The role of knowledge intensive agriculture in sustainable …€¦ · The resource crunch...
Transcript of The role of knowledge intensive agriculture in sustainable …€¦ · The resource crunch...
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The role of knowledge intensive agriculture in sustainable development
Donal Murphy-Bokern
Thoughts on the application of science and technolo gy in the 21st century
Syngenta ‘Science Matters’ Conference 9 September 2008
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UK government definition of Sustainable Development
the world as a whole
in the UK and
A better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come. It requires 4 objectives to be met at the same time
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What are the 4 Objectives?
• Social progress which recognises the needs of every one
• Effective protection of the environment
• Prudent use of natural resources
• Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic g rowth
At the same time
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How did Sustainable Development thinking emerge?
A little history…..
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19th Century policy – unrestrained growth and…
Economic
Profit
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social reform in the early 20th century
William Beveridge 1879 - 1963
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led to widespread material prosperity
Economic
Social
Social justice
“Most of our people have never had it so good”
Harold Macmillan in 1957
Source: BBC
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A platform for addressing global issues with…
The UN was founded following World War II in
1945
Source: United Nations Photo
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recognition of environmental effects
1962Rachel Carson
published‘Silent Spring’
"Now, I truly believe, that we in this generation, must come to terms withnature, and I think we're challenged as mankind has never been challenged
before to prove our maturity and our mastery, not of nature, but of ourselves."
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and international campaigns
The first Earth Day, 20 million Americans took to the streets to demonstrate for a healthy, sustainable environment.
Source: Treehugger.com
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led to a global demand for environmental justice
EconomicEnvironmental
Social Environmental
Justice
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Population growth and..
"...if humanity fails to act, nature may end the population explosion for us - in very unpleasant ways...."Paul Ehrlich, 1968 ‘The Population Bomb’
(Source :The World at six billion, UN)
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recognition of the finiteness of mineral resources
1973: The year the lights went out
Source: BBC
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and food in 2008, also refered to as…
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The resource crunch
“….there are important insecurities, often all too visible. And I believe that the resource crunch we now face is thefulcrum on which this all turns“.
David Miliband MP, as Foreign Secretary
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The third political objective: eco-efficiency
EconomicEnvironmental
Social
Eco-efficiency
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Development that meets the needs of the present wit hout compromising the ability of future generations to m eet
their own needs (UN Bruntland Report in 1988).
EconomicEnvironmental
Social
Eco-efficiency
Environmental Justice
Socio-economic justice
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Two key characteristics of sustainable development: a (closed) systems approach and…
Source. CSIRO
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UK CO2 annualproduction
2006 2025 2050
The wedges solution – illustrativeThe solution is not this or that – it is this and th at
100 % 100 %
0 %
40 %
RenewablesEnergy efficiency
NuclearCCS
Transport
Decentralised energy and micro generationCHPFurther developments
Source: Sir David King
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Sustainable development and food
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Evolution of food choice and demand
Source: Zwanenberg, Robobank
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Projected trends in per capita consumption of meat products to 2050, kg/person/yr
Source: World agriculture: towards 2030/2050 Interim report Global Perspective Studies Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, June 2006. Presented by Tara Garnet
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Projected trends in per capita consumption of milk products to 2050, kg/person/yr
Source: World agriculture: towards 2030/2050 Interim report Global Perspective Studies Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, June 2006. Presented by Tara Garnet
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Meat and dairy demand in 2000 and 2050
Source: Tara Garnet
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Managing Food Production Systems for ResilienceRosamond L. Naylor
Direct and indirect grain consumption
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All point towards a doubling in the
demand for food by 2050
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Stock-to-use ratios for corn, wheat and soybeans
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World cereals production: growth rates in successive 10-, 20-, 30- and 40-year periods
Source: FAO (2006). World agriculture: towards 2030/2050
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Commodity prices (US $/tonne) and oil (USD/barrel)January 2000 – January 2008
Source: FAO and IMF, 2008
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Is economic growth driving inflation?
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Commodity world-price indices
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Demand for arable land to 2020 – one analysis
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Fishery resources: fished out
Picture source: Greenpeace
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World fish capture and aquaculture production
Source: FAO 2006. State of world fisheries
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Source: FAO 2006. State of world fisheries
Trends in world aquaculture production
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Source: FAO 2006. State of world fisheries
Global trends in the state of marine stocks since 1974
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Source: FAO 2006. State of world fisheries
Ultilisation of world fisheries production 1964-2004
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“So here we have absolute clarity of purpose. Novel agricultural products and practices must be all about ensuring that wastage of water, essential nutrients and energy is kept to a minimum when we set the context as a necessity to elevate per hectare output and not increase the environmental footprint of agriculture. This is the truly ‘green’ agenda for global food production that all can embrace….”
Prof. Ian Crute
A quarter of a century after the introduction of mi lk quotas in Europe, we at last have clarity of purpos e –
“a renaissance”
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A second green revolution will be aboutovercoming constraints
It will be an ever-green revolution
Water availability GHG mitigation
Climate change
Resources, e.g. P
Biodiversity Water quality
DeforestationSoil degradation
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Constraint 1 – Climate change
“Climate change is probably the greatest long-term challenge facing the human race.”
Tony Blair – Climate Change: The UK Programme 2006 (Defra)
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Tem
pera
ture
cha
nge
ºC
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.51850 1900 1950 2000
observedmodel simulation
+
+
Recent warming can be simulated when man-made factors are included
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Global warming – the dangerous sting is in the risk tail
Source: Hadley Centre, cited by Sir David King
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Models suggest Models suggest that climate that climate
change effects change effects on crop yieldon crop yieldare positive are positive
or neutral at high or neutral at high latitudes, latitudes,
but negative but negative at low latitudesat low latitudes
Climate change and crop production
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Map derived from the percentage of models (out of a total of 23) that predict that annual rainfall will increase by 2100 (for a warming of around 3.5°C above pre-industrial). Blue shading indica tes that most models (>75%) show an increase in annual rainfall, while red shading indicates that most models show a decrease in rainfall. Lightly shaded areas are where models show inconsistent results. Thefigure shows only the direction of change and gives no information about its scale. In general, there is agreement between most of themodels that high latitudes will see increases in rainfall, while much of the subtropics will see reductions in rainfall. Changes in rainfall in the tropics are still uncertain. Source: Climate Directorate of the National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading
Consistency of future rainfall estimates
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Adaptation planning is a natural part of farmers business and cropping plans
Provide farmers information at right scale and in right form and they will adapt as they always have
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Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Constraint 2Mitigating global anthropogenic GHG emissions
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Distribution of primary energy use in bread wheat and potato production
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Non-O Org Non-O Org
Prim
ary
Ene
rgy,
GJ/
t
Fert prodnPest manuCrop store & procMachinery manu.Field diesel
Bread Wheat Potatoes60 kg crude oil
Source: Cranfield University. Williams, Audsley and Saunders,
2006. Defra project IS0205
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Distribution of GWP for three crops
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Non-Org
Org Non-Org
Org Non-Org
Org
N2OCH4CO2
Bread WheatMaincrop Potatoes
1st Early Potatoes
Source: Cranfield University. Williams, Audsley and Saunders,
2006. Defra project IS0205
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Main burdens in animal production (National Scale)
1 tonne of carcase meat, milk dry matter, 20,000 eg gs
BeefSheep Meat
Pig Meat
Poultry Meat
Eggs Milk
Primary Enery, GJ 28 23 17 12 14 25GWP100, t CO2 equiv. 16 17 6 5 6 11
EP, kg PO4 equiv. 160 200 100 49 77 64AP, kg SO2 equiv. 470 380 390 170 310 160
ARU, kg antimony equiv. 36 27 35 30 38 28Land use (grade 3a), ha 2.3 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.2Crude Oil, kg 650 540 390 280 330 590
Source: Cranfield University. Williams, Audsley and Saunders,
2006. Defra project IS0205
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Food has a carbon-nitrogen footprint
“… a carbon footprint inadequately describes agriculture; it has a carbon-nitrogen footprint …..The majority of environmental burdens arising from the production of agricultural food commodities arise either directly or indirectly from the nitrogen cycle and its modification…..”
(Adrian Williams, Eric Audsley and Daniel Sandars of CranfieldUniversity – Executive summary of the Defra Project Report IS0205)
Improving the nitrogen economy lies at the centre of agricultural mitigation
Wet & dryDeposition
380
Fertiliser1100
OrganicResidues
788
Nox493
Denitrification250
Food901
Cropuptake
Nitrate NO 3
Leaching
Eutropication
Ammonium NH 4
Timber30
N2O83
NH3277
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Recent increases in anthropogenic N fixation in relatio n to “natural” N fixation. Modified from Vitousek, P. M. and P. A. Matson (1993). Agriculture, the global nitrogen cycle, and trace gas flux. The Biogeochemistry of Glob al Change: Radiative Trace Gases. R. S. Oremland. New Yo rk, Chapman and Hall: 193-208.
Mankind has doubled nitrogen fixation – mostly since 1945
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Source: Lalo de Almaida for the New York Times
Nitrogen contained in internationally traded crops
Soy in Mato Grosso, BrazilStarting its journey to Europe
2004 data in thousands of tons of N; minimum requir ement for drawing a line is 20,000 tons N. The total amount of nitrog en transferred in the
trade of crop commodities was 11.5 million tonnes in 2004. (From Braun, 2007).
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Fate of nitrogen entering thepigmeat production chain
Source: Galloway et al. cited by Braun (2007).
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Nitrogen deposition
1890 1993
Source: Galloway and Cowling, 2002
mg/m2/year
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Source: The Defra and SEERAD sponsored Green Grain Project
Increasing the nitrogen use efficiency of cerealand oilseed based food chains
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Reconnecting plant and livestock productionClosing the nitrogen cycle
Harvesting and milling rye for feeding pigs in Krog e-Ehrendorf, Germany
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Constraint 3 Avoiding deforestation
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Annual net change in forest area 2000-2007
Source: FAO 2006, State of the world‘s forests
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Source: Mongabay.com
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Soy expansion in the Amazon in 2000-2005
Source: Mongabay.com
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Source: Mongabay.com
Use of land in the Amazon deforested in 2000-2005
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Source: Mongabay.com
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Source: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),
Changes in Brazilian beef production and consumption between 1997 - 2004
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Source: Paula Fridman/Carbis, Business Week May 22, 2008
Credit Aliança da Terra
Commodity markets driving agriculture north
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The Brazilian Amazon in 2030, showing drought-damaged, lo gged, and cleared forests. This map assumes that defores tation rates of 1997-2003 continue into the future, and that the climati c conditions of the last 10 years are repeated into the fut ure. From Soares-Filho et al. 2006, Nepstad et al. 2004, 2007, Nepstad and Stic kler in press, Merry et al. in review. (See Supplemen tal Online Material for descriptionof methods at http://whrc.org/Brazilcarbonsupplement
Projected deforestation to 2030
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Rational economic behaviouris driving deforestation
Source: WWF
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Net present value of sustainably managed forest0 – 350 USD/ha
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Net present value of cattle pasture0 – 1150 USD/ha
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Net present value of land for soy0 – 12,000 USD/ha
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http://whrc.org/BaliReports/assets/WHRC_Amazon_REDD.pdf
Opportunity cost of carbon through land management0 – 100 USD/t
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Reducing deforestation –four market based approaches
Reduced emissions fromdeforestation and degradation
REDD
Sustainable forest management
Farm produce certification
Increasethe value of
forest
Reduce thevalue of
agricultural land at the forest
frontier
Increase crop performance in established areas
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Farm produce certification
Preferential access to premium European marketsUK retailers could pioneer new market relationships
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Constraint 4 Resources, e.g. phosphorus
Peak P: no substitute?Like oil and other natural resources, the rate of production of economically available phosphate reserves will eventually peak, followed by a steep decline and subsequent increasing gap between demand and supply. An analysis based on industry data shows the global peak P is expected to occur around 2040. While oil can besubstituted with other sources when its reserves peak (like wind, biomass or thermal energy), phosphorus has no substitute in food production and as an element cannot be manufactured or synthesized (Dana Cordell)
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Contact us:[email protected]
TOTAL LIVESTOCK BIO-MASS ON AGRICULTURAL LAND
Legend
Source : LEAD FAOYear :2002Map prepared by LEAD - FAO
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Contact us:[email protected]
Legend
Source : LEAD FAOYear :2002Map prepared by LEAD - FAO
PHOSPHATE BALANCE ON AGRICULTURAL LAND
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Brassica with high PUEP-responsiveHigh internal P-use efficiencyLarger shootsLonger roots Greater root FWNo difference in root DW
Brassica with low PUENon P-responsiveLow internal P-use efficiencySmaller shootsShorter roots Less root FWNo difference in root DW
Breeding crops to perform with less phosphorus
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Constraint 4 Resources, e.g. example fish
Recovery of wildfish stocks
Reduced industrialfishing
Increased plant basedaquaculture
Reduced demandfor wild fish
Source: CSIRO
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Bio
dive
rsity
Bio
dive
rsity
10,000BC10,000BC 1900 AD1900 AD TodayToday
Natural and semiNatural and semi --natural populationsnatural populations
““ UnplannedUnplanned ”” populations (weeds etcpopulations (weeds etc )
““ PlannedPlanned ”” populations (crops etc)populations (crops etc)
Constraint 5 – leaving space and light for biodivers ity
Changes in biodiversity attributable toChanges in biodiversity attributable tothe development of agriculturethe development of agriculture
Redrawn by Chris Pollock from Edwards & Hilbeck, 20 01
SmallSmall --scale scale Mixed farmingMixed farming
LargeLarge --scalescaleSpecialist farmingSpecialist farming
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Strategic science based approaches to farmland habitat management
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Fostering and harnessing biodiversity in crop protection
Insects attacking plants cause release of signals e.g. cis -jasmone, which switch on plant defence secondary metabolism in neighbouring plants
Attract parasitoids
Repel pests
In the field, a treatment of cis -jasmone on wheat, applied in May, gives a 50% redu ction of aphid populations in June (e.g. Pickett and Popp y, Trends in Plant Science 2001)
O
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Constraint 5 - Air quality - ozone
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Constraint 6 – Abiotic stress
Source: ICARDA, CGIAR
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An agricultural science based response needs:
Systems thinking
Multiply approaches – this and that
A focus on what really matters
Research
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“A focus on what matters may be a significant step forward for the UK food related impacts on the environment. This means avoiding being side-tracked by past and present emblematic issues and conflicts such as those around ‘organic’ food and farming, ‘food miles’, GMOs, large versus small scale farming, ‘industrial’ farming, ‘factory farming’ ‘chemical farming’ etc. What really matters is fostering sustainable consumption patterns, increasing the resource use efficiency of food production, increasing the efficiency of nutrient use in agricultural systems, improving farmland as a habitat, and reducing deforestation and other forms of land use change to agriculture”.
(Donal Murphy-Bokern)
What really matters
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The CGIAR and the green revolution that it created have arguably been themost successful investments in development ever made. Countries that wereinvolved with this revolution have crop values per acre roughly six timesthose who did not
Falcon and Naylor, 2005. Rethinking food security for t he 21st centuryAmerican Journal of Agricultural Economics
Research
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US investment in aid
Falcon and Naylor, 2005. Rethinking food security for t he 21st centuryAmerican Journal of Agricultural Economics
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The knowledge and technologies required are by-and -large public goods
and
They will be deployed to deliver and protect public goods
•Improved germplasm
•Novel selective crop protection technologies
•Water management
•Decision support systems
•Roadmaps to development and
•Toolkits to prioritise the management of land
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Even with the best will in the world, the private s ector cannot deliver this alone. A lot has changed since the first green revolution started but some things remain the same – public investment is needed to deliver the technologies fo r sustainabledevelopment in the way needed.
We new ways of working together – international publ ic organisations generating public domain science and technology, and the private sector translating it into goods an d services of local relevance.
A ‘Marshall Plan’ for world public agricultural research
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Thoughts on the application of science and technology t o meet future challenges
murphy-bokern.com
Acknowledgements
WWF UK for supporting some of the assessments repor ted hereDr John Hammond, HRI WarwickProf. Johnathan Napier, Rothamsted ResearchDr Tony Hooper, Rothamsted ResearchDipl. Volksw. Anatoli Pauls, Nova Institut, Hürth, G ermany