The Rise, Power, and Connection of the Islamic World, 600...
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Key Terms Chapter in Review 10 Bedouins Tent-dwelling nomadic Arab pastoralists of the seventh century C.E. who wandered in search of oases, grazing lands, or trade caravans to raid. Ka’ba A huge sacred cube-shaped stone in the city of Mecca to which people made annual pilgrimages. Quran (“Recitation”) Islam’s holiest book; contains the official version of Muhammad’s revelations, and to believers is the inspired word of God. Hadith The remembered words and deeds of Muhammad, revered by many Muslims as a source of belief. hijra The emigration of Muslims from Mecca to Medina in 622. umma The community of Muslim believers united around God’s message. Allah To Muslims the one and only, all-powerful God. caliphate An imperial state headed by an Islamic ruler, the caliph, considered the designated successor of the Prophet in civil affairs. Ramadan The thirty days of annual fasting when Muslims abstain from eating, drinking, and sex during daylight hours, to demonstrate sacrifice for their faith and understand the hunger of the poor. haj The Muslim pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship with multitudes of other believers from around the world. jihad Effort to live as God intended; a spiritual, moral, and intellectual struggle to enhance personal faith and follow the Quran. sultan A Muslim ruler of only one country. Shari’a The Islamic legal code for the regulation of social, economic, and religious life. madrasas Religious boarding schools found all over the Muslim world. Sunni The main branch of Islam comprising those who accept the practices of the Prophet and the historical succession of caliphs. The Rise, Power, and Connection of the Islamic World, 600–1500 CHRONOLOGY 622 Hijra of Muhammad to Medina 634–651 Arab conquests in Middle East 632–661 Rashidun Caliphate 661–750 Umayyad Caliphate 750–1258 Abbasid Caliphate 711–1492 Muslim states in Spain 732 European victory at Battle of Tours 705–715 Islamic conquests of Afghanistan and Central Asia 1096–1272 Christian Crusades in Middle East 1258 Mongol seizure of Baghdad and end of Abbasid Caliphate 1218–1360 Mongol conquests in Central and western Asia 1300–1923 Ottoman Empire 1453 End of Byzantine state 1369–1405 Reign of Tamerlane LO 1 LO 2 How did Islam rise? • Islam was born in Arabia, a harsh land where many people lived in cooperative tribes or clans. • Islam’s holiest book, the Quran, is believed to be a record of the divine revelations of God as told to the prophet Muhammad. • Facing some opposition in Mecca and drawn to resolve a dispute in Medina, Muhammad and his followers moved there and won many new converts. • Muhammad’s teachings were monotheistic (like Christianity and Judaism) and emphasized equality and mutual respect among all peoples. • Islam is based on the five pillars: profession of faith; formal worship; charity; annual fasting, or Ramadan; and the pilgrimage, or haj, to Mecca. What factors led to the rise of the Islamic states and what did those states achieve? • Islam spread extremely rapidly via Arab conquest of the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, and parts of India and Europe, facilitated in part by the weaknesses of other empires. • Arab identity and language gradually spread to many of the conquered peoples; Muslim leaders imposed Shari’a, a legal code that regulated social, economic, and religious life. • In the tumultuous period of the early Rashidun Caliphate, Islam began to split into two branches: the Sunni majority branch and the Shi’a dissident branch, who believed Ali was the only successor to the Prophet. • The Umayyad dynasty, which succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate, was led by men with no connection to Muhammad who extended the empire into Byzantine lands. • Under the Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad became a cosmopolitan hub of trading and culture. • As they expanded, Arabs adopted the imperial ruling structures of the peoples they conquered and were targeted by numerous invaders, including the Mongols. • Spain and Sicily were ruled by Muslims for several centuries, although Christians gradually reclaimed them and failed to maintain the tolerance of the Muslim rulers. What were the major concerns of Muslim thinkers and writers? • Sufism, a mystical approach to Islam that emphasized flexibility and a personal connection with God, drew both Sunni and Shi’ite followers. • Although the Quran and most Muslim societies restricted women, some Muslim societies did not, and both Muslims and non-Muslims have debated the origins and benefits of such practices as wearing a veil. LO 1 LO 2 LO 3 02050_35_cir.indd 21 02050_35_cir.indd 21 10/1/09 3:19:18 PM 10/1/09 3:19:18 PM
Transcript of The Rise, Power, and Connection of the Islamic World, 600...
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Key Terms
Chapter in Review10Bedouins Tent-dwelling nomadic Arab
pastoralists of the seventh century C.E. who wandered in search of oases, grazing lands, or trade caravans to raid.
Ka’ba A huge sacred cube-shaped stone in the city of Mecca to which people made annual pilgrimages.
Quran (“Recitation”) Islam’s holiest book; contains the official version of Muhammad’s revelations, and to believers is the inspired word of God.
Hadith The remembered words and deeds of Muhammad, revered by many Muslims as a source of belief.
hijra The emigration of Muslims from Mecca to Medina in 622.
umma The community of Muslim believers united around God’s message.
Allah To Muslims the one and only, all-powerful God.
caliphate An imperial state headed by an Islamic ruler, the caliph, considered the designated successor of the Prophet in civil affairs.
Ramadan The thirty days of annual fasting when Muslims abstain from eating, drinking, and sex during daylight hours, to demonstrate sacrifice for their faith and understand the hunger of the poor.
haj The Muslim pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship with multitudes of other believers from around the world.
jihad Effort to live as God intended; a spiritual, moral, and intellectual struggle to enhance personal faith and follow the Quran.
sultan A Muslim ruler of only one country.
Shari’a The Islamic legal code for the regulation of social, economic, and religious life.
madrasas Religious boarding schools found all over the Muslim world.
Sunni The main branch of Islam comprising those who accept the practices of the Prophet and the historical succession of caliphs.
The Rise, Power, and Connection of the Islamic World, 600–1500
CHRONOLOGY
622 Hijra of Muhammad to Medina 634–651 Arab conquests in Middle East 632–661 Rashidun Caliphate 661–750 Umayyad Caliphate 750–1258 Abbasid Caliphate 711–1492 Muslim states in Spain 732 European victory at Battle of Tours 705–715 Islamic conquests of Afghanistan and Central Asia 1096–1272 Christian Crusades in Middle East 1258 Mongol seizure of Baghdad and end of Abbasid Caliphate 1218–1360 Mongol conquests in Central and western Asia 1300–1923 Ottoman Empire 1453 End of Byzantine state 1369–1405 Reign of Tamerlane
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How did Islam rise?• Islam was born in Arabia, a harsh land where many people lived in cooperative tribes or
clans.
• Islam’s holiest book, the Quran, is believed to be a record of the divine revelations of God as told to the prophet Muhammad.
• Facing some opposition in Mecca and drawn to resolve a dispute in Medina, Muhammad and his followers moved there and won many new converts.
• Muhammad’s teachings were monotheistic (like Christianity and Judaism) and emphasized equality and mutual respect among all peoples.
• Islam is based on the five pillars: profession of faith; formal worship; charity; annual fasting, or Ramadan; and the pilgrimage, or haj, to Mecca.
What factors led to the rise of the Islamic states and what did those states achieve?
• Islam spread extremely rapidly via Arab conquest of the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, and parts of India and Europe, facilitated in part by the weaknesses of other empires.
• Arab identity and language gradually spread to many of the conquered peoples; Muslim leaders imposed Shari’a, a legal code that regulated social, economic, and religious life.
• In the tumultuous period of the early Rashidun Caliphate, Islam began to split into two branches: the Sunni majority branch and the Shi’a dissident branch, who believed Ali was the only successor to the Prophet.
• The Umayyad dynasty, which succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate, was led by men with no connection to Muhammad who extended the empire into Byzantine lands.
• Under the Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad became a cosmopolitan hub of trading and culture.
• As they expanded, Arabs adopted the imperial ruling structures of the peoples they conquered and were targeted by numerous invaders, including the Mongols.
• Spain and Sicily were ruled by Muslims for several centuries, although Christians gradually reclaimed them and failed to maintain the tolerance of the Muslim rulers.
What were the major concerns of Muslim thinkers and writers?• Sufism, a mystical approach to Islam that emphasized flexibility and a personal connection
with God, drew both Sunni and Shi’ite followers.
• Although the Quran and most Muslim societies restricted women, some Muslim societies did not, and both Muslims and non-Muslims have debated the origins and benefits of such practices as wearing a veil.
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Shi’a The branch of Islam that emphasizes the religious leaders descended from Muhammad through his son-in-law, Ali, whom they believe was the rightful successor to the Prophet.
Sufism A mystical approach and practice
within Islam that emphasized personal spiritual experience.
calligraphy The artful writing of words.
Dar al-Islam (“Abode of Islam”) The Islamic world
stretching from Morocco to Indonesia and joined by both a common faith and trade; arose between the eighth and the seventeenth century.
millet The nationality system through which the Ottomans allowed the leaders of religious and ethnic minorities to administer their own communities.
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• Literature, especially poetry, was very important in Islamic culture, as was calligraphy, the artful writing of words.
• Several academic disciplines flourished in the Islamic world. The Scientific Revolution would not have occurred without the help of Islamic mathematicians, who passed on to Europe Indian mathematics.
Why do historians speak of Islam as a hemispheric culture?• Trade routes spread Islam throughout the hemisphere, eventually creating Dar al-Islam, an
Islamic world stretching from Indonesia to Morocco, in which Arabs constituted a minority of Muslims.
• The series of Christian Crusades to win back the Judeo-Christian Holy Land from Muslims led to long-lasting animosity.
• The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan and Hulegu, one of his grandsons, ruthlessly attacked Muslims in Central Asia and sacked Baghdad, but the Islamic tradition endured throughout Mongol rule.
• The arrival of gunpowder from China allowed Muslim military states, such as the Mamluks and the Timurids, to gain power, while the Ottoman Turks established an extremely successful empire in the territory of the former Byzantine Empire by allowing subject minorities to administer their own affairs.
• By conducting and preserving a great deal of scientific and philosophical learning, the Muslims contributed much to European culture.
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