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![Page 1: The role of early life experiences in determining adolescent outcome: Findings from the ERA Study Dr Jana Kreppner Developmental Brain Behaviour Laboratory,](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d055503460f949d8d3d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The role of early life experiences in determining
adolescent outcome: Findings from the ERA Study
Dr Jana Kreppner
Developmental Brain Behaviour Laboratory, University of Southampton
![Page 2: The role of early life experiences in determining adolescent outcome: Findings from the ERA Study Dr Jana Kreppner Developmental Brain Behaviour Laboratory,](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d055503460f949d8d3d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Large scale profound global early deprivation in Romanian Orphanages pre-1990s
Possibly the most extreme large scale manifestation of early childhood deprivation in recent history
2
Profound global deprivation – severely restricted diet and little of no social or cognitive stimulation
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ERA Study:
• ‘Natural experiment’: Profound deprivation followed by above average rearing in UK families. = opportunity to study effects of radical environmental change on child development.
• Change of environment rapid and easily timed
• Children placed in institutions in early infancy (so little selection on basis of child impairment)
• Children who were in institutions at the time were unlikely a ‘selective’ sample as prior to 1989/90 no children were adopted or return to biological families.
• Longitudinal data allows factors associated with successful adoption to be studied.
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Health and psychological state at time of adoption• Malnutrition
• A range of health problems– Skin lesions and intestinal infections
– Hepatitis B, HIV, heart conditions, lung damage from infection; anaemia; rickets; ear infections; chest infections
• Extreme developmental delay
• Little or no language – even for the older children
• Institutional behaviours – stereotypies, fears and obsessions
• Deficits in social responsiveness
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The ERA study
5
• Scientific / theoretical questions
• Degree of recovery when extremely depriving conditions in early life were followed by generally good conditions in early/middle childhood?
• deficits or impairments: the kind ordinarily associated with stress or adversities or would there be specificities?
• What mechanisms might be involved in any enduring deficits that occurred?
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The ERA study design
• age-stratified random sampling design (range of 0 - 42 months of age for UK entry)
NAge at
adoption (months)
Origin
Assessment (years of age)
4 6 11 15
52 0-6 UK x x x x
21 variable Rom (family) x x x x
46 <6Rom
(institutions)
x x x x
53 6-24 x x x x
45 >24 x x x
Prospective-longitudinal design
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Cognitive Level at Entry to the UK and at 11 years (Institution-reared Romanian adoptees)
40
60
80
100
120
Me
an
an
d c
on
fid
en
ce
inte
rva
l
Denver Quotient at Entry to the UK
WISC IQ at Age 11
n=120
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ERA – heterogeneity in outcomeIQ age 15 years
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Step increase in risk for multiple impairment at age 11:
Kreppner et al. (2007)
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Rates with impairment at age 6
Domain % in Romanian adoptees
% in within-UK adoptees
Fisher exact p
Quasi-autism 12.1 0.0 0.005
Attachment problems 20.7 3.8 0.003
Cognitive Impairment 14.0 2.0 0.018
Inattention/overactivity 25.3 9.6 0.019
Peer difficulties 18.9 9.6 NS
Emotional difficulties 3.7 9.6 NS
Conduct Problems 8.0 9.6 NS
Rutter, Kreppner, O’Connor (2001)
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Summary of key findings across ages:
• Profound effects for most at time of adoption.
• Remarkable degree of recovery by age 6 – additional catch-up across time.
• Deficits and impairment persisted in a substantial minority (considerable heterogeneity)
• Effects of length of institutional deprivation – step wise increase with 6 month threshold effect.
• Impairments took a surprisingly specific form:Quasi-autistic tendenciesDisinhibited attachmentCognitive impairmentInattention/overactivity
Rutter & Sonuga-Barke, 2010
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QA – behavioural description• Abnormal preoccupations and intense
circumscribed interests
• Greater, albeit unusual, social interest and flexibility
– Substantial overlap with disinhibited attachment
• Persistence of pattern and impairment but features diminished in intensity into adolescence
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Disinhibited Attachment
Intrusive social approach and disregard of social boundaries
• Lack of reticence/shyness with strangers• Readily goes off with strangers• Limited differentiation among adults• Lack of checking back with parent
…She tended to be markedly over familiar with adults, tried to join in adult conversations, cuddled up to men without appreciating the inappropriate nature of this action. When younger, she was strikingly overfriendly with strangers, going up to talk with them, and she was quickly ‘all over’ visitors to the family home. When older, that was less marked, but the social inappropriateness of interactions with peers and with adults remained.
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Deprivation specific patterns (DSP)
Question: Are there specific sequelae of profound early institutional deprivation that differ from the effects of other stresses/adversities?
Definition: the concept of DSP is of a pattern that constitutes a distinctive early-appearing response to institutional deprivation that is rarely found in other groups, that is likely to involve an enduring biological effect, and that is not eradicated by post-adoption experiences.
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Rates with DSP patterns across adoptee groups:
Pooled comparison
Institutional deprivation beyond 6 months
QA 0.9% 14.9%
DA 7.0% 39.1%
CI-dsp 0% 23.4%
IO -dsp 0% 16.9%
At least 1 DSP (n=51):
7.8% 45.7%
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DSP
CI (12) IO (6)
None (135)
Missing (10)
DSP (51)
QA OR DA (24)
QA OR DA & IO (4)
CI&IO (3)
QA OR DA & CI & IO (9)
QA OR DA
& CI (14)
Pooled Comparison >6months ID
No DSP 106 (92.2%) 50 (54.3%)
DSP 9 (7.8%) 42 (45.7%)
Total (217)
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Persistence of DSPs to age 15:
With DSPn = 9
At age 11 At age 15
Pooled comparison:
With DSPN = 2
Without DSPN = 7
With DSPN = 42
6-42 months ID:
With DSPN = 34
Without DSPN = 8
78%
22%
19%
81%
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Rate of DSP in the subgroup without sub-nutrition:
1.3
45.5
05
101520253035404550
% w
ith D
SP
pooled comparison
institutional care beyond 6 months
(Rutter, Kumsta, Schlotz & Sonuga-Barke, 2012)
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Why was there such varied response to extended profound early ID?
• Pre-adoption characteristics? Birth weight Physical and developmental indices
at time of adoption
• Post adoption family environment?
• Genetic vulnerabilities?
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Moderating role of Genes on Outcome:Example: DAT1 on ADHD symptoms
Stevens et al., 2009
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
at entry 6 years 11 years
AD
HD
SYM
PTO
MS
BOTH RISKS
DEP RISK
DAT1 RISK
NO RISK
6 YEARS 11 YEARS 15 YEARS
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44 64 1
115
Gross Effects on Brain Development – head circumference
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b = 1.07***
Length of Institutional Deprivation DSP
HC
Indirect effect b = 0.250*b = -0.89*** b = -0.28**
*p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001
But the mediating effect is small – there must be more subtle effects of deprivation on the brain to explain impairment.
b = 1.32***
Length of Institutional Deprivation DSP
Gross Effects on Brain Development – head circumference
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Summary
…returning to the initial questions
• Degree of recovery when extremely depriving conditions in early
life were followed by generally good conditions in early/middle
childhood?
remarkable degree of early recovery (and evidence of
additional late catch up) / effect of length of ID: harmful after-
effects were rare in those adopted before the age of 6 months
• deficits or impairments: the kind ordinarily associated with stress or adversities or would there be specificities?
four patterns that were strongly associated with ID (>6 months) / impairments were unusual and distinctive (especially the social cognitive deficits observed in DA and QA)
• What mechanisms might be involved in any enduring deficits that occurred?
some evidence for moderation by genetic factors / preliminary evidence for lasting alteration to brain structure and function
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Implications• Behavioural presentation of psychological
impairments may be difficult to distinguish from the ordinary varieties of psychopathology in the general population.
• Underlying aetiology may be different in important ways (e.g. in their neurobiology) that have important implications for treatment.
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The ERA Team Age 15:
Celia Beckett
Jenny Castle
Christine Groothues
Amanda Hawkins
Robert Kumsta
Wolff Schlotz
Suzanne Stevens
&
Edmund Sonuga-Barke
Michael Rutter
Funding
Nuffield Foundation
Department of Health
Helmut Horten Foundation
Jacobs Foundation
ESRC
MRC
Acknowledgments
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THANK YOU!