessibility WheelchairAcce

ssibility

Ventisquero de la

Condesa

Mega

Games

D. Qujijote

Game

is a

Boardgame

sells

API RDF CSV RDF CSV RDF HTML RDF


Link your multilingual models and data

José

Tween Stroller

Boardgames

Mirasierra

Ventisquero de

la Condesa

Yes

Mega Games

Ventisquero de

la Condesa

Yes

Mega Games

D. Quijote

game

MG

29,95

API CSV CSV HTM

L

José

Mobility

Impairment

hasImpairment

Tween

Stroller

requires

Boardgame

likes

Mirasierra


la Condesa

Acceso

SillaRuedas

Mega

Games

address

hasAccessibility WheelchairA

ccessibility

Mega

Games

D. Quijote

Game

is a

hasAccessibility

Boardgame

Ventisquero de

la Condesa

sells

API RDF CSV RDF CSV RDF HTM

L RDF

Language mismatch

Conceptual mismatch


Ontologies help ..

11

Impairments

Subclass of

Subclass of Subclass of WheelchairA

ccessibility AccesoSillad

eRuedas

Equivalent Terms

Equivalent classes if

Mobility constraints


WheelchairA

ccessibility

Ventisquero de

la Condesa

Boardgame

Link your models and data

José

Tween Stroller

Boardgames

Mirasierra

Ventisquero de

la Condesa

Yes

Mega Games

Ventisquero de

la Condesa

Yes

Mega Games

D. Quijote

Game

MG

29,95

API CSV CSV HTM

L

José

Mobility

Impairment

hasImpairment

Tween

Stroller

requires

Boardgame

likes

Mirasierra


la Condesa

hasAccessibility Acceso

SillaRuedas

Mega

Games


la Condesa

hasAccessibility WheelchairA

ccessibility

Mega

Games

sells D. Quijote

GAme

is a

Boardgame

API RDF CSV RDF CSV RDF HTM

L RDF

Equivalent classes if

Mobility constraints


Make complex queries

Where can I buy the Don

Quijote game?

Which are the most

accessible routes for Visiting

the Barrio de las Letras?

Expansion pack for D.Quijote game

Take metro line 9 and in 35 minutes we can demo it

to you!

Or better take bus 231 because it is sunny

and you can take a glance at the outdoor art

exhibition in Plaza de Castilla

MG

A. Gómez-Pérez. . The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015

Challenges

1. Building shared models (Ontologies)

2. Aggregating data from different formats and

sources (Linked data)

3. Dealing with licenses (Licensed ontologies and LD)

4. Solving multilingualism problems (Multilingual

Ontologies and Linguistic Linked Data)

5. The process and uses

14

A. Gómez-Pérez. . The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015

Challenges

1. Building shared models (Ontologies)

2. Aggregating data from different formats and

sources (Linked data)

3. Dealing with licenses (Licensed ontologies and LD)

4. Solving multilingualism problems (Multilingual

Ontologies and Linguistic Linked Data)

5. The process and uses

15


Challenge1:

Building Ontologies


Definition of Ontology

“An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization”

Studer, Benjamins, Fensel. Knowledge Engineering: Principles and Methods. Data and Knowledge Engineering. 25 (1998) 161-197

Abstract model and

simplified view of some

phenomenon in the world

that we want to represent

Machine-readable

Concepts, properties

relations, functions,

constraints, axioms,

are explicitly defined

Consensual

Knowledge

Ontologías


Ontologies: Model and Data

• An ontology:

- Provides terms in a particular domain

• Implemented in OWL or RDF(S)

• Tools: Protégé; NeOn, ....

Ontology

Instances

Knowledge

Level

Data Level

Concepts

Taxonomies

Relations

Attributes

Axioms

Instances of concepts

Instances of relations

Instances of attributes

A. Gómez-Pérez. The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015 19

Ontologies to be understood by humans

SIOC Ontology


Ontologies for machines: Foundations

Unique identifiers: URI identify or name a resource

RDF(S) models

El Quijote Cervantes Is creator of

Work Person Is creator of

Is a Is a

http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1718747 http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX3383563

http://datos.bne.es/def/C1005 http://datos.bne.es/def/C1001

http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1718747




http://datos.bne.es/def/C1005



Foundations: Linking classes

Models alignment using Owl EquivalentClass

Place of birth

EquivalentClass Municipality

http://dbpedia.org/resource/Municipalities_of_Spain http://geo.linkeddata.es/ontology/Municipio

Municipio

Same As

http://dbpedia.org/page/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares

Alcalá de Henares

Is a

http://geo.linkeddata.es/resource/Alcalá de Henares

Alcalá de Henares

IS A

http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person Person

http://schema.org/Person Person

EquivalentClass

Person


http://dbpedia.org/resource/Miguel_de_Cervantes




The model (Ontology) and the data for humans

22

Work

Idiom

translation

Year

Publication date

Library

Located at

Person

Is creator of

Has subject

El Quijote Cervantes

Is creator of

Catalán

translation

1960

Publication date

BNE

Located in

Has subject

Vida de Cervantes

Ontology

Data

birthPlace Place

birthPlace Alcalá de Henares


http://iflastandards.info/ns/fr/frbr/frbrer/C1001


translation

Año

Publication date

http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Organization

Located in


Is creator of

Has subject


Es autor


translation

1960

Publication date

BNE

Located in

Has subject

http://datos.bne.es/resource/bimo0002045496

Vida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Don Quijote de la Mancha Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de

Catalán

Ontology

Data http://datos.bne.es/#

Language

work

Biblioteca

Person

http://geo.linkeddata.es/ontology/Municipio

birthPlace

http://geo.linkeddata.es/resource/Alcalá de Henares

birthPlace

The model and the data for Machines


Key aspects of Ontological Engineering

• The model

- Single versus network of ontologies?

- built from scratch or reusing knowledge-aware resources?

- Are mappings used for solving conceptual mistmaches?

Instances • Where are the data/instances? • Are instances distributed or centralized? • Have instances a very high rate of changes? • Heterogeneous provenance of instances • Degrees of data quality • Permissions


Ontology development

Reuse

Linked Open Vocabularies

http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk/WatsonWUI/

http://wiki.dbpedia.org/Ontology

http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn


Challenge 2:

Linked Data


Linked Data: why it is important?

• Facilitate data integration

- From heterogeous sources

- In different formats

- Different granularity

- In different languages

- From different countries

© Slide adapted from “5min Introduction to Linked Data”- Olaf Hartig


LD domains in August 2014

Media

Geographic

Life Sciences

Publications Goverment

Social

Networking Cross-domains

User Generated

Content Linguistics


Data for machines: Foundations

Unique identifiers: URI identify or name a resource

RDF(S) models

El Quijote Cervantes Is creator of

Work Person Is creator of

Is a Is a


http://datos.bne.es/def/C1005 http://datos.bne.es/def/C1001

Equivalence links to other datasets Same As

http://viaf.org/viaf/17220427

Cervantes

Same As Same As


Cervantes

Data navigation










Linked Data without ontologies

http://www.server1.org/resource/Cervantes

http://www.server2.es/resource/Cervantes


http://d-nb.info/gnd/11851993X

http://geo.linkeddata.es/page/resource/Municipio/Cervantes

Same as

Same as

Same as

Same as

URI URI

URI URI

URI

914 296 093

276,4 km²

Phone

Size

1547

#People

1547

Date of Birth

Author

D. Quijote

Cervantes

(person)


Linked Data and ontologies

http://www.server1.org/resource/Cervantes

http://www.server2.es/resource/Cervantes


http://d-nb.info/gnd/11851993X

http://geo.linkeddata.es/page/resource/Municipio/Cervantes

Same as

Person rdf:type

rdf:type

Retaurant rdf:type

Street rdf:type

Municipality rdf:type

URI URI

URI URI

URI

1547

Date of Birth

Author

D. Quijote

Cervantes

(Person)

Asunción Gómez-Pérez W3C @ Spain – 2013 Madrid, 18th December


Linked Data allows uniform access

1. Agree on Ontologies for describing

metadata and domain data

2. Unified and standardized language

for describing resources ( RDF(S))

3. Unified and standardized query

language (SPARQL)

4. Standardized non-proprietary APIs

5. Links to other resources


Challenge 3:

Licensed Ontologies

and Data


Licenses in practice

Linked Open Data

and Open

Vocabularies

Published

Open License

(Published) Linked

Ontologies and

Vocabularies

Published

No Open License

Linked Data

Not Published

No Open License

34


Create, consume, aggregate,

derive and publish Linked

Vocabularies and Data in a

lawful environment 0

Always license your ontologies and data

…

Data shops Government Vocabularies

35


Representing licensing information

How do we represent license information?


Linked Licensed Data


Licensing Ontologies and Data is Simple…

The British National Bibliography (BNB) lists the books

and new journal titles published or distributed in the

United Kingdom and Ireland since 1950.

38


… or complex depending your needs

Policies can be expressed with ODRL 2.0 to govern access to Linked Data

Example of access to Linked Data for a price (15EUR for the dataset or 0.01EUR for a triple

thereof)

@prefix gr: <http://purl.org/goodrelations/> .

@prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#> .

<http://salonica.dia.fi.upm.es/ldr/policy/cdaddba4-fc2e-4ee0-a784-e62f1db259bf>

a odrl:Set ;

rdfs:label "License Offering Paid Linked Data" ;

odrl:permission [ a odrl:Permission ;

odrl:target <http://example.org/dataset/ds01> ;

odrl:action odrl:reproduce ;

odrl:duty [ a odrl:Duty ;

rdfs:label "Pay" ;

gr:UnitOfMeasurement dcat:Dataset ;

gr:amountOfThisGood "1" ;

odrl:action odrl:pay ;

odrl:target "15,00 EUR"

]

] , [ a odrl:Permission ;

odrl:action odrl:reproduce ;

odrl:target <http://example.org/dataset/ds01> ;

odrl:duty [ a odrl:Duty ;

rdfs:label "Pay" ;

gr:UnitOfMeasurement rdf:Statement ;

gr:amountOfThisGood "1" ;

odrl:action odrl:pay ;

odrl:target "0,01 EUR"

]

] ..

The target can be an ontology, a

dataset, a SPARQL endpoint…

…or a SPARQL query itself or a triple

pattern: {mysubject, ?p , ?o}

http://conditional.linkeddata.es


Challenge 4:

Multilingual

Ontologies and

Linked Data


Cross-lingual linking

Cross-lingual Mapping

Multilingualism and ontology models

Ontology Localization

algorithms

Multilingual Labelling

approach

A. Gómez-Pérez. The Role of Ontologies in Machine – Machine Communication SLATE-2015 18th June 2015 *Picture attribution: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Gugerell

“Red”

Etimologiy Del latin “rete”

Gender: “f”

Definition.: “Conjunto de

ordenadores o de equipos

informáticos conectados entre

sí….”

“Red”

Sinonyms: “sistema”, “malla”,” distribución”

“Red”

Norm: UNE 21302-131

English: network

German: Netzwerk

“Red”

Pronunciation: [red]

Grammar category: sustantivo femenino

Singular: “red”

Plural: “redes”

“Red_de_computadores”

Category: redes informáticas

Image

The need: interconnected multilingual data

“Red”

(computer

network) Complementary

resources but not

connected


LD allows linguistic data integration

Red

Phonetic form

Form

number singular

[RED]

Form

plural

[REDES]

Phonetic form

number

Red

Sense

written form

“red”

Sense

written form

“malla”

equivalent

Red

image

Red

Sense Sense

translation

es - en

written form

“red” “network”

written form

Red

written form

Form

gender

femenine

“red”


Linguistic Linked Licensed Data

3LD Linguistic Linked Licensed Data

Language resources

such as:

- Lexica

- Corpora

- Dictionaries ..

NIF

NLP Interchange Format

Using RDF and standard data

models (vocabularies):

- Lexica

- Corpora

ODRL Open Digital Rights Language

Published along with

a machine-readable license


Linguistic Linked Data Cloud

Linguistic Linked Data Cloud

Subset of LOD

Linguistic domain

Many type of resources

Interconnected with other LR

Enables the lexicalization of data on the web, not

necessarily data in the LD format

Enables a new generation of LD-aware NLP and MT

Services


Lexicalizing ontologies and data

LLD

How many Linguistic Resources are exposed in RDF?


Methods and Tools


Linked Data life cycle

Specification

Modelling

Generation Publication

Exploitation

Linking

49


Metadata and data Integration

Metadata Generation Data Generation

Data Integration

Users

Metadata Integration

Public Resources Private Resources

Geo Web 2.0 Library Diverse formats

Sensor LDP Morph shp2RDF

Geometry2RDF Marimba SPARQL-Stream Sem4Tags LDP4j


Linked Data Applications

51 Ontology Engineering Group

Culture (@BNE) Geograhical (@IGN) Metereological (@AEMET)

News and Media (@ Prisa, RTVE) Internet of Things ( @ CRTM, Bike sharing system)

Smart Cities and Open Data (@ Zaragoza, Gob Aragón, Jacathon, Catalogues)

Host of esDBpedia

http://aemet.linkeddata.es/

http://webenemasuno.linkeddata.es/

http://datos.bne.es/

http://www.zaragoza.es/docs-api/

http://transporte.linkeddata.es/

http://rtve.linkeddata.es/

http://map4rdf.linkeddata.es/latest/


http://es.dbpedia.org/


Uses


Uses of Linked Data

1. Programmers built

applications using

make queries in

SPARQL and get RDF

Culture

(@BNE)

Geograhical

(@IGN)

Metereological

(@AEMET)

Smart Cities 2. Citizens/Users access

LD through a user

interface (they do not

see RDF)

3. Machine – Machine

data exchange and

semantic

interoperability in RDF





The new Linked Data Ecosystem

Culture

(@BNE)

Geograhical

(@IGN)

Metereological

(@AEMET)

Smart Cities





Computers understand each other and do business

Ontologies


Thanks for your attention !

56

The role of ontologies in machine-machine communication

Education

Transcript of The role of ontologies in machine-machine communication