THE ROLE OF E-LIBRARY IN ACHIEVING QUALITY EDUCATION …

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https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2021-04-01-012

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THE ROLE OF E-LIBRARY IN ACHIEVING QUALITY

EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS.

Ige Oluwaferanmi Victor

Department of Computer Science,

Triumphant Institute of Professional Studies (TIPS), Lagos, Nigeria [email protected]

Adebayo Daniel Oluwasegun

Department of Computer Science, ESTAM University, Cotonou, Benin Republic

[email protected]

Azeez Oyeniyi Okuku

Department of Business Administration, ESEP University, Cotonou, Benin Republic

[email protected]

ABSTRACT The sustainable development goals are 17goals set up by the world leaders to be

achieved by 2030to address the world's main development challenges. This paper

examines the roles of e-libraries in achieving the sustainable development goals. E-

libraries as important resources for achieving these goals must provide relevant and

adequate information to the public in an accessible way .This paper discusses the

roles that e-library play towards achieving the sustainable development goals. This

paper also highlighted the calls to actions towards achieving sustainable development

goals and made recommendations. The study recommends that e-libraries should

regularly create awareness by organizing seminars, government should also ensure

that e-libraries and information centres are fully integrated into the scheme of

activities at both the local, state and national level.

Keywords: electronic books, information communication technology, Libraries,

Sustainable development

1.0 Introduction

Library is an institution ever acknowledged by man though with a multi-

responsibility for the good of man. It has been referred to as an arbiter (Patterson,

1970); a reservoir of recorded knowledge (Uhegbu, 2001); a poor man’s

university (Svanberg, 2007); “the heartbeat of a University” (Flugstad and

Farmer, 2010) and an indiscriminate association (ALIA, 2014), to mention but

few attributes of a library. Nwaigwe and Onwuama (2007) defined a library as

collection of books and non-book materials organized and housed in a place for

https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2021-04-01-012

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Ige O. Victor; Adebayo D. Oluwasegun & Azeez O. Okuku

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use, with one or more persons trained to assist in the use of the collection.. The

collections can be of print, audio, and visual materials in numerous formats,

including maps, prints, and documents. According to Benson, Anyanwu, Onuoha,

and Nwauwa (2016), Library and information service is an aspect of social service

rendered to the society at different degrees and levels to ensure that members of

the society at any time have access to timely and accurate information relevant to

their information needs. Abissat (2008) noted that a public library is usually seen

as institutions through which the government provides free educational services

for citizens. Koneru, 2005 revealed that today's academic libraries in Nigeria have

greater demands for effective library information management systems. However,

Information and Communication Technology has revolutionized and changed the

concept of libraries, which makes it digitized, Nigerian libraries inclusive.

Mbakwem (2008) observed that ICT is all about the technologies that aid in the

communication process of passing messages from the sender to the receiver.

Okenwa (2008) concurred that technologies have advanced the development of

communication and multimedia equipment that are capable of accepting data,

processing data into information and storing both the data and information for

future use and reference purposes. He noted that computer-based technologies

include: teleconferencing machines, computers, electronic books (e-books),

computer graphics technology, instructional satellite, video conferencing and web

television. Nevertheless, innovation in teaching and learning, especially in view

of the changing context of higher education, is inevitable (Clarke, 2003). A 'digital

library' otherwise called E-library, comprises digital collections, services, and

infrastructure to support lifelong learning, research, scholarly communication as

well as preservation and conservation of recorded knowledge. At this age of a

networked society where information technology is used in all spheres of human

activity including education, has been used extensively to record, store, and

disseminate the information in the digital form. Information technology has

converted the world into a global village. The revolution in the IT sector is

influencing the educational industry.

Libraries are also changing to meet the demand put on them. With the current

level of civilization, the new generation whose demand for information is never

met is always demanding that traditional libraries be scrapped and development

of digital libraries (e-library) be embarked upon. E-library

is a managed collection of information with associated services where the

information is stored in digital format and accessible over a network. Quality

education is crucial to the economic development and social stability of a nation,

as it helps in the development of crucial values such as equity, tolerance, peace,

and justice. Those values lead to sustainable national development, environmental

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protection, and improved family health along with responsible participation in the

political and social process. Bearing in mind that the amount of success recorded

by a student is not but by the amount of information gathered in his field, as one of

the places where information is gotten is the library.

Undoubtedly, there have been profound changes in the educational system in

Nigerian universities. These changes are needed because of ever-growing pressure

in the school systems, partly because society itself is changing into one in which

knowledge work becomes ever more important, and partly because of the very

information and communication technologies that are transforming our

economies. Both of these factors bring about change and offer a solution to the

problems with which the educational system struggles. If lecturers and students

accept the challenges which teaching and learning impose on them by adapting

themselves to the current trend in using the E-library, there could be huge

difference recorded between the outcomes of using the traditional method of

gathering information (traditional library) and the modern or digital methods of

gathering information (e-library).

Sustainable Development: A Conceptual Overview

Research has described Sustainable development as the process of transformation

of a country's economic, social, political, educational, religious and cultural value

towards improvement in human dignity and the general well-being of its citizens.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a universal decision established to

make the world a better place. Sustainable development is a programmed,

developed to meet the needs of the present generation and also those of the future

generation. Nicholas & Perpetual (2015) defined sustainable development as the

overall change and improvement in any given society as related to individual

progress. Sustainable development covers a wide range of interrelated issues in

the areas of environmental, economic, social, and political, all within the limits of

the world's natural resources to ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity

by the year 2030. Furthermore, sustainable development provides a better quality

of life for both the present and future generations (Shah, 2012). Sustainable

development goals were chosen from a global consultation processing in 2015 and

the 17 goals were built on the success of the MDG of the year 2000-2015.

The 2015 United Nations SDGs are projected to achieve sustainable development

in its three dimensions - economic, social, and environmental in a balanced and

integrated manner. The agenda addresses impediments to sustainable

development such as poverty, hunger, ill-health, education, gender inequality, and

environmental sustainability. Five elements were listed as essential in the targets

of the goals which can be termed 5Ps, people, peace, planet, partnership, and


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prosperity. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the

Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and

ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The SDGs work in the spirit of

partnership and pragmatism to make the right choices now to improve life,

sustainably, for future generations. These goals are:

Goal 1 No poverty

Goal 2 Zero hunger

Goal 3 Good health and well-being

Goal 4 Quality education

Goal 5 Gender equality

Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation

Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy

Goal 8 Decent work an economic growth

Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and infrastructure

Goal 10 Reduce in-equality

Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities

Goal 12 Responsible consumption

Goal 13 Protect the planet

Goal 14 Life below water

Goal 15 Life on land

Goal 16 Peace and Justice

Goal 17 Partnership for the goal

Obtaining a quality education is the foundation for improving people's lives and

sustainable development. Major progress has been made towards increasing

access to education at all levels and increasing the intellectual rates of students.

Basic literacy skills have improved tremendously, yet bolder efforts are needed to

make even greater strides for achieving universal education goals.

Thus, this research work will enunciate the role of E-library on education in

Nigeria as well as discuss the factors that will necessitate the traditional libraries

to get digitized, as well as the definition, advantages, and disadvantages of digital

libraries, etc. Emphasis will also be made in explaining the role of the lectures and

the librarian in the new environment.

Nigeria’s falling standard of education and dwindling literacy rate have gained

incredible attention, yet the government has not taken any effective action to

improve and manage the situation. Individuals have been reasoning about what to

do to improve the quality of education in Nigeria because

educational institutions are becoming defective; they are not equipped for quality

and standard education, especially in this digital generation. Not all higher

institutions in Nigeria are networked i.e. connected to the internet. Perhaps, this

was not done because of the huge cost involved or was neglected. Most of the

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students admitted to higher institutions in Nigeria are computer illiterates;

therefore they cannot benefit from the advantages E-library throws at them, hence,

reduced the level of teaching-learning achievement. Because of the

aforementioned problems, this research work seeks to evaluate, to what extent, E-

library could help sustain and develop the educational system and improve student

academic performance in higher institutions of learning in Nigeria.

2.0 Literature Review

The digital library is different from the regular library which is a collection of

printed books and the like, the data in the digital library is located on the computer

server that can be placed at a remote location, but can be accessed by users from

a distance using a computer network. Digital libraries are expected to enhance

reading interests and habits as information banks or reading resources centers

Subrata (2009). Learning institutions should manage digital libraries as they

determine their successes in the world of education.

The 21st century or the Information Age is characterized by new ways of

information generation. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

have been developed since the 1970s as a result new products emerged in people’s

everyday lives (Dahlbom, 1993). United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization, UNESCO (2002) defined ICT as the range of technologies

that are applied in the process of collecting, storing, editing, retrieving and

transferring of information in various forms. “ICT is increasingly being used in

almost every activity and embedded in more and more things” (Bradley, 2010).

The appearance of the ICT and the evolution of World Wide Web (WWW)

enabled people to use the Internet for many reasons; for communication, for

entertainment, for education, and so forth. Friedman (2005) noted that: “Never

before in the history of the planet have so many people, on their own, had the

ability to find so much information about so many things and about so many other

people”: Bradley (2010) argued that “all technology is for humans”.

We are living in an information society and ICT is an increasing phenomenon

anymore. The father of librarianship, Ranganathan (1975), in his five laws stated

that “Library is a growing organism” so the adoption of Information Technology

has a great impact on libraries as well as on librarianship which could not avoid

being affected by such a societal change and has been adapted to Library and

Information Science (LIS). During the last decade, the use of technology has

become an essential part of the institutional objective of libraries promised to

transform the dissemination of knowledge and to change how libraries work for

the better. Now, in the 21st century, with the emergence of ICT & Web 2.0

technologies, libraries have a new, more dynamic role in knowledge society and

as the individual is, affected by ICT, in the same way, the individual can also


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influence the technology (Bradley, 2010). Libraries began to recognize the

presence of the web experience and utilize such services in order to create a new

environment for libraries’ users where interaction plays a basic role. “Interaction

means that technology interacts with social world with values and beliefs”

(Bradley, 2010).

These services have also reformed academic libraries which face greater demand

for access to resources, to made these demands, libraries should store all kind of

material forms; the librarians have to task crucial duties and roles in disseminating

and sharing of knowledge and users need to transfer information inside and

outside of the walls of a library. Hence, university libraries would be upgraded

and becoming digital.

Libraries are the institutions in a society that assist people in exercising their right

to information, and that safeguard and provide access to cultural heritage,

enhancement of community, civil society, organizations and government in

capacity building skills and raise general awareness by strongly supporting the

broader development targets of access to information, improved service delivery

and thereby setting a platform towards achieving the SDGs by 2030.

In Botswana, e-libraries have taken large strides toward supporting government

objectives under its National Vision 2016, by improving the computer skills of

library users, and enabling users to be successful in business, education, and

employment (IFLA, 2013). Furthermore, the Botswana Library Association has

developed a strategy to support Botswana Vision 2016, in seminars, conferences,

and symposium for the institutional capacity of libraries by encouraging all

citizens to discuss as stakeholders in all inclusive and sustainable growth, energy,

and infrastructure development in the attainment of sustainable development in

the education sector (Radijeng, 2013).

Need For E-Library

1. To get access to an information source by more than one user.

2. E-library can be searched quickly and found easily by the users.

3. These resources can be stored in huge amounts.

4. Less amount of time spent on the e-library use.

5. To collect, store, organize information in digital form.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Library.

Advantages

1. More efficient, accurate and guaranteed authenticity

2. Control of plagiarism can be easier.

3. Lecturers can also prepare learning materials without sifting on piles of

shelved books.

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4. Students can easily retrieve and construct knowledge out of digitally

stored reading materials.

5. Authors will be proud if their articles are highly cited.

6. It can be accessed from anywhere making it easier for users

Deficiency

1. Lack of clarity on Copyright rights. Currently there is on-going debate on

Copyright law. There is lack of clarity on digital transfer readable

materials via computer networks.

2. Electronic document, articles, or books management process goes

through several stages.

3. Cannot be accessed in case of technical problems, such as tissue damage

and the lights off.

Nwaigwe and Onwuama (2007), proclaimed that library is a collection of books

and non-book materials organized and housed in a place for use, with one or more

persons trained to assist in the use of the collection. It is a combination thereof; of

trained staff to provide and interpret such materials as required to meet the

informational, cultural, recreational, or educational needs of users; establish a

schedule in which services of the staff are available to users; the physical facilities

necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule. This indicates that

libraries are established to collect vital information, preserve and secure the

recorded knowledge, and offer them for quality education to serve the users. There

are so many types of libraries in Nigeria which are positioned to assist the users

in solving their educational and information needs. These libraries range from the

school library or media resource center, public library, academic library, special

library, national library, electronic/digital/virtual libraries. The services that these

libraries give differ; depending on the level of users for which the library was

instituted. Anyaoku (2016) stipulated that librarians are so rich in information

provision that they are unequaled and unrivaled in developing tools and databases

that are reference points in access to information. Many libraries today are hybrid

libraries that provide access to resources in both print and electronic formats.

Resources available in a standard library include reference sources, basic

textbooks, and general literature that support extended learning for the users. E-

library also provide information retrieval tools such as online public access

catalog (OPAC), indexes, abstracts, and online bibliographic databases.

Collection also includes systematic reviews, academic guidelines, and protocols

to support academic decision-making and evidence-based practice and decision

making in learning; handbooks, popular books, lay books that are used to provide

lifestyle modification and well-being information for students and researchers and


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other academic community users. As an institution designed for information

provision and preservation of relevant documents of value, e-libraries can achieve

the following roles using various platforms:

Creation of Awareness- Awareness is said to be the beginning, and what one

does not know about, he cannot work on. The creation of awareness could be

done by using e-libraries' social media platforms like facebook, twitter,

instagram, pinterest, email addresses of users, school websites, etc to inform

and educate her users. Producing and sharing digital handbills, placing posters

at different strategic places in libraries, embarking on radio, television

awareness programs, teaching the use of e-library courses to students of

higher institutions are avenues to be explored for qualitative education.

Provision of Quality Space- An e-library is expected to provide quality space

to reinforce the spirit of learning and to imbue the knowledge-interaction

experience with a powerful sense of importance. This space includes reading

rooms, a computer laboratory, a digitization room, special collections, etc.

When students and users know that the library has space and materials for

studying, practice, and discussions, they will be attracted to making use of the

library and thereby gain knowledge and attain the SDG 4.

Creation of Metadata- An e-library provides a set of technical services for

bibliographic control of books, journals, and other information formats. The

predominant medium of knowledge was previously printed on paper;

therefore the principles of the organizational process known as cataloguing

were used by academic librarians. Digital resources became an integral part

of the library's collections and the need to address more objects on the Web

became important. Creating metadata enables students and users to retrieve

and locate materials that they are looking for conveniently without an endless

search.

Offer of Digital Reference Services- Library reference services have become

more virtual and all of these contribute to offering quality education to users.

Use of Mobile Technologies- In the traditional setting in the library, users

often visited the library to have access to the contents of her collections or at

most by correspondence to those who could afford the bills; but today, with

the ever-presence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs),

users can access the library via their mobile gadgets, ask relevant questions as

it concerns their information needs, carry out researches and even surf through

the web pages of the library. This is another good role that the e-library plays

today in serving her various users towards the provision of quality education.

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Provision of Media and information literacy programs for marginalized

populations to make an important contribution to achieving universal literacy

(Bradley, 2016) For instance, In Romania: Librarians trained by Biblionet

helped 100,000 farmers get US$187 million in subsidies via new internet and

computer services in 2011-2012. The 1,000 plus librarians who participated

in training decided to bring the services to their libraries together with local

mayors. Most of the mayors understood that this service was in the farmers’

interest and the programme helped farmers learn how to use the technology

in libraries to access financial forms and submit them to the government –

ultimately leading to increased income for farmers (IREX, 2013).

Provision of Access to timely and relevant information- Around the world,

access to opportunity begins with access to information and knowledge.

Public access to information enables people to make informed decisions that

can improve their lives. Communities that have access to timely and relevant

information for all are better positioned to eradicate poverty and inequality,

improve agriculture, provide quality education, and support people's health,

culture, research, and innovation (IFLA, 2014). A well-informed society

contributes significantly to the development of the nation as the availability

of information resources would promote peaceful and inclusive societies for

sustainable development, providing access to justice for all and build

effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels (Bradley, 2014).

3.0 Methodology

More than one methodological approach has been used for this research. such as

literature survey, close observation and in-depth interviews were used and

conducted on 10 public and private university libraries with e-libraries. Librarians

and information professionals of the sample libraries were the population of the

study.

4.0 Discussion of results

Table 1: The use of e-library for Sustainable Development Goal

Variables Respondents %

Aware and use Aware but not use Not aware

35 50 15

35.0 50.0 15.0

Total 100 100

Only slightly more than one third of respondents are aware of and use the e-library facilities.


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Table 2: E-library experiences by the professionals

Experience Respondents %

Whenever I use the e-library, I find what I want I find it difficult to locate the information I usually find what I want but with frustration Avoiding e-library because I don’t have the time

40 15 5 30

80.0 30.0 10.0 60.0

Table 2 shows that 80% of the respondent uses the e-library, 30% found it difficult

to locate the information, 10% believe that they found the useful information but

with frustration, 60% of the respondent says that they can’t use the e-library.

Table 3: Uses of Computer by the professional staff for Sustainable

Development Goal

Uses Respondents %

E-mail/chart/instant messaging

Word processing/spreadsheets Internet/www Searching databases Games/Entertainment

95

80 98 85 98

95.0

80.0 98.0 85.0 98.0

95% are familiar with e-mail/chart/instant messaging, 80% word processing and

spreadsheets, 98% are familiar with internet surfing. These show that respondents

use the computers for searching education-related databases. However, a high

number are comfortable seeking information through Internet searching.

The role of e-library in achieving MDGs goals are varied. For each goal, there is

a role.

S/N GOALS ROLES OF THE E-LIBRARY IN

ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Goal

1

End poverty in all its forms

everywhere

Information is the key to poverty eradication

while an information center serves the hub to

make information available. Therefore, they

should provide meaningful information on

poverty eradication in a packaged format. Also

they must ensure that both the rich and the poor have equal rights to economic resources and

also access to basic services, ownership and

control over land and other forms of property,

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inheritance, natural resources, new technologies

and financial services, including microfinance.

Goal

2

End hunger, achieve food

security and improved nutrition and promote

sustainable agriculture

E-Library and information centers should

channel their resources towards eradication of extreme hunger and ensure proper functioning

of food commodity by creating awareness and

providing an enabling environment where

information on sustainable agricultural practices

in all forms can be accessed and used

appropriately.

Goal 3

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at

all ages

E-Library centers should provide information in good format that will help the public to reduce

child mortality and improve maternal health and

as well reduce bad dietary on health. Also, they

should ensure a global access to sexual and

reproductive health-care services, including

family planning.

Goal 4

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education

and promote lifelong learning

opportunities for all

E-library should provide information on literacy skills and long life learning for everyone by

educating and enlightening youth and adults

who have relevant skills, including technical and

vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs

and entrepreneurship.

Goal 5

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

E-library centers should encourage gender equality and when selecting information

resources, the use of enabling technology should

be adopted by centers, in particular information

and communications technology, to promote the

empowerment of women

Goal

6

Ensure availability and

sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

E-library and information centers should

facilitate access to hygiene-related information through raising awareness, campaigns, and

symposiums on all social media platforms and

other related platforms. They should also

support and strengthen the participation of local

communities in improving water and sanitation

management

Goal 7

Ensure access to affordable, reliable,

sustainable and modern

energy for all

Providing a platform that the public will have access to ICT, study rooms, and classes on using

mobile phones and ensure universal access to

affordable, reliable and modern energy services

through library campaigns

Goal

8

Promote and sustained,

inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and

productive employment and

decent work for all

E-libraries should provide education and

training for both the young and adult to make sure that they have access to information in an

affordable way. It is also their responsibility to

make sure that people find jobs through their

public library and this will allow the public


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access to ICT and skills that enables people to

apply for jobs, as the application process for all

jobs has moved online.

Goal 9

Build resilient infrastructure, promote

inclusive and sustainable

industrialization and foster

innovation

E-library and information centers should provide access to information technology and

endeavor to provide affordable access to

Internet facilities to less developed areas. This

can be achieved by engaging in lively debates,

quizzes and spelling competitions through smart

phone, laptop and video conferencing project.

Goal 10

Reduce inequality within and among countries

E-library and information centers should encourage safe and dependable mobility of

citizens through a reliable migration policy that

is well planned and managed. Library Services

including information and support about legal,

childcare, housing, health, education; providing

support with applications for citizenship,

residence, subsidized housing, government

benefits.

Goal

11

Make cities and human

settlements inclusive, safe,

resilient and sustainable

Provide universal access to safe, inclusive

and accessible green and public spaces,

particularly for women and children, older

persons and persons with disabilities also

support positive economic, social and

environmental links between urban, semi-urban

and rural areas by strengthening national and

regional development planning

Goal

12

Ensure sustainable

consumption and production

patterns

e-library helps in achieving environmentally

sound management of chemicals and all wastes

throughout their life cycle, in accordance

with agreed international frameworks, and

significantly reduce their release to air,

water and soil in order to minimize their

adverse impacts on human health and the

environment

Goal

13

Take urgent action to

combat climate change and

its impacts

Improve education, awareness raising on human

and institutional capacity on climate change

mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and

early warning

Goal

14

Conserve and sustainably

use the oceans, seas and

marine resources for

sustainable development

sustainably manage and protect marine and

coastal ecosystems to avoid significant

adverse impacts, including by strengthening

their resilience, and take action for their

restoration in order to achieve healthy and

productive oceans

Goal

15

Protect, restore and

promote sustainable use of

terrestrial ecosystems,

e-library ensures the conservation, restoration

and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland

freshwater ecosystems and their services, in

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sustainably manage forests,

combat desertification, and

halt and reverse land

degradation and halt

biodiversity loss

particular forests, wetlands, mountains and dry

lands, in line with obligations under

international agreements

Goal

16

Promote peaceful and

inclusive societies for

sustainable development,

provide access to justice

for all and build effective,

accountable and inclusive

institutions at all levels

Ensure public access to information and protect

fundamental freedoms, in accordance with

national legislation and international agreements

Goal

17

Strengthen the means of

implementation and

revitalize the Global

Partnership for Sustainable

Development

Assist developing countries in attaining long-

term debt sustainability through coordinated

policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt

relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and

address the external debt of highly indebted

poor countries to reduce debt distress.

5.0 CONCLUSION

From this study, we concluded that E-Library services contribute to improved

outcomes across the SDGs by promoting universal literacy, including media and

information literacy, closing gaps in access to information and helping

government, civil society, and business to better understand local information

needs, providing a network of delivery sites for government programmes and

services, advancing digital inclusion through access to Information &

Communications Technologies (ICT), and dedicated staff to help people develop

new digital skills serving as the heart of the research and academic community,

preserving and providing access to the world’s culture and heritage. More

specifically, e-libraries have supported the implementation of the SDGs by

providing access to electronic information, support for literacy and ICT skills, and

access to community space.

5.1 Recommendations

1. Stakeholders must work with the academic community in all disciplines

to mobilize, harness and disseminate existing knowledge to accelerate the

implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.

2. Governments, research consortiums, universities, libraries and other

stakeholders must work to enhance the current levels of access to

knowledge and disaggregated data, and scientific capacity and good-

quality higher education, in low- and middle-income countries and

countries in special situations. They must also actively promote gender

equality in science and engineering.


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3. Universities, policymakers and research funders must scale up support to

mission oriented research, guided by the 2030 Agenda, in sustainability

science and other disciplines, with simultaneous strengthening of the

science-policy society interface.

4. All stakeholders should make deliberate efforts to facilitate

multidirectional (North-South, South- North and South-South) transfers

of technologies for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

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