The Role of Agroforestry in Food and Nutritional Security...Vangueria infausta Vitex doniana...
Transcript of The Role of Agroforestry in Food and Nutritional Security...Vangueria infausta Vitex doniana...
The Role of Agroforestry in Food and Nutritional Security
Agroforestry for Food Security and Climate Change
WEBINAR 4: Recommendations to the International Conference on Forests for Food Security and Nutrition
4th March 2013
Ramni Jamnadass, Ian Dawson, Stepha McMullin, Katja Kehlenbeck and Frank Place World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
• Agroforestry practiced by more than 1.2 billion people worldwide
• 560 m people live in farm landscapes > 10% tree cover
• Ubiquity of the products and services - lack of impact information
• Value of trees not acknowledged in rural development
Development challenges agroforestry addresses:
• Agricultural productivity of staple crops (soil fertility)
• Food and nutritional security
• Loss of biodiversity
• Anthropogenic climate change
• Energy needs
Burden of undernourishment
UNICEF-WHO-WB prevalence (%) of under 5’s stunting (2011 and projected 2025)
Region 2011 2025
Africa 36 32
Eastern 35 28
Western 36 28
Southern 31 34
Asia 27 17
South Central 36 23
South East 27 17
Latin America 13 8
Central America 19 12
South America 12 7
Developing countries 28 21
Developed countries 7 8
Global 26 20
Fruit consumption
Average daily consumption of fruits (FAOSTAT, 2004):
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
East Africa
Central Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Asia (developing)
Eastern Europe
Latin America
N. America
EU
Fruit consumption (g/person * day)
WHO recommendation
Agroforestry systems for food and nutritional security
Four tree functions of importance to smallholders for promoting food and nutritional security:
1. Human foods (fruits, leaves, nuts, etc. for direct consumption)
2. Animal fodder (important for dairy, meat production, etc.)
3. Soil improvement (important to support staple crop yields)
4. Fuel which relates to the provision of charcoal, woodfuel, etc., for proper processing and cooking of food
Soil improvement: Trees and shrubs for increased crop production
In terms of planting of trees and crops, more than 160,000 Zambian farmers now grow food crops under Faidherbia trees. More than 200,000 farmers in Malawi have recently been testing tree-maize intercrop systems.
Maize yields in Malawi districts with and without intervention of the ‘Agroforestry Food Security Program’
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Mzimba Dedza Thyolo Mulanje Salima
Mai
ze y
ield
(t/
ha)
AFSP beneficiary Non-beneficiary
Animal fodder: trees and shrubs for livestock products
Key approaches for achieving impact from research:
The uptake of fodder shrubs among East African smallholders
Species for dissemination
Calliandra calothyrsus, 1996 Leucaena trichandra, 1999
Chamaecytisus palmensis,
(Tree lucerne), 2005
Sesbania sesban,
1996 Morus alba, 2000
WHO recommended 141 kg
Kg/person/year
Projected per capita fruit (and vegetable) consumption to 2030
Human food from trees: Fruits
Developing nutrient sensitive value chains for fruits (indigenous & exotic species)
Production
What is available and how can production be improved?
Processing
How can nutrients be maintained during fruit processing?
Markets
How can smallholder (female) farmers have a greater role in the fruit value chain?
Consumption
How can fruit consumption be increased?
Nutritional value of fruits
Species Vit C Vit A Iron Calcium
Adansonia
digitata
150-500 0.03-0.06 1.7 360
Grewia
tenax
N.A. N.A. 7.4 610
Tamarindus
indica
3-9 0.01-0.06 0.7 260
Ziziphus
mauritiana
70-165 0.07 1.0 40
Mango 28 0.04 0.1 10
Orange 51 0.07 0.2 54
Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods; Fruits for the Future Series, ICUC; Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/), etc.
Table 1: Nutrient content of selected fruits in mg per 100 g edible portion.
• Deficiency of iron and vitamins A and C in SSA Both indigenous and exotic fruits have a high nutritional value
Fruit tree portfolios
• Fruits available year-round, during the ‘hunger gap‘
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Zambia
MalawiPercentage (%) of
households facing food
shortage Harvest season
Cropping season = ‘hunger gap‘
Tree species Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Avocado (exotic)
Citrus (exotic)
Parinari curatellifolia
Mango (exotic)
Uapaca kirkiana
Strychnos cocculoides
Syzygium cordatum
Annona senegalensis
Flacourtia indica
Vangueria infausta
Vitex doniana
Adansonia digitata
Ziziphus mauritiana
Domestication of indigenous fruits of Southern Africa
Syzgium cordatum
(water-berry)
Flacourtia indica (batoka plum, indian
plum)
Vitex doniana (black plum)
Azanza garkeana (african chewing
gum, wild hibiscus)
Annona senegalensis (Wild custard
apple)
ICRAF’s FT4NH approach to enhance food and nutrition security
1. Improve year-round fruit production in smallholder agroforestry systems
2. Enhance fruit consumption
3. Increase income generation from fruit production (incl. small-scale fruit processing)
4. Build capacities and empower decision making
Focus on most vulnerable – female smallholders and children
Use entry points such as RRCs (hubs for training, material transfer and demo plots) and agroforestry school projects (children are the future farmers and future consumers)
Synchronize efforts with global campaigns for improved N&H, ……….Beyond the 1000 days….. Fruit Trees on Future Farms
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Palm oil
Coffee (green)
Rubber (natural, dry)
Cocoa (beans)
Tea
Cashew nuts (shelled)
Avocados
Coconut (oil)
Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas
Papayas
Total USD 140 Billion
Trees for income generation Export trade - Range of tree crops
Contribution of NTFPs, including wild fruits, to household income in different
areas of the Nuba Mountains (El Tahir & Gebauer 2004).
Example from the Nuba Mountains, Kordofan, Sudan: 70-90% of total income of women in the Nuba Mountains generated from selling products from forest trees (mainly fruits)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Rashad
Gubeiha
Talodi
Dilling
0 20 40 60 80 100
Rashad
Gubeiha
Talodi
Dilling
Portion of the total household income (%)
Female + children Male
Income generation from indigenous fruits: High potential for improving livelihoods!
Public Private Partnerships Novella Africa : domestication of Allanblackia
Thank you!