The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Land Management for Carbon Sequestration and Ecological Services...

8/13/2019 The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Land Management for Carbon Sequestration and Ecological Services in Sout

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Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org

ISSN 2222-17 !"aper# ISSN 2222-2$%% !&nline#

'ol.() No.17) 21*

7+

The role of Indigenous Knowledge in Land Management for

Carbon Sequestration and Ecological Services in Southern

Ethiopia

,bebe Siferaw*) /ans /urni2) 0ete elee

*

1.3orresponding autor) formerl4 5esearc and Development &fficer !International 6ivestoc 5esearc Institute#

now an epert in soil ealt and fertilit4 program at Etiopian ,gricultural 8ransformation ,genc4 !,8,# and

".D student !9niversit4 of :ern# E-mail; ,bebe.Siferaw and director of Swiss National 3enter of

3ompetence in 5esearc =N335> Nort-Sout "rogramme) 9niversit4 of :ern) Swit?erland

*.Director of te @ater and 6and 5esource 3entre =@653> -Etiopia and researc proAect leader in N335

Nort-Sout "rogramme !9niversit4 of :ern) Swit?erland#

Acnowledgement

The authors are grateful to the U.S. National Science Foundation [NSF] for funding this study under grantnumber GEO!"#$%&' through (nternational ST)T Secretariat as #!+! Grants for GE, esearch in )frica.

-e are grateful to ere/e 0amo1 former Soil ,onser2ation esearch 3rogramme staff1 for his assistance in field

data collection.

Abstract8e significance of Indigenous Bnowledge =IB> s4stems in management of sustainable ecos4stems as long

been recogni?ed. 8is stud4 reflects te role of IB in sustaining ecos4stem services and contributing to carbon

seCuestration among te @ola4ta people in Damot-Sore District) Soutern Etiopia.

8e stud4 applied an etno-ecological approac using e4 informants) group discussions) village-dialogues and

validation metods. Epert rating of land management practices and comparison of land suitabilit4

classifications s4stems was also used. ,ltoug past development as overlooed IB) tis stud4 reflects tesignificance and wealt of IB as eibited in te diversit4 of practices) terminolog4) and land suitabilit4

classification s4stem. ,mong te nine land management practices observed) indigenous agro-forestr4 as teigest potential in contributing to carbon seCuestration) mitigating climate cange and sustaining soil ecos4stem

services. 3roplands ave te most diverse and widel4 used indigenous land management practices compared

wit forests and grass lands. 8e stud4 recommends furter Cuantitative valuation and integration of appropriate

practices in development intervention.

Ke! words" Ecological services) Etiopia) Indigenous Bnowledge) 6and management) Soil carbon.

#$ Introduction1.1 General o2er2ie4

8e importance of Indigenous Bnowledge =IB> in sustainable ecos4stem management as been well-recogni?ed

and it is now gaining increasing attention !@arren and 5aAasearan 1++*; $ Bolawole 21; ( Samal et al121; 1(#. 8e gap between scientific and indigenous nowledge is declining as scientists and indigenous

people are collaborating in man4 parts of te world!5eiAntAes 2(; (1#.8oda4) farmers nowledge wic was

considered in te past as irrelevant) is now considered as relevant and sopisticated insigt !3ambers) 1+$*; %-$Bolawole) 21; (#. It is) owever) good to note tat IB is not in itself capable of addressing all of te issues in

sustainable ecos4stem management !8ripati and :attar4a) 2(; *#. In an agro-ecos4stem) farmersF indigenouspractices can lead to bot to a sustainable and unsustainable management !:ellon 1++%; 2G* Dion) 22; G)

Belbessa) 2%; 17#.Neverteless) te importance of integrating IB into contemporar4 ecos4stem management

is taen as a step to overcome problems of global concern lie climate cange and unsustainable ecos4stem

services !5ist and Dadou-0uebas 2G; (G7#.

8e term indigenous nowledge as various meanings !Hood and ,griculture &rgani?ation =H,&>) 2%; 7

:oillat) 2$; $2-$*#. 8ere is) owever) general agreement tat te terms lie indigenous or local nowledge)traditional !communit4# nowledge) indigenous traditional nowledge) traditional ecological

!environmental# nowledge =8EB> and rural peoples nowledge are all used for nowledge belonging to

local people !8ripati and :attar4a) 2(; * 9NE") 2$; 22#. 8EB came into wide use in te 1+$s !Inglis)

1++*; 1#. 8e term indigenous nowledge !IB# is used to distinguis nowledge developed b4 a given

communit4 over several generations as opposed to te scientific nowledge !/erweg) 22; G7+ Bolawole)21; ( ,Aibade 2*; ++-1 8ripati and :attar4a) 2(; *#. IB is an institutionali?ed nowledge tat passes


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from one generation to anoter and develops witin a certain culture or etnic group and strives to meetsubsistence goals in a particular ecological setting !,Aibade) 2*; ++#. IB is uniCue nowledge developed over

time and continues to develop b4 people in a given communit4 or geograpic area !Samal et al. 21; 1(

International Institute for 5ural 5econstruction =II55> 1++G; 2 H,& 2%; 7-$ Kitiu et.al1 2G; 1$1#.,

comparative review of bot IB and scientific nowledge is available in Inglis !1++*; 2-G#. In tis paper) te termindigenous nowledge and local nowledge are used s4non4mousl4.

IB pla4s an important role in sustainable management of ecos4stems and can also ave a role in addressingproblems of global concern !8ripati and :attar4a) 2(; 2#. Indigenous people ave etensive nowledge in

managing landscapes !Katiui and Bariui) 27; %*G# wit teir own land management eperimentation

maing tem more innovative !5eiAntAes 2(; (2#. 8ese local innovations mae indigenous practices

contribute to sustainable management of ecos4stem and carbon seCuestration. 6al !2(; +-11# describes carbon

seCuestration as tecnological option to mitigate climate cange. 8e role of land management and carbon

seCuestration as been well reviewed b4 H,& !21#. 8eterm seCuestration is eCuivalent to te term storage!H,&) 21; *# and carbon seCuestration is te accumulation of carbon !organic matter# in sins lie soil and

vegetation from te atmospere troug using sustainable land management practices.

De 0root) et al.!22; *+(# describe ecos4stem services as capacit4 of te environment to provide goods and

services to satisf4 uman needs. Hroma functional point of view tere are four t4pes of services; productive)

supportive) regulative and recreational. 3arbon seCuestration is part of te bio-geo-cemical c4cle) wic can beconsidered as regulative function of ecos4stem services !De 0root) et al.) 22; *+7#. Stud4ing te role ofindigenous nowledge in land management contributes to better understanding on ow to sustain ecos4stem

services) adapt to climate cange and paves wa4 to integrate indigenous practices into development initiatives.

Stud4ing te role of IB enables te use of transferable indigenous nowledge =8IB>) wic as te potential to

be applied to oter sites also !Inglis) 1++*; *% Saw and Sarma) 27; * Srivastava) S.) 2+; (1#. It also

paves te wa4 for te protection of indigenous nowledge and teir environment !Davis and @ali) 1++(#.

,ltoug a vast eritage of indigenous nowledge eists on ecos4stems) it is not well documented to be

available in literature !@arren) 1++2; $#. 8ere is a need to document indigenous nowledge !Bolawole) 21; (#.

In Etiopia) tere are over $ etnic groups !3osoleto) 21; *# living under varied climatic conditions wit

diverse ecos4stems and ric bio-diversit4 !"lant 0enetic 5esources 3enter ="053>) 1++%; %-G#. @it suc

diverse agro-ecolog4) ric bio-diversit4 and eistence of multi-etnic groups) eac etnic group ma4 ave a

uniCue wa4 of managing its ecos4stem. 8is stud4 4potesi?es tatindigenous nowledge in land management

as a vital role in sustaining ecos4stem services and in contributing to carbon seCuestration among te @ola4taetnic group in Soutern Etiopia. IB migt ave contributed a lot to te maintenance of te present-da4

ecological bio-diversit4 against te past natural and social problems in Etiopia. In spite of government and

partners effort on soil conservation since te mid-1+7s !Environmental "rotection ,utorit4 of Etiopia

=E",E>) 1+$+#) little is nown on te role of IB) especiall4 in sustaining ecos4stem services and seCuestering

carbon to mitigate climate cange. Koreover) ecept for /urni !1+$(# and Bruger et al. !1++G#) tere ave not

been muc efforts to understand te wealt of IB focusing on land management and review past etno-ecolog4

in Etiopia. 8e aim of tis stud4 is to reflect te importance of IB from ecos4stem services and soil carbon

seCuestration perspective in Soutern Etiopia. In Soutern Etiopia) te @ola4ta one is an appropriate site for

stud4ing IB owning to its varied agro-ecolog4 and eistence of ric bio-diversit4 and different agro-ecologies

leading to te eistence of diverse land management practices. 8e stud4 site) Damote-Sore) is situated in an

enset-farming environment were livestoc and crop production are integral part of te farming s4stem !Headu)

2+#) and were ensetis used as a staple crop along wit root crops and cereals ave minor importance.

8is paper adds value to etno-ecolog4 researc in Etiopia in four wa4s. Hirst) it gives an overview of pastetno-ecolog4 researc in Etiopia. Second) it sows te wealt of IB in te stud4 area. 8ird) it reflects te role

of IB in tecnolog4 adoption) sustaining of ecos4stem services wit a focus on carbon seCuestration and climate

cange adaptation. Hourt) it sows w4 IB as not pla4ed its epected role as a result of canging socio-

economic conditions were land degradation is prevalent.

1.2 Ethnoecology re2ie4 in Ethio5ia

"ast researc on indigenous nowledge as paid little attention to ,frica !Belbessa) 2% 17#. 8ere is poor

record) lac of appreciation of IB and less attention was given to indigenous land management b4 eperts)

researcers and polic4 maers in Etiopia !5eiA) 1++1;12) Kitiu et al) 2G 2G#. /owever) most farmers in

Etiopia are aware of soil related problems and ave attitude to conserve land at farm level. ,ltoug less

attention was given to IB) it as remained an important) 4et unnoticed wealt of nowledge for sustainable

management of ecos4stem.

In Etiopia) an earl4 stud4 on IB was carried out in 1+$* b4 /urni !1+$(# and a more detailed stud4 was

continued b4 ,lema4eu in 1++2) Bruger et al. in 1++G and 0ebere Kicael in 1++G as cited in Soil3onservation 5esearc "rogramme =S35"> !2#. 8e earl4 studies b4 0ebere Kicael !1++$# and ,lema4eu


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!1++2# focused on indigenous soil and water conservation. 8e role of IB in pastoral areas for climate cangeadaption was described in 0ebre Kicael and Bifle !2+#. &ter studies sowed te role of IB in improving

soil fertilit4) increasing crop 4ield and reducing erosion !Elias 1++7 /aileslassie et al.) 2G ,mede et al.) 21)

5eiA) 1++1) N4ssen) et al.) 2) "ound and Jonfa) 2%) /erweg) 22) ,ssefa) 27) Erossa and ,4ele) 2*#.

8e role of IB in overcoming labor sortage is described in /erweg !22 G$1-G$2# and Kinistr4 of ,gricultureand 5ural Development =Ko,5D> !2122#. , description of indigenous water arvesting) agro-forestr4 and

soil and water conservation in Etiopia was undertaen b4 Ko,5D !21# and 6iniger et al.!211# wile te,frican /igland Initiative =,/I> !1++7; *(-*%# describes indigenous practices of burning eaps of soil mied

wit manure guie in te Etiopian iglands.

8e role of IB in wetland management as been documented in relation wit combating desertification !Dion)

22#. Kost studies in te past ave not eamined te geograpic variation of IB practices) ecept for ,ssefa

!27 2$# wic focused on terracing. Studies b4 ,bera and :elacew !211# and 8egene !1++2# indicate IB

eistence toug it focused on farmers perception. "ound and Jonfa !2% 11-1%# eamined indigenous soilclassification wile Kitiu et al.!2G 17# indicates te eistence of numerous traditional plowing s4stems in

Etiopia. 3ompared wit available documents on etno-arcaeological !@eedman) 2G 1$7# etno-veterinar4

!Kesfin and &bsa) 1++( (17#) etno- botan4 and etno-medicine studies !,ddis et al) 2% $%#) studies on

etno-ecolog4 are scarce. 8e above review sows tat te e4 gap in past etno-ecolog4 researc is te absence

of IB promotion for better use in development) protection and conservation of indigenous materials and practices."ast researc provides ample evidence on te role IB in contributing to livelioods) increasing productivit4 !crop)soil and water#) reduction of environmental degradation !loss of nutrients) bio-diversit4) and soils#. /owever)

researc evidence on te role of indigenous nowledge s4stems in sustaining ecos4stem services) contributing to

carbon seCuestration and climate cange adaptation is still missing.

%$ Methodolog! and stud! area2.1 The study area

8e stud4 area) Damot-Sore) is one of te 1* districts in @ola4ta one !3entral Statistics ,utorit4 =3S,>)

2+ 2(-2G#. It is situated in te Soutern Nation Nationalities and "eoples 5egion =SNN"5> in Etiopia at GL

+1 +2.+ and 7L1+ 21.G Nort latitude and *7

L(* 7*.+ and *7

L$( 77.2 East longitude !Higure 1#. It is

located Soutwest of ,ddis ,beba at **G m on te wa4 to /ossaina main road. 8e district as a total of .11

million people !%M are women# and te inabitants are identified as @ola4ta !it means mied people# etnic

group. 8e district capital) 0ununo) is located ** m awa4 from Sodo 8own $ 8e altitude of te district variesfrom 1+ to 21 meters above sea level =m a.s.l.> wit average annual temperature of 22.%

L3 and te rainfall is

12% mm4r. ,gro-ecologicall4) te district as 7(M 4eyna dega!warm to cool semi-umid&' 1%M dega!cool to

cold umid& and 11 M 6olla!semi-arid#. ,griculture is te main economic activit4 altoug tere are pett4 trades

as subsidiar4 activit4.

2.2 0ethodology8is stud4 uses an etno-ecological approac as described in 5ist and Dadou-0uebas !2G; (7%# to eamine

te role of indigenous land management practices. 0eneral metods used for tis stud4 are stated in @aler and

Sincair !1++$; *GG-*$#) @arren and 5aAasearan !1++*; $-1#) ,Aibade !2*; 1-12# O II55 !1++G; 2-*#.

/owever) specific metods applied involves te use of ( e4 informants identified b4 elders) administrators and

agriculture office staff in a sample of si Bebele ,ssociations =B,>. Informants consist of 1%M women and age

class mi of 2%M 4oung !2-* 4ears#) 2%M mid-aged !*-% 4ears# and %M old aged !%-+ 4ears#. Be4

informants were identified based on residence istor4) ownersip of diverse of land management practices)

agricultural nowledge and social acceptance. Information from e4 informants enabled describing landmanagement practices and tabulating terminologies used for tree maAor 6and 9se 84pes =698> !forest lands)

croplands and grasslands# as categori?ed b4 !@orld &verview of 3onservation ,pproaces and 8ecnologies

=@&3,8>) 2$; $#. 8e procedures of data collection using e4 informants are similar as described in Josi et

al. !2(; (#. 8e selected B,s are :olola 3awuSore) Sore Kasedo) Doge Kasido) Sore @amura) Dage,n

3oco) SoreBelena. , village dialogue approac was used to etract indigenous nowledge from foltales as

described in ,Aibade !2*; 12#. Successive group interviews) discussions and validation sessions were eld in

all si B,s wit an average attendance of twelve communit4 members involving elders) men) women and 4out

at eac site. 8e roles of identified nine indigenous land management practices were rated b4 eperts at tree

scales !ver4 ig) medium and low# as indicated in 6iniger and 3ritcle4 !27#. 5atings of soil-based

ecological functions were based on a framewor described b4 De 0root et al. !22; *+(#. Epert rating was

followed b4 communit4 validation. &pen-ended Cuestions were used during group discussions to compare

indigenous and conventional land suitabilit4 classifications !9nited States Department of ,griculture =9SD,>

and H,& metods# based on classification structure) features of land categor4 units description and indicators.


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($ )esults and *iscussions*.1 (ndigenous land management in amoteSore istrict

Eamining te terminolog4 in indigenous land management also reflects te wealt of peoples perception andunderstanding !8able 1#. Indigenous terminolog4 reflects te t4pe of land use) te state of land degradation) as

well as mis-managed land. In tis paper) land used for mied agricultural land use) suc as indigenous agro-forestr4) was considered as cropland use. Indigenous agro-forestr4 is called as Dgarso :ita) Espe0osa )

@ala 0osa or Daren3a.

8e inventor4 of indigenous land management practices in Damote-Sore district !8able 2# reflects te diversit4

of land management practices in te area. 8e indigenous terms used for a fertile and an infertile soil agrees wit

previous description of "ound and Jonfa !2%; 1%#.

*.2 (ndigenous land suitability classification6and evaluation is te assessment of land performance or potential for a particular purpose to assist land use

management !SoAa44a) 2%; %) H,&9nited Nations for Environmental "rogram =9NE">) 1+++; (G#. "eople

recogni?e different t4pes of natural resources as part of teir ecos4stem and indigenous classifications reflect

indigenous perceptions on land potential use and variabilit4 !/erweg 22; G7+#. In @ola4ta) "ound and Jonfa

!2%; 1-1$# documented indigenous soil classification and land use patterns at omestead levels. In tis stud4)indigenous and modern land use classifications were compared based on classification structures !class and subclass#) features of land-use class and t4pe of indicators. "eople use indigenous land suitabilit4 indicators for

allocation of land for various purposes. Indicators for indigenous land use classification include; steepness of

land !slope#) color !fertilit4#) relative location of land to residential are) and location.

,ccording to indigenous land sustainabilit4 classifications) croplandsare allocated close to residential areas) on

level land usuall4 wit dar colored soils !ig fertilit4#. 0rasslands are allocated at distant from residential

areas) on level land wit less dar or brown color !less fertile# and on communal lands. 0rasslands are allocated

close to residential areas in less productive !marginal# lands and usuall4 on te edges of croplands. Horest

lands are allocated along te edge of roads) on steep slopes furter awa4 from residential areas and in areas wit

flood problems.

3omparing wit te H,& framewor of land evaluation !land suitabilit4 classification# and 9SD, land

capabilit4 classification) te indigenous metod as classes corresponding wit te maAor order and sub-order or

maAor class and sub-class. In te stud4 area) croplands are sub-classified in to tree fertilit4 categories as igl4fertile ,rada) medium fertile 0udwa and infertile 6eda. 0rasslands are sub-classified in to tree pasture

Cualit4 categories as ver4 good pasture Boru@a) medium Cualit4 pasture ,ca and poor Cualit4 pasture

:odla or :edla. Horest lands are sub-classified into tree forest densit4 categories as dense forest @ora)

medium dense forest Dursa and less dense forest "olwa.

9nlie te scientific classification) indigenous classification sows cange in indicators depending on prevailing

socio-economic conditions. Be4 factors inibiting te use of indigenous classification over te past decades are

increase in population densit4 and land scarcit4. /alf a centur4 ago) wen population densit4 was lower)

grasslands were located far from residential areas. 8oda4) owever) te communal grasslands are being

converted to eiter forest lands or croplands. 6ocal peoples insigts) perceptions) and management strategies

can offer guidance for realistic land management) as indicated b4 SoAa44a !2%; 1$#) owever) current land use

management does not consider te eistence of indigenous land-use classification.

*.* (ndigenous cro5land management in amoteSore

'.'.+ (ndigenous cro5 residue and manure management3rop residues are deliberatel4 left b4 farmers on cropland to increase soil fertilit4. Harmers sa4 te residues

decompose as termites use tem) and tis eeps te soil moist and covers it from direct sunligt) raindrops and

wind. 3rop residue is used in te area b4 different parts of te communit4 !from ric to poor farmer#. ,s cited b4

"ound and Jonfa !2%; 17#) Elias !1++7# found tat % M of te farmers use crop residues in @ola4ta. 3rop

residues from enset) root crops !potato) sweet potato# are often left at bac4ards) wile crop residues from

cereals !mai?e) weat) teff#) pulses !aricot bean# and leftovers from cas crops are left to improve soil ealt at

distant fields. 8raditionall4) people do not allow livestoc to gra?e on cropland after arvest) to avoid soil

compaction and ensure crop residue incorporation into te soil. In a previous stud4 in te area) te gra?ing

practice was described as in-situ gra?ing !"ound and Jonfa) 2%; 1+#. 8oda4) due to livestoc pressure) scarcit4

of land and forage) livestoc are allowed to gra?e on cropland after arvest to feed on left over crop residues.

8e use of mulc BaKiPoga or :ita KaiPo0a involves te use of leftovers from crop residues !leftover

from animal feeds and crop residue#. ,s cited b4 "ound and Jonfa !2%; 17#) Elias !1++7# found tat *G M of

te farmers in @ola4ta use mulc. 8e cover from mulc ensures moisture conservation and its decompositioncontributes to soil fertilit4. Harmers clearl4 indicate te role of mulc in terms of turning soil color to darer


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color) increasing soil moisture and contributing to crop drougt tolerance. 8e degree of mulc use is iger infields close to omestead and tose furtermost. Kulcing is still a widel4 used practice in Damote-Sore)

altoug in recent 4ears te demand for fuel) ouse construction and animal feed as affected its use. In a

previous stud4 in @ola4ta) "ound and Jonfa !2%; 17# documented te use of earl4 maturing crops !crop

selection# b4 farmers in response to drougt and decline in soil fertilit4 in te area.8e use of animal dung) as and ouseold tras on croplands is a common practice to improve soil fertilit4. In a

previous stud4) composting was described as modern practice !"ound and Jonfa) 2%; 1+#. In te stud4 area)manuring is well practiced wit ig concentration of manure at te bac4ards and tat agrees wit previous

description of manuring practice around te omesteads !/erweg) 22; G$#. ,s cited b4 "ound and Jonfa

!2%; 17#) Elias !1++7# found tat $7 M of te farmers in @ola4ta use manure. ,ddtion of soil organic

ammedment ! manure# leads to carbon seCuestration of .1 to .G tons of 3a4r !3an) et al) 2112#.

&n croplands) te role of inputs to soil !manure) mulc and crop residue# is reflected as an increase in productive

soil ecological function leading to suppl4 of nutrients and availabilit4 of air and water associated wit anincrease in soil organic matter !carbon#. H,& !21 2(-2%# describe role of te above practice in improving soil

and seCuestering carbon. Estimate of carbon seCuestration potential of various crop lands under different

management varies from .1 to .$ tons of 3a4r !6iniger et al.) 211; 1(2# and from .2 to .7G 3a4r !6al)

2(; 1(#$3an et al. !2+; G# reviewed croplands carbon seCuestration rates from .1 to .G tons of 3a4r

wit organic amendment !animal manure# . 8e soil ecological supportive and productive functions improvedtroug nutrient c4cling and increased crop 4ield) respectivel4. 8e soil ecological regulative functions are inreducing flooding and water stress. 8e overall role of tese indigenous practices is reflected in reduced effect of

drougt) increased soil moisture and improved soil nutrients.

'.'.# (ndigenous ,ro55ing 3ractices

Enset !Ensete 2entricosum# seedling propagation is an indigenous practice. Enset is endemic to Etiopia and

occurs trougout te countr4 bot as wild and cultivated crop at altitudes ranging between 1) and to *)

meters !"053) 1++% 1G#. It is an important staple food for @ola4ta people and preferred b4 most for being

drougt tolerant and a source of food and feed !Headu) 2+#. 8e indigenous practice of seedling propagation

!budding# from te moter plant involves cutting into pieces and bur4ing te cuttings !covered wit dung#. ,

buried cut !often done in Januar4# at a place can produce 2-( seedlings in 2 monts.

Kultiple or inter-croppingis an indigenous practice on croplands. Harmers in Damote-Sore traditionall4 allocate

a piece of land for multiple cropping in a season. Kultiple cropping occurs wit no or minimum competition for

ligt) water and nutrient. Kultiple cropping enables farmers to get a arvest at different times of a 4ear and tominimi?e ecological ris from insect pest) disease or drougt. Intercropping) locall4 described as Du:er Be@o

is anoter age-old practice. "ound and Jonfa !2%; 22# ave described it as rotation wit legume. It as

importance in terms of soil fertilit4 improvement) increasing 4ield and ensuring income in time of disaster. 8e

practice is widel4 used and practiced b4 growing of mai?e wit potato or cabbage) beans !aricot bean or pea#

wit cereals !mai?e#.Harmers also undertae crop rotation)because te4 see a difference between crops in terms of improving soil

fertilit4. Hor eample) te role of aricot beans in improving soil fertilit4 is well understood b4 $M farmers in

te area. , plot covered b4 mai?e in one seasons is to be covered b4 potato at anoter season. In crop rotation)

potato can be followed b4 teffor /aricot bean. Suc cropping practice as been indicated b4 /erweg !22; G$#

as local nowledge based on soil-plant-fauna relationsips involving selection of crops for sustainable soil use.

Improved crop rotation on crop land leads to carbon seCuestration of .1 to .* tons of 3a4r !3an) et al)

2112#.

8e role of indigenous cropping practices increases te productive ecological functions) as it leads to bettersuppl4 of food and fiber. 8e ecological supportive functions are in improving nutrient c4cling from various

combinations of plants in time and space. 8e ecological regulative functions are in reducing te effects of

drougt) seCuestering carbon and reducing water stress. 8e practices contribute to overall ecos4stem

management and climate cange adaptations.

'.'.' (ndigenous agroforestry and culti2ation methods

Indigenous agro-forestr4 practices at omesteads are described as @ola4 0osa !see 8able 1#. 6and olding

for agro forestr4 at omesteads usuall4 varies from .%-.2% a wit various crops !cereals) pulses) spices and

fruits# and different combinations of trees species. Harmers describe te importance of indigenous trees as a

source of food) moisture) animal feed and sade. It is widel4 practiced in te stud4 area owever) wealt status

of te farmer seems to ave an effect on agro-forestr4 practices in terms of te land olding) densit4 and

diversit4 of trees and crops.

Indigenous agro-forestr4 as a role in increasing productive ecological functions as it diversifies food suppl4

trougout te 4ear. It reduces te effects of drougt and famine) and it pla4s a significant role in climate cangemitigation and adaptation. 8e supportive functions of te practice include improving nutrient and water c4cling


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from a combination of crops and trees of different la4ers. 8e regulative functions are in reducing floodproblems) regulating microclimate) seCuestering carbon !above and below te ground#) and in reducing

evaporation !water stress. Hor wide ranges of indigenous agroforestr4 practices te estimate of carbon

seCuestration potential varies from .* to G.% tonnes 3a4r !6iniger) et al.) 211; 12G#) wile estimates b4 6al

!2(; 1*# are lower wit values ranging from .$ to 1. tonnes 3a4r. 8e role of indigenous agro-forestr4etends to contributing to strong cultural values troug growing of culturall4 preferred crops) increasing

omesteads aestetic value toug improvement of landscape beaut4.8ere are also oter indigenous cultivation metods were farmers plow along te contour) construct ditces to

divert ecess water) and arvest water. 8ere are two indigenous tillage eCuipment used b4 @ola4ta people. 8e

first is a smaller oe called 8iiPa !Higure 2picture a#. It is smaller in si?e wit two sarp pointers used for

weeding of sallow rooted plants and to wor on ligt soil. 8e second is a bigger oe called ,46iPa or

@ola4ta /oe !Higure 2 picture b#. It is used to till virgin land) wor on deep-rooted plants and eav4 soil. 8e

oes are used to till ill4 areas were oen cannot be used. ,s described b4 Bolawole !21; (# indigenoustecnical nowledge =I8B> as inerent features of construction material as described b4 local people. In te past)

te tillage eCuipment used to be made from wood and rope but in recent 4ears) it is made from wood and metal.

*.( (ndigenous grass and forest land management

Indigenous practices on grasslands in te stud4 area include enclosure) grassland burning) rotational-gra?ing and

grass land enricment. 5egeneration of degraded grassland is often done troug enclosure at ouseold level.Horage is more valued b4 farmers tan te grassland. Harmers describe te improvement of grass growt)reduction of soil erosion and improvement in soil fertilit4 wit grassland enclosure. 8is is widel4 practiced in

private grasslands and at omesteads. Indigenous practice of cut and carr4 s4stem Borawo is used wit

enclosures. 8e indigenous practices contribute to te carbon reserve on grassland as reviewed in H,& !21; 7#.

Estimates of te carbon seCuestration potential of enclosure areas wit various vegetation var4 from .1 to *.

tons of 3a4r !6iniger et al.)211;1(2# and for grass lands from .2 to 1.* tons of 3a4r !6al) 2(;1(# and

wit improved management from .1 to .% tons of 3a4r. !6al) 2(;1(#. 3an et al. !2+; G# reviewed

pasture lands carbon seCuestration rate to be from .1 to .7 tons of 3a4r according to various management

practices.

,noter indigenous practice is grassland burning) locall4 called as 8ara0a 8aKa PoDeSoNa or Ka8a :i 8a

8u0i Po 0a. 8e burning is undertaen in te dr4 season. @all and Banawa !21; *G# ave described

importance of indigenous burning te communit4 also points at te benefits of burning in promoting fast growt)

and improving grassland ecolog4. "otential carbon seCuestration of grass lands wit fire management variesfrom .%-1.( 3a4r !6al) 2(;1(#) but te overall potential of various grasslands under different management

varies from .1 to .* tons of 3a4r !6iniger et al.) 211; 1%G) 6al) 2(;1*#

5otational gra?ing !controlled gra?ing# is also practiced instead of free gra?ing to overcome te problem of

overgra?ing and increase pastureland productivit4. Kost farmers !7M# do not associate te benefit of tis

practice wit land. Scarcit4 of pastureland as restricted te use of tis practice. In a few localities including

omesteads) ?ero gra?ing and cut and carr4 s4stems are used toda4.

3ommunal grasslands are enriced troug grass multiplication. 8e most common metod of grass

multiplication is to let te grass grow to clima) so tat te seeds are dispersed on te land. 0rass is mowed after

ensuring seed scattering. Srubs are cleared and uprooted from grasslands) for eas4 movement of animals. 8ere

is also a deliberate removal of unpalatable species and damaged grass on grassland. 8e communit4 as

indigenous b4-laws to reduce mismanagement owever) due to a lac of law enforcement) te grasslands are

mismanaged and overgra?ed.

8e potential of forest ecos4stems and teir role in carbon seCuestration is well documented !H,&) 21; G#.8raditionall4) people tae care of trees on teir land and at farm boundaries. 8ere are communal b4 laws for

forest land. "eople value and tae care of forest products rater tan te of forest soils. &n forest lands) tere are

two metods of forest arvesting metods complete clearance and selective clearance. 8e arvesting

practices mae use of indigenous indicators for cutting matured trees. /arvesting time is determined as most

trees reac teir clima) wic is determined using indigenous indicators; tree eigt) leave and stem color) stem

widt and brancing. Hull4 grown trees in clima vegetation usuall4 cange color of leaves and stem as e4 local

indicators.

8ere is an indigenous metod of burning tree stems cuttings!stump# also called as 8e5e0a. Stumps are burnt

sligtl4 in a controlled wa4 so tat tree stems can grow fast. 8is metod is often used toda4 wit eotic trees

lie eucaly5tus. :urning stumps) on te one and) promotes te emergence of buds) and it fastens tree growt.

&n te oter and) it clears weed from te woodlot and contributes as to te soil. :urning sortens te

coppicing c4cle. :urning of stumps can lead to accelerated rainfall erosion) if undertaen in ill4 area. 8is

metod is associated wit coppicing as a traditional metod of woodland management.8ere are indigenous metods of growing tree seedlings !from seeds) buds and from seedling#. H,& !2%; +#


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describes common nowledge as eld b4 all people) sared nowledge b4 man4 and speciali?ed nowledge b4few people. Some of te tecniCues of growing seedlings are based on speciali?ed nowledge and are nown b4

few people in te area. 3ollecting 4oung seedlings in undergrowt and transplanting is one metod. ,noter

metod is collecting tree seeds and buds and bur4 !b4 covering wit dung#. ,pproimatel4 a tree bud buried at a

place can produce 2-( seedlings in 2 monts. 8is is often done at te beginning of te rain4 season.'.7 ole of indigenous land management 5ractices

8ere are indigenous land management practices) wic lead to an improvement of soil-based ecologicalfunctions and to seCuestration of carbon. 8ere is diversit4 among te nine indigenous land management

practices and spatial variabilit4 of eac practice among farmers in te area !8able 2#. 8us) te role of eac

practice to seCuester carbon !Cuantit4 and t4pe of carbon#) contribute to climate cange adaptation and sustain

soil-based ecos4stem services varies. In spite of te variation in te role of te practices) eperts ratings were

followed b4 communit4 validation. Epert rating involved raning te role of eac practice based on tree

impact scales rated as ver4 ig) medium and low !8able *#. Indigenous tecnologies are developed b4 te localcommunit4 to solve a particular problem !,Aibade 2*; 1#. 8e indigenous practices address one or more

problems envisaged in te communit4. &n te basis of inventor4 of nine maAor practices) tis stud4 sows tat

indigenous agro forestr4 is te best to address multiple problems envisaged b4 te communit4. It as te igest

potential in seCuestering carbon !bot above and below ground# per unit of land) to improve soil ecological

functions) and to contribute to climate cange mitigation and adaptation.'." (ndigenous 6no4ledge system transferIndeed) man4 indigenous conservation practices are lined wit ancient peoples perspectives and practices and

teir relationsip wit te ecos4stem !Katiui and Bariui) 27; %*G#. IB is embedded in communit4 practices)

institutions) relationsips and rituals !H,& 2%; 7#) wic reflect peoples relation wit te ecos4stem. @ola4ta

people ave lived in close to teir natural resources. 8e @ola4ta values and perspectives are also reflected in

indigenous proverbs !8able (#) wic depicts tat people are part of te ecos4stem) and tese restrict peoples

rigt to over-eploit natural resources. 8e @ola4ta perspective of a Qnature-uman relationsip is also

reflected on nature regeneration capacit4 and mans responsibilit4 to maintain armon4 wit nature. "eople in

te stud4 area believe tat nature can restore itself and 0od locall4 called as 8oso enables natural resources re-

generation. 8e @ola4ta ecos4stem value contributes to co-eistence and sustainabilit4 of ecos4stem. Elders

describe degradation of ecos4stems !soil) vegetation) water# as a wrong practice and @ola4ta cultural

ceremonies are muc lied wit maintaining a well-managed ecos4stem. 8e sociali?ation of people in meeting

places called 0utara reflects te lin between well-managed ecos4stems and culture. 0utara as dense greentree sades wit good pasture as undergrowt) wic is also used during funeral ceremon4 and orse galloping.

IB is transferred from one generation to anoter troug indigenous communication cannels !Dion) 22; G#.

IB tends to be communicated troug dail4 routine activities) stor4telling) village meetings) drama and in man4

oter wa4s. IB information can also be etracted from traditional foltales as described in ,Aibade !2*; 12#

from one generation to anoter in te form of stories) tales or proverbs. ,frican indigenous traditions contain

s4mbolic and etical messages and are passed on to ensure respect and compassion for parts of ecos4stem

!Belbessa) 2%; 17#) as stated in selected proverbs /a4ise in @ola4ta !8able (#.

In Sout @estern Etiopia) Dion !22; (2# found ancestral nowledge as important source of information. In

Damote-Sore District) indigenous practices are valued as ancestral nowledge and are also used b4 te present

generation. 8ere are IB practices wic ave strong similarit4 wit some selected introduced practices.

Eamining te relationsip between IB and introduced practices sows tat IB as contributed to te

introduction and later adoption of introduced practices lie enclosure) cut and carr4) intercropping) and

afforestation. 8e contribution lies on te association between introduced practices wit prior nowledge offarmers practices. 8oda4) farmers mae use of indigenous nowledge s4stems along wit introduced land

management practices. 8is also sows te role of IB in current natural resource management) 4et te effort to

integrate wit current development is not in place. Indigenous land management nowledge is overlooed) as

tere is neiter effort to sow its weaness nor its strengt b4 relating it wit modern land management practices.

8e use of indigenous nowledge is) owever) restricted b4 socio-economic factors !land scarcit4) ig

population pressure resulting in epansion of crop land#. 8is restriction sows te less contribution of IB in

present da4 ecos4stem management) compared wit te epected role. Some of te abandoned indigenous land

management practices in te area in recent da4s include; grassland burning) fallowing and reduction in amount

of crop residue left on croplands.

+$ Conclusions and )ecommendationsIndigenous nowledge s4stems ave contributed to te maintenance of te present da4) diverse and ric bio-

diversit4 among te @ola4ta etnic groups under different agro-ecos4stems against te istorical social andnatural problems in te area. 8is as been reflected in @ola4ta values and perspectives for te ecos4stem and in


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te indigenous proverbs.Etno-ecolog4 researc in Etiopia as sown te importance of IB since te 1+$s owever) efforts to

integrate tem wit development ave lagged beind. "ast researc sows te role of IB in reducing erosion)

increasing soil fertilit4 and crop 4ield to te etent of contributing to peoples livelioods. "ast studies owever)

do not sow spatial variation of practices and te role of IB in sustaining ecos4stem services and contributing tocarbon seCuestration. It is recommended tat studies be conducted on te spatial variation of indigenous

practices) teir transfer) promotion and integration of IB s4stems for better economic use at a larger scale.:ased on similarit4 and association between some introduced and indigenous practices) tis stud4 reflects te

role of IB in ecos4stem management and its contribution to adoption of introduced tecnologies. 8e wealt of

indigenous practices in land management in Damote-Sore is reflected in te diversit4 of practices) terminolog4

used and indigenous land-use classification s4stem applied. 8e reduced role of IB s4stem in enancing soil

based ecos4stem services is associated wit te prevailing socio-economic factors)wic inder te use of tis

nowledge.3roplands ave more diverse and widel4 used indigenous practices tan forest lands and grasslands. 8e

inventor4 and rating of nine maAor land management practices sows tat indigenous agro-forestr4 as te best

rating) as it provides multiple benefits in sustaining ecos4stem services wile seCuestering carbon in above and

below ground and contributing to climate cange mitigation and adaptation. 8e stud4 recommends tat furter

Cuantitative validation of indigenous practices in terms of carbon seCuestration and ecos4stem valuation be donein te stud4 area.

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Kanagement; State of te practice.The Electronic 8ournal of (nformation Systems in e2elo5ing ,ountries117

!*#) pp 1-1*. ,vailable at R ttp;www.eAisdc.orgoAs2inde.ppeAisdcarticleviewHile1%1%

9NE" !2$# Indigenous Bnowledge in Disaster Kanagement in ,frica) Nairobi) Ben4a) 9nited Nations

Environmental "rogram =9NE">)1$ pp. ,vailable at Rwww.unep.orgIB"DHIndigenous:oolet.pdfB

@all) 5. B) and Banawa H) 6 !21# 8e 5ole of Indigenous :urning in 6and Kanagement) 8ournal of

Forestry1 'ol. ++) No 11) pp. *G-(1. ,vailable at Rttp;www.ingentaconnect.comcontentsafAof21++11art$


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'ol.() No.17) 21*

$+

@aler) D. /. Sincair) H.6.)!1++$# ,cCuiring Cualitative nowledge about comple agro ecos4stems) part 2;Hormal representation.)gricultural Systems) %G !*# *G%-*$G.D&I; 1.11GS*$-%21V !+7#(+-$

@arren) D. K. !1++2# Indigenous nowledge) biodiversit4 conservation and development. Be4note address at

te International 3onference on 3onservation of :iodiversit4 in ,frica; 6ocal Initiatives and Institutional 5oles)* ,ugust-* September 1++2) Nairobi) Ben4a) ,vailable at Rttp;www.ciesin.orgdocs(-17*(-17*.tml

@arren) D. K.) and 5aAasearan) : !1++*# "utting 6ocal Bnowledge to 0ood 9se) International ,griculturalDevelopment) pp. $-1) 'ol. 1* !(#. ,vailable at Rttp;dlc.dlib.indiana.eduarcive2$$

@eedman) B.J !2G# ,n Etno arcaeological stud4 of /afting and Stone 8oll Diversit4 among te 0amo of

Etiopia)8ournal of )rchaeological 0ethod and Theory1 'ol. 1*) No * pp. 1$$-2*7.D&I; 1.17s1$1G-G-

+1-(

@&3,8 !2$# @orld &verview of 3onservation ,pproaces and 8ecnologies =@&3,8> -3ategori?ation

S4stem) ,vailable at R ttps;www.wocat.netfileadminuserTuploaddocumentsX8TandTX,8ecXuestE.pdf

Higure -1-6ocation of Damote-Sore District !@ola4ta one#) Soutern Etiopia

8iiPa !a# ,46iPa !b#

Higure -2-Indigenious tillage eCuipment in Damote-Sore District !@ola4ta#


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'ol.() No.17) 21*

+

8able -1- Indigenous terminolog4 in land management in Damote-Sore !@ola4ta#

6,ND

9SE

6and use t4pe Kismanaged @ell-managed

Horest

land

Kita :ita!0ade#) @ora) @ora

:ita refers to land allocated for

trees

6eda :ita Infertile land

Kita Ben8iceS or @oraBta Y

forest clearancedeforestaion

Ka lele Ban8 Poga Y forest clearance

,rada-:ita Y

fertile land

0rass

land

Kata 0adi4Q or

Kata :ita !0ade# or DenbaY

refers to land were grass grow and

animals gra?e

Borawo :ita Infertile land

:odla :ita or Bo8eda Kata :ita

overgra?ed land or mismanaged pasture

:ulaPis Y overgra?ing

@udro /amiPoga Y using grass land

be4ond its carr4ing capacit4

Bor@aY good

pasture land

3rop

land

0osa :ita !0ade# or Bata

0adi4) Y refers to land allocated for

annual crops

6eda :ita Y Infertile land)

9nproductive land

6adSiS or ,tiSis Y infertile soil

Ba8a @ose or 6o4it ,4ibena Ypoorl4 managed crops

/arum 8ibenagaYpoorl4 weeded crop

land

Z&st:ena Bata or Z6o i ,e 8i:ena Y

mismanaged cropland infertile

,rada-:ita Y

fertile land

Source"group discussion and e4 informants

8able -2- Indigenous land management practices in Damote-Sore

No @ola4ta !local# name ,maric

name3onnotation

Englis name 6and 9se

1 &sa 0ade Bisde Po0ePo0a :is:as Kecemer Kanuring 3rop land2 Du:er Be@o ,bro Ke?erat Intercropping 3ropland

* BaKiPoga or :ita

KaiPo0a

Keret

KesefeneKalbese

Kulcing 3ropland

( Dgarso :ita) Espe0osa )

@ala 0osaor Daren3a

8imir Ersa ,groforestr4 3ropland

wit trees

% 8e5e0a. 0uto Kaatel :urning of tree stem

cuttings

Horest land

G Sufe !:urce# :itata Kata

0arsaHe BetiPo0a

Encet Be Sar Boreta Enricment !removal of

unpalatable species#

0rassland

7 DirSa Ka8erKeBelel Enclosure 0rassland

$ Borawo ,cido Kemegeb 3ut and 3arr4 0rassland

+ 8ara0a 8aKa PoDeSoNa orKa8a :i 8a 8u0i Po 0a. KaBa8el :urning 0rassland

Source;communit4 discussion and e4 informants


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'ol.() No.17) 21*

+1

No

8able -*- Epert rating of indigenous land management practices

@ola4ta !local# name ,maric name Englis name

3arbon

SeCuestration

Impact

Soil-based

3limate3ange

t 3a4r

Impact

# &sa 0ade Bisde

Po0ePo0a

:is:as Kecemer Kanuring .2-

.7[

.1-.$\

.1-.GQ

]]] ]]] ]

% Du:er Be@o ,bro Ke?erat Intercropping .2-

.7[

.1-.$\

.1-.*Q

] ]] ]]]

( BaKiPoga or :ita

KaiPo0a

Keret

KesefeneKalbese

Kulcing .2-

.7[

.1-.$\

] ]] ]]]

+ 8e5e0a. 0uto Kaatel :urning tree stem

cuttings

N, ] ] ]]

, Sufe !:urce# :itata Kata0arsaHe BetiPo0a

Encet Be SarBoreta

Enricment!removal of

unpalatable

species#

.1-.%[.1-.*

\

] ]] ]

- Dgarso :ita)

Espe0osa) @ala

0osaor Daren3a

8imir Ersa ,groforestr4 .$-1.[

.*- *.G\

]]] ]]] ]]]

. DirSa Ka8er KeBelel Enclosure .1-*\

.2-

1.*[

]] ]] ]

/ Borawo ,cido Kemegeb 3ut and 3arr4 .1-*\

.1-.%[

] ]] ]

0 8ara0a 8aKa PoDeSoNa

or Ka8a :i 8a 8u0i Po

0a.

Sar KaBa8el 0rass land

:urning

.%-1.([

.1-.*\

] ]] ]

Source" Epert rating and communit4 validation\ 6iniger) et al. !211# is based on epert estimates for

various activities. [6al !2(#Q3an) et al) 21

Impact rating" ]]] Y ver4 ig ]] Y medium ] Y low) and N,. Y not available


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'ol.() No.17) 21*

+2

Table 1+ 2 Selected proverbs on role of indigenous land management in *amote1Sore *istrict$

-olaytigna )marigna English translation and connotation

,4eHud 0edis ,id

0edena

Kasan masfat Sa4/one

:ica) Kasan menBebaeb

Kertin Pasadigal

It is not land epansion alone tat increases 4ield)

but also taing care of te land.!Impl4ing te role

of using intensive management) e.g. mulc)

manure) etc. to increase productivit4 of land#

^:itaw 8aleDaPe) 0aKa

Ke8et EreNa

6e Keret Pa:eDere

@ePniK Pese8e) @aNa

@un ,4belam

@oever loans or provides to a land) never gets

banrupt. !Impl4ing te role of leaving crop

residue) adding materials to te soil in return of te

final benefit in terms of 4ieldarvest.#

KiaPaPi EsESan

,eBe,0ed) :i8aKo0adi4o PoSaDa /emi

^Be:e8e :e,nde :ota

,fe5i Pigital) Seleierer ,derge ,ged

If 4ou let cattle gra?e at a spot) te4 gra?e bare

land) so 4ou let tem gra?e in a controlled wa4.!Impl4ing te danger of overgra?ing and

importance of controlled gra?ing.#

San8an San8ed 6ooKan

0aBoSe

6ooKan 6oomed :adla

0aBose

:e0oKen 8edegefen

,denguare Indersalen)

,denguare 8edegefen

:oolo Endersalen

:ecause of aving cabbage) we reac for /aricot

:eans. :ecause of aving aricot bean we reac

for Kai?e. !5eflecting te role of cropping

practice) e.g. inter croppingcrop rotation as

peoples liveliood strateg4.#

^,tena Bat Ka8a) ,areNa

NaEi 8a6e/e

Pa6e8eBo8eBo8e Sebel

,rem New)

a6e8eBoNe8e8e 6iJi

Se8aN New

If a crop is not cultivated) it is a weed. 6iewise) if

a cild is not disciplined) it is lie Satan. !Impl4ing

te importance of weeding or cultivation in land

stewardsip.#

:ete ,sa :e?u PemPiBo4i Sew &ne wo does not inabit long in an area. !:eing a

term used b4 farmers) for tose wo lac bac4ard

tree sade) reflecting te importance of indigenous

agro-forestr4.#

Source" 3ommunit4 discussion


15/15

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