The Role of Food in the Functional Gastrointestinal...
Transcript of The Role of Food in the Functional Gastrointestinal...
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The Role of Food in the Functional
Gastrointestinal
Disorders
H. Vahedi , MD . Gastroentrologist
Associate professor of medicine
DDRI
92.4.27
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Disorder Sub-category
A. Oesophageal disorders A1. Functional heartburn
A2. Functional chest pain of presumed
oesophageal origin
A3. Functional dysphagia
A4. Globus
B. Gastroduodenal disorders B1. Functional dyspepsia
B1a. Postprandial distress syndrome
B1b. Epigastric pain syndrome
B2. Belching disorders
B2a. Aerophagia
B2b. Unspecified excessive belching
B3. Nausea and vomiting disorders
B3a. Chronic idiopathic nausea
B3b. Functional vomiting
B3c. Cyclical vomiting syndrome
B4. Rumination syndrome in adults
C. Bowel disorders C1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
C2. Functional abdominal bloating
C3. Functional constipation
C4. Functional diarrhoea
C5. Unspecified functional bowel disorder
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Disorder Sub-category
A. Oesophageal disorders A1. Functional heartburn
A2. Functional chest pain of presumed
oesophageal origin
A3. Functional dysphagia
A4. Globus
B. Gastroduodenal disorders B1. Functional dyspepsia
B1a. Postprandial distress syndrome
B1b. Epigastric pain syndrome
B2. Belching disorders
B2a. Aerophagia
B2b. Unspecified excessive belching
B3. Nausea and vomiting disorders
B3a. Chronic idiopathic nausea
B3b. Functional vomiting
B3c. Cyclical vomiting syndrome
B4. Rumination syndrome in adults
C. Bowel disorders C1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
C2. Functional abdominal bloating
C3. Functional constipation
C4. Functional diarrhoea
C5. Unspecified functional bowel disorder
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Pathogenesis of FGIDs:
-incompletely understood
-visceral hypersensitivity
-genetic factors
-low grade inflammation
-intestinal dysbiosis
-and brain–gut axis dysfunction
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-Food is associated with symptom onset or exacerbation
in a significant proportion of FGID patients
-In management of FGID patients, diet has largely
played an adjunctive rather than a primary role
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-Food plays a critical role in determination of the host microbiome
-Food has an even greater role in shaping the gut microbiome than genetics
-Alterations in gut immune function can be identified in a subset of IBS sufferers
-Increased numbers of mast cells, lymphocytes, and or eosinophils have been identified in some IBS patients
The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 108 | MAY 2013; 694-697
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• Any abnormal reaction resulting from the ingestion of a
food is considered an adverse food reaction
• Such reactions may be the result of:
-food allergies
-or food sensitivities
-or intolerances
The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 108 | MAY 2013; 728-736
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FOOD SENSITIVITY
• Some patients with IBS report worsening of symptoms
after eating some food
• Studies focused on IgG antibodies have shown that
eliminating specific foods in patients who have elevated
IgG titers associated with those food antigens may reduce
IBS symptoms
• Investigations have centered on food specific antibodies,
carbohydrate malabsorption, and gluten sensitivity
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FOOD ALLERGIES
• Food allergies are arise from specific immune responses occurring reproducibly on exposure to a specific food
• The primary dietary sources of proteins are muscle, milk, egg and plant proteins
• Muscle proteins originate from meat products, including red meat, fish, and poultry
• Milk proteins are represented by two major groups: caseins and whey proteins
• Egg proteins are morphologically divided into proteins of egg white (albumen) and yolk
• Plant proteins include cereal, and legume proteins
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• The term “ allergy ” includes clinical conditions
associated with altered immunologic reactivity that
may be IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated
• These reactions are involved in the pathogenesis of
many cases of:
-asthma
-rhinitis
-urticaria
-atopic dermatitis
-and GI adverse food reaction
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• There are additional immunologic, non-IgE-induced
mechanisms, including:
-eosinophilic GI disorders (EOE, eosinophilic
enteritis, eosinophilic colitis, and eosinophilic
gastroenteritis)
-food protein enteropathy
-enterocolitis and proctitis
-and celiac disease
-which are also considered to be food allergies
The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 108 | MAY 2013;728-736
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NON-CELIAC GLUTEN SENSITIVITY
• Gluten is a; water-soluble proteins from wheat, rye, and
barley
• “ Gluten-related disorders ” is a term used to describe all
conditions related to gluten, including:
-celiac disease
-dermatitis herpetiformis
-gluten ataxia
-and nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS)
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The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 104 JUNE 2009
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• NCGS can be characterized by GI symptoms, such as:
-diarrhea
-abdominal discomfort, or pain
- and bloating and flatulence,
-or EIM, such as:
=headache
=lethargy
=hyperactivity disorder
=ataxia
=or recurrent oral ulceration
=which improve or disappear after
gluten withdrawal in patients in whom celiac disease and wheat
allergy have been ruled out
The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 108 | MAY 2013; 728-736
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Is it IBS, celiac disease, or something in between?
• NCGS; a collection of medical conditions in which gluten leads to an
adverse food reaction
• NCGS; clinically indistinguishable from celiac disease, and testing is
negative or inconclusive
(One study suggests that increased AGA-ab IgG are often found in
patients with NCGS)
• NCGS may be one of the underlying mechanisms for symptom
generation in IBS
• NCGS; some authors may, belong to the spectrum of celiac disease
The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 108 | MAY 2013; 728-736
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• Another proposed mechanism is the
“ leaky gut ” hypothesis
• Other mechanisms have been proposed for
NCGS, although there is scant scientific
literature supporting the:
-hypotheses of gluten toxicity
-immune complex-mediated mechanisms
-and autoimmunity
The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 108 | MAY 2013; 728-736
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Fiber in FGID:
• Fibers are partial or total fermentation in the distal small
bowel and colon leading to the production of SCFAs and
gas, thereby affecting gastrointestinal function and
sensation
Types of Fiber
• The fermentability and solubility of different "fiber" types
relates closely to their chemical composition (e.g.,
presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, gums, resistant
starch, lignins, pectins)
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):718-727
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FODMAPs
Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, and Monosaccharides And
in patients with IBS or IBD )FODMAPs( olyolsP
enter the distal small bowel and colon where they
are fermented, leading to:
-symptoms
-and increased intestinal permeability
-and possibly inflammation
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BEHAVIOR OF DIETARY LIPIDS IN THE GI LUMEN
Lipids are a group of chemical compounds that
include:
-TGs; the most abundant lipids in the body
-mono and di-glycerides, and fatty acids
-cholesterol
-phospholipids
-and sterols
The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 108 | MAY 2013; 737-747
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SCFAs ( < 8 carbon atoms) are
generated by colonic bacteria in the
process of fermentation of unabsorbed
carbohydrates
These are an important source of energy
for:
-colonocytes
-colonic microbiota
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Intraduodenal infusion of a long-chain TG emulsion
(Intralipid ® ) induces markedly greater symptoms,
including:
-fullness
-nausea
-and bloating; in patients with FD than healthy
-slow transit of intestinal gas
-and due to an inhibition of small bowel motor activity
-and also exacerbates symptoms induced by gastric
distension
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IBS-C patients predominantly experienced
rectal distension as pain
IBS-D patients predominantly experienced
rectal urgency
Lipids exacerbate rectal hypersensitivity in
IBS patients
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CCK potently enhances:
-colonic motility
-and gastrocolonic reflex
Data suggest that CCK antagonism increases intestinal capacitance and reverts lipid-induced hypersensitivity
Role of CCK 1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of FGIDs
The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 108 | MAY 2013; 737-747
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Self-Reported Food-Related Gastrointestinal
Symptoms in IBS Are Common and Associated With More Severe Symptoms and
Reduced Quality of Life
The aims of this study were to determine which food groups and specific food items IBS patients report causing GI symptoms
The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY VOLUME 108 | MAY 2013; 634-641
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METHODS:
We included 197 IBS patients (mean age 35
years; 142 female) who completed a food
questionnaire in which they specified
symptoms from 56 different food items or food
groups relevant to food intolerance / allergy
The patients also completed questionnaires to
assess depression and general anxiety, IBS
symptoms, somatic symptoms, and quality of
life (IBS Quality of Life Questionnaire)
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RESULTS:
In all, 84 % of the studied population reported symptoms related to at least one of the food items surveyed
Symptoms related to intake of food items with incompletely absorbed carbohydrates were noted in 138 (70 % ) patients; the most common were:
-dairy products (49 % )
-beans / lentils (36 % )
-apple (28 % )
-flour (24 % )
-and plum (23 % )
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-GI symptoms were also frequently reported after intake of fried and fatty foods (52 % )
-Hot and spicy foods may also trigger symptoms in IBS
-A lot of these spices contain capsaicin, an alkaloid responsible for the hot taste of peppers
-More than 40 % of the patients in this study experienced GI symptoms after intake of capsaicin-containing food items
-Capsaicin has been found to provoke visceral pain and hypersensitivity in functional GI disorders
-It may be advisable to inform IBS patients about the potentially
negative properties of capsaicin
-Women tended to report more food items causing symptoms than men ( P = 0.06)