The Rise of Transnational Higher Education in Asia · PDF fileThe Rise of Transnational Higher...

The Rise of Transnational Higher The Rise of Transnational Higher Education in Asia: Education in Asia:

Challenges for University Governance and Challenges for University Governance and Implications for Social DevelopmentImplications for Social Development

KaKa--Ho MokHo Mok

Associate Vice President, Dean & Chair ProfessorAssociate Vice President, Dean & Chair ProfessorFaculty of Arts & SciencesFaculty of Arts & Sciences

The Hong Kong Institute of EducationThe Hong Kong Institute of EducationChangjiang Chair Professor, Zhejiang University, ChinaChangjiang Chair Professor, Zhejiang University, China

October 2011 @ East China Normal University, ShanghaiOctober 2011 @ East China Normal University, Shanghai

OUTLINEOUTLINE

Transnational Higher Education in Asia: Transnational Higher Education in Asia: Recent TrendsRecent TrendsProliferation of Science & Technology Proliferation of Science & Technology HEIs and Transnational ArrangementsHEIs and Transnational ArrangementsCase Studies I Case Studies I →→ SingaporeSingaporeCase Studies II Case Studies II →→ MalaysiaMalaysiaDiscussion & Tentative ConclusionDiscussion & Tentative Conclusion

Transnational Higher Education in Asia: Recent Trend (1)Transnational Higher Education in Asia: Recent Trend (1)

Expansion of Higher Education in AsiaExpansion of Higher Education in Asia--Pacific Region:Pacific Region:Tertiary enrolment grew by more than four-fold between 1970 and 2007

Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 2009. Global Education DSource: UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 2009. Global Education Digest 2009, p.11.igest 2009, p.11.


Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 2009. Global Education DSource: UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 2009. Global Education Digest 2009, p.12.igest 2009, p.12.


Increasing Privateness in Higher Education in AsiaIncreasing Privateness in Higher Education in Asia

** Significant changes in higher educational funding & Significant changes in higher educational funding & governance.governance.** Reducing importance of state/public higher Reducing importance of state/public higher education.education.** Growing importance of private sector in running Growing importance of private sector in running higher education.higher education.** ““CorporatizationCorporatization”” and and ““IncorporatizationIncorporatization””..** A result of intertwined global & domestic forces.A result of intertwined global & domestic forces.


Global & Domestic ForcesGlobal & Domestic Forces

Global Forces: Global Forces: ** Impact of neoImpact of neo--liberalism on public sector liberalism on public sector management.management.** Global competitiveness & new higher education Global competitiveness & new higher education governance.governance.Domestic Forces:Domestic Forces:* * Soaring local demands on higher education.Soaring local demands on higher education.* * Colonial & cultural legacies, e.g. Confucianism.Colonial & cultural legacies, e.g. Confucianism.


Source: PROPHE (Program on Research on Private Higher Education,Source: PROPHE (Program on Research on Private Higher Education, State University of New York at Albany) at State University of New York at Albany) at http://www.albany.edu/dept/eaps/prophe/data/International_Data/Phttp://www.albany.edu/dept/eaps/prophe/data/International_Data/PROPHEDataSummaryJAN08.doc (January 2008)ROPHEDataSummaryJAN08.doc (January 2008)

CountryCountry Private % of Total Private % of Total HEIsHEIs YearYear Private % of Total Private % of Total

HE EnrollmentHE Enrollment YearYear

IndonesiaIndonesia 9696.0.0 20012001 71.471.4 20012001

MalaysiaMalaysia 92.292.2 20002000 39.139.1 20002000

JapanJapan 89.689.6 20072007 77.477.4 20072007

South KoreaSouth Korea 87.087.0 20022002 78.378.3 19941994

PhilippinesPhilippines 8181.0.0 19991999 7575.0.0 19991999

TaiwanTaiwan 65.865.8 20042004 71.971.9 20042004

MongoliaMongolia 64.264.2 20032003 2626.0.0 20032003

USAUSA 59.459.4 20002000 23.223.2 20002000

PakistanPakistan 48.648.6 2005/062005/06 23.123.1 2003/042003/04

BangladeshBangladesh 48.648.6 2005/062005/06 14.414.4 2003/042003/04

ThailandThailand 45.045.0 20032003 13.713.7 20032003

IndiaIndia 42.942.9 2005/62005/6 30.730.7 2005/62005/6

ChinaChina 39.139.1 20022002 8.98.9 20022002

Private Higher Education in Selected Asian Countries & USAPrivate Higher Education in Selected Asian Countries & USA


Expansion of the Number of International Students Worldwide Expansion of the Number of International Students Worldwide ** In 2007, over 3 million tertiary students were enrolled outsideIn 2007, over 3 million tertiary students were enrolled outside their home countrytheir home country→→ 3.3% increase from 2006.3.3% increase from 2006.

((Education at a Glance 2009: OECD IndicatorsEducation at a Glance 2009: OECD Indicators, pg. 309), pg. 309)* * However, USA, UK, Germany & France still receive 48% of all inteHowever, USA, UK, Germany & France still receive 48% of all international rnational students worldwide (ibid., pg. 314).students worldwide (ibid., pg. 314).* * In 2009, 70% of the international students are from Asia, particIn 2009, 70% of the international students are from Asia, particularly from China & ularly from China & India.India.→→ Stronger motivation for Asian countries to develop THE.Stronger motivation for Asian countries to develop THE.

YearYear No. of International Students WorldwideNo. of International Students Worldwide

20002000 ~ 1.8 million~ 1.8 million

20092009 ~ 3~ 3--4 million4 million

20252025 ~ 7.2 million (estimation)~ 7.2 million (estimation)

Source: Cheng, Y.C. 2009. Source: Cheng, Y.C. 2009. ““Developing Education Hub and Industry: Big Picture, Functions Developing Education Hub and Industry: Big Picture, Functions and Conditionsand Conditions””, Hong Kong Economic Journal Monthly, No.12 (In Chinese), Hong Kong Economic Journal Monthly, No.12 (In Chinese)


Original Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database. Copy Original Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database. Copy from website of Kuala Lumpur Education City:from website of Kuala Lumpur Education City:http://www.kualalumpureducationcity.com/klechttp://www.kualalumpureducationcity.com/klec--main/01main/01--AboutKLECAboutKLEC--0707--Why3.html (retrieved April 20, 2010)Why3.html (retrieved April 20, 2010)

Mobile Students (in thousands) by region of origin, 1999 & 2004Mobile Students (in thousands) by region of origin, 1999 & 2004


Emerging Regional Hubs of Education in Asia Emerging Regional Hubs of Education in Asia

** Significant new initiatives in East & Southeast Asia:Significant new initiatives in East & Southeast Asia:Singapore Singapore →→ Global SchoolhouseGlobal SchoolhouseMalaysia Malaysia →→ Kuala Lumpur Education CityKuala Lumpur Education CityHong Kong Hong Kong →→ Regional Education HubRegional Education HubSouth Korea South Korea →→ Incheon Free Economic ZoneIncheon Free Economic Zone

* * Significant new initiatives in the Middle East:Significant new initiatives in the Middle East:United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates →→ Dubai International Academic CityDubai International Academic CityQatar Qatar →→ Qatar Education CityQatar Education CityBahrain Bahrain →→ Bahrain Higher Education CityBahrain Higher Education City


Source: Website of the Kuala Lumpur Education City atSource: Website of the Kuala Lumpur Education City athttp://www.kualalumpureducationcity.com/klechttp://www.kualalumpureducationcity.com/klec--main/01main/01--AboutKLECAboutKLEC--0707--Why3.html (retrieved April 20, 2010)Why3.html (retrieved April 20, 2010)

Branch/international campuses of top universities in AsiaBranch/international campuses of top universities in Asia

Proliferation of Science & Technology HEIsProliferation of Science & Technology HEIsand Transnational Arrangements (1)and Transnational Arrangements (1)

Features of Transnational Higher Education in AsiaFeatures of Transnational Higher Education in Asia

** StateState’’s role: highly proactive in general.s role: highly proactive in general.→→ MarketMarket--accelerationist or Marketaccelerationist or Market--facilitating States.facilitating States.

Civil RegulationCivil Regulation

(strong/organized)(strong/organized)Civil RegulationCivil Regulation

(weak/spontaneous)(weak/spontaneous)

State RegulationState Regulation

(strong/centralized)(strong/centralized)

․․Authoritarian liberalismAuthoritarian liberalism

․․MarketMarket--accelerationist stateaccelerationist state

․․StateState--corporatist regulatory corporatist regulatory

regimeregime

․․State socialismState socialism

․․Interventionist stateInterventionist state

․․CommandCommand--andand--control control

regulatory regimeregulatory regime

State RegulationState Regulation

(weak/decentralized)(weak/decentralized)

․․Economic liberalismEconomic liberalism

․․MarketMarket--facilitating statefacilitating state

․․Civil society regulatoryCivil society regulatory

regimeregime

․․Market socialismMarket socialism

․․MarketMarket--coordinating statecoordinating state

․․(Coordinated) Market (Coordinated) Market

regulatory regimeregulatory regime


Features of Transnational Higher Education in AsiaFeatures of Transnational Higher Education in Asia

** Usually planned and supervised by a specialized unit/departmentUsually planned and supervised by a specialized unit/department within or within or beyond the Ministry of Education.beyond the Ministry of Education.

e.g. Singapore Economic Development Boarde.g. Singapore Economic Development Board

** Myriad innovative arrangements: distance learning, franchising,Myriad innovative arrangements: distance learning, franchising,join/twinning/topjoin/twinning/top--up programs, branch campuses, etc.up programs, branch campuses, etc.

** Basically importers rather than exporters of higher educationalBasically importers rather than exporters of higher educational services services through international collaborations to date.through international collaborations to date.

** A tilt towards science & technological disciplines.A tilt towards science & technological disciplines.

** Latest trend: hubs of international & domestic HEIs plus multinaLatest trend: hubs of international & domestic HEIs plus multinational tional enterprises, particularly ICT & highenterprises, particularly ICT & high--tech enterprises.tech enterprises.


A Tilt towards Science & Technological Disciplines in AsiaA Tilt towards Science & Technological Disciplines in Asia’’s s THE THE

Domestic Factors:Domestic Factors:

** Traditionally a region with stronger emphasis/higher regard on Traditionally a region with stronger emphasis/higher regard on S&T disciplines due to compelling needs of nation buildings, yetS&T disciplines due to compelling needs of nation buildings, yet less less developed in most cases.developed in most cases.** Regarded as imperative in quest of knowledge economy.Regarded as imperative in quest of knowledge economy.

Regional Factor:Regional Factor:

** Higher demands in the regional markets of higher education.Higher demands in the regional markets of higher education.


Enrollments by Broad Field of Education in Tertiary Education: SEnrollments by Broad Field of Education in Tertiary Education: Selected Asian territories (2007)elected Asian territories (2007)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

Case StudiesCase Studies

McBurnie and Ziguras (2001):McBurnie and Ziguras (2001):Southeast Asia is like a laboratory in the development Southeast Asia is like a laboratory in the development

and regulation of transnational education.and regulation of transnational education.

Case Studies I: SingaporeCase Studies I: Singapore

Case Studies II: MalaysiaCase Studies II: Malaysia

Case Studies: Singapore (1)Case Studies: Singapore (1)

Latest Development Latest Development

** With successful Australian model in mind, aggressively participWith successful Australian model in mind, aggressively participates in the ates in the competition for Asian (esp. ASEAN) students and their money sinccompetition for Asian (esp. ASEAN) students and their money since 1990s.e 1990s.

** MarketMarket--accelerationist state with a highly proactive and systematic regaccelerationist state with a highly proactive and systematic regulation.ulation.

** Main effort: inviting prestigious HEIs to set up branch campuseMain effort: inviting prestigious HEIs to set up branch campuses in Singapore.s in Singapore.

* * For postFor post--secondary students from the stream of polytechnic education:secondary students from the stream of polytechnic education:

Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT)Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT)

→→ Partner renowned universities worldwide to offer S&T programs toPartner renowned universities worldwide to offer S&T programs tomeet growing industries.meet growing industries.

→→ Coordinate between overseas HEIs and the 5 local polytechnics onCoordinate between overseas HEIs and the 5 local polytechnics oncurriculum planning and admission criteria to maintain the same curriculum planning and admission criteria to maintain the same standards standards of programs as in the HEIsof programs as in the HEIs’’ home countries.home countries.


Leading Foreign HEIs in SingaporeLeading Foreign HEIs in Singapore

CornellCornell--Nanyang Institute of Hospitality Nanyang Institute of Hospitality ManagementManagement

School of Travel Industry Management (TIM) School of Travel Industry Management (TIM) (USA)(USA)

DigiPen Institute of Technology SingaporeDigiPen Institute of Technology Singapore Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai Jiaotong University

Duke UniversityDuke University SingaporeSingapore--MIT Alliance (SMA)MIT Alliance (SMA)

ESSECESSEC Stanford UniversityStanford University

INSEADINSEAD Tisch School of the Arts AsiaTisch School of the Arts Asia

Georgia Institute of TechnologyGeorgia Institute of Technology University of Chicago Booth Graduate School University of Chicago Booth Graduate School of Businessof Business

German Institute of Science & TechnologyGerman Institute of Science & Technology University of HawaiUniversity of Hawai‘‘i at Mi at Māānoanoa

New York University School of LawNew York University School of Law University of Nevada Las VegasUniversity of Nevada Las Vegas

S.P. Jain Center of ManagementS.P. Jain Center of Management Waseda UniversityWaseda University

S&TS&T--oriented HEIsoriented HEIs


Achievements to Date Achievements to Date

* * In 2007, there were 86,000 international students from 120 countIn 2007, there were 86,000 international students from 120 countries studying in ries studying in Singapore.Singapore.

* * Over 1,200 private HEIs and 44 preOver 1,200 private HEIs and 44 pre--tertiary schools offering international curricula in tertiary schools offering international curricula in Singapore.Singapore.

* * Raffles Education CorpRaffles Education Corp, the largest private education group in Asia, has established i, the largest private education group in Asia, has established its ts international headquarters in Singapore. About 61,000 students ainternational headquarters in Singapore. About 61,000 students are studying in its 28 re studying in its 28 colleges around the Asiacolleges around the Asia--Pacific region.Pacific region.

* * Singapore emerged Singapore emerged firstfirst in both Mathematics and Science in a 49in both Mathematics and Science in a 49--country study of country study of Grade 4 (Primary 4) and Grade 8 (Secondary 2) students conductedGrade 4 (Primary 4) and Grade 8 (Secondary 2) students conducted in 2002in 2002--03.03.

* * Public Universities have also played a role in the quest for regPublic Universities have also played a role in the quest for regional hub of education. ional hub of education. The 3 autonomous universities enroll 20% international students The 3 autonomous universities enroll 20% international students who mainly come from who mainly come from ASEAN, China & India. Most of them enrolled in Engineering & SciASEAN, China & India. Most of them enrolled in Engineering & Science courses.ence courses.

Source: Singapore Economic Development Board & Ministry of EducSource: Singapore Economic Development Board & Ministry of Education ation

Case Studies: Malaysia (1)Case Studies: Malaysia (1)

Latest Development Latest Development

* * Thrust to liberate its higher education and advancing THE since Thrust to liberate its higher education and advancing THE since 1980s due to 1980s due to domestic needs rather than market profits. Nondomestic needs rather than market profits. Non--Malays were then marginalized Malays were then marginalized in the public education system.in the public education system.* * Becoming ambitious after introduction of Becoming ambitious after introduction of Vision 2020Vision 2020 (1991). Featured by a (1991). Featured by a specific set of legislations, e.g. Private Higher Education Act specific set of legislations, e.g. Private Higher Education Act 1996; National 1996; National Accreditation Board Act 1996.Accreditation Board Act 1996.* * Less successful in luring prestigious HEIs to set up branch campLess successful in luring prestigious HEIs to set up branch campuses. Yet uses. Yet prosperous in terms of collaborative join/twinning programs. Locprosperous in terms of collaborative join/twinning programs. Local private HEIs al private HEIs are rather dynamic.are rather dynamic.* * Latest initiatives:Latest initiatives:Kuala Lumpur Education City Kuala Lumpur Education City →→ A mix of local & international HEIs, A mix of local & international HEIs, targets primarily on markets in China, Middle East, India & ASEAtargets primarily on markets in China, Middle East, India & ASEAN.N.Nusajaya EduCity Nusajaya EduCity →→ Another integrated hub of knowledge located in Another integrated hub of knowledge located in Southern Peninsular Malaysia. Comprising HEIs, industry centric Southern Peninsular Malaysia. Comprising HEIs, industry centric R&D R&D clusters and international schools.clusters and international schools.


Kuala Lumpur Education CityKuala Lumpur Education City


Leading Foreign & Local Private HEIs in MalaysiaLeading Foreign & Local Private HEIs in Malaysia

Monash UniversityMonash University Curtin University of TechnologyCurtin University of Technology

University of NottinghamUniversity of Nottingham Swinburne University of TechnologySwinburne University of Technology

Sunway University CollegeSunway University College Petronas University of TechnologyPetronas University of Technology

INTI University CollegeINTI University College Tenaga Nasional UniversityTenaga Nasional University

TaylorTaylor’’s University Colleges University College Multimedia UniversityMultimedia University

Nilai University CollegeNilai University College Limkokwing University of Creative TechnologyLimkokwing University of Creative Technology

Tun Abdul Razak UniversityTun Abdul Razak University Malaysia University of Science & Technology Malaysia University of Science & Technology

Tunku Abdul Rahman UniversityTunku Abdul Rahman University Industrial University of SelangorIndustrial University of Selangor

UCSI UniversityUCSI University University of Kuala Lumpur University of Kuala Lumpur

HELP University CollegeHELP University College Management & Science UniversityManagement & Science University

AIMST UniversityAIMST University International Medical UniversityInternational Medical University

S&TS&T--oriented HEIsoriented HEIs


Achievements to Date Achievements to Date

* * In 2007, there were 47,928 international students from around 15In 2007, there were 47,928 international students from around 150 countries studying in 0 countries studying in Malaysia. Among them, 14,324 enrolled in public HEIs, 33,604 enrMalaysia. Among them, 14,324 enrolled in public HEIs, 33,604 enrolled in private HEIs.olled in private HEIs.

* * In 2007, Indonesians represented 17.6% (8,454) of the populationIn 2007, Indonesians represented 17.6% (8,454) of the population of international of international students in Malaysia. It was followed by students from China 13.students in Malaysia. It was followed by students from China 13.5% (6,468), Iran 7.7% 5% (6,468), Iran 7.7% (3,678), Nigeria 6% (2,884) and Bangladesh 5.2% (2,506).(3,678), Nigeria 6% (2,884) and Bangladesh 5.2% (2,506).

** However, while student population from Indonesia continues to eHowever, while student population from Indonesia continues to expand between 2003xpand between 2003--2007 (2007 (+50.1%+50.1%), student population from China has shrunken significantly (), student population from China has shrunken significantly (--37.5%37.5%). The ). The growth of student population from Middle East has also been hindgrowth of student population from Middle East has also been hindered by latest HE ered by latest HE developments in Middle East. developments in Middle East.

* * The number of private universities/university colleges in MalaysThe number of private universities/university colleges in Malaysia (branch campuses of ia (branch campuses of foreign HEIs inclusive) has increased dramatically foreign HEIs inclusive) has increased dramatically from 0 in 1998 to 37 in 2007from 0 in 1998 to 37 in 2007, with a , with a vast majority of them offering THE programs particularly in busivast majority of them offering THE programs particularly in business and Science & ness and Science & Technology.Technology.

Source: Ministry of Higher Education MalaysiaSource: Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia


International Students at Public & Private HEIs in Malaysia, 200International Students at Public & Private HEIs in Malaysia, 20022--20072007

YearYear PublicPublic PrivatePrivate TotalTotal

20022002 5,0455,045 22,82722,827 27,87227,872

20032003 5,2395,239 25,15825,158 30,39730,397

20042004 5,7355,735 25,93925,939 31,67431,674

20052005 6,6226,622 33,90333,903 40,52540,525

20062006 7,9417,941 36,44936,449 44,39044,390

20072007 14,32414,324 33,60433,604 47,92847,928

Source: Ministry of Higher Education MalaysiaSource: Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia

Discussion (1)Discussion (1)

THE in Asia and the Changing Governance & Regulatory RegimesTHE in Asia and the Changing Governance & Regulatory Regimes

* * The rise of THE and privateness in HE suggest a shift from centrThe rise of THE and privateness in HE suggest a shift from centralized regulatory model.alized regulatory model.* * Yet state intervention still matters Yet state intervention still matters →→ strategic planning and quality assurance. strategic planning and quality assurance.

* * Malaysia:Malaysia:* Market* Market--accelerationist state with an undecided regulatory regime accelerationist state with an undecided regulatory regime →→ simultaneous simultaneous centralization and decentralization centralization and decentralization →→ Private sector contribute more to its THE development.Private sector contribute more to its THE development.* The Ministry of Higher Education, established in 2004, * The Ministry of Higher Education, established in 2004, tends to facilitate the establishment tends to facilitate the establishment of more S&T HEIs.of more S&T HEIs.* * Singapore:Singapore:* Relatively more systematic, selective and effective in * Relatively more systematic, selective and effective in planning its THE.planning its THE.* A better position to choose its foreign partners and se* A better position to choose its foreign partners and select the type of programs needed.lect the type of programs needed.E.g. the closure of the Division of Biomedical Sciences oE.g. the closure of the Division of Biomedical Sciences of John Hopkins University in f John Hopkins University in Singapore in July 2006.Singapore in July 2006.* * Both the Economic Development Bureau and The Agency for Science,Both the Economic Development Bureau and The Agency for Science, Technology & Technology & Research (A*STAR) aggressively promote S&T HEIs.Research (A*STAR) aggressively promote S&T HEIs.

Discussion (2)Discussion (2)

LimitationsLimitations

* * Greater competition today in THE market both within and beyond AGreater competition today in THE market both within and beyond Asia.sia.* * Quality Assurance of THE programs may still be problematic due tQuality Assurance of THE programs may still be problematic due to technical and o technical and managerial difficulties, particularly of those related to S&T.managerial difficulties, particularly of those related to S&T.* * Tensions between market efficiency and state capacity persist.Tensions between market efficiency and state capacity persist.

* * Malaysia: An overMalaysia: An over--ambitious strategic planning?ambitious strategic planning?* Still lag behind Singapore in consolidating a trusted e* Still lag behind Singapore in consolidating a trusted education brandducation brand--name.name.* A weaker foundation in S&T basic education.* A weaker foundation in S&T basic education.* Failed to meet its target of attracting 100,000 interna* Failed to meet its target of attracting 100,000 international students by 2010 dearly.tional students by 2010 dearly.

* * Singapore: Overshadowed by issue of academic freedom and opennesSingapore: Overshadowed by issue of academic freedom and openness of society?s of society?* Failed to persuade Warwick University in setting up branch cam* Failed to persuade Warwick University in setting up branch campus in 2005.pus in 2005.* A lackluster record in retaining top* A lackluster record in retaining top--notch S&T talents even with its high quality of notch S&T talents even with its high quality of living environment and global connectivity.living environment and global connectivity.

Tentative ConclusionsTentative Conclusions

The rise of THE in Asia has changed the stateThe rise of THE in Asia has changed the state--market relationship in educational market relationship in educational provision and financing. It also blurs the conventional publicprovision and financing. It also blurs the conventional public--private distinction.private distinction.

Attention may also be given to the consequent changes of governaAttention may also be given to the consequent changes of governance and nce and regulatory regimes, particularly to the critical mechanism of quregulatory regimes, particularly to the critical mechanism of quality assurance ality assurance towards THE programs.towards THE programs.

THE developments in Singapore and Malaysia, though glamorous at THE developments in Singapore and Malaysia, though glamorous at the first the first glance, are still in transitional periods with great challenges glance, are still in transitional periods with great challenges ahead. For instance, ahead. For instance, despite all the fanfare, international students represent only ldespite all the fanfare, international students represent only less than 5% of all ess than 5% of all tertiary enrollments in Malaysia today. tertiary enrollments in Malaysia today.

Transnational arrangements has very much accelerated the tilt toTransnational arrangements has very much accelerated the tilt towards S&T in wards S&T in higher educational development in Asia. Yet the proliferation ofhigher educational development in Asia. Yet the proliferation of S&T HEIs, in S&T HEIs, in most cases, may not be truly advisable given the very different most cases, may not be truly advisable given the very different societal contexts societal contexts and developments respectively.and developments respectively.

ContactsContacts

KaKa--Ho MokHo MokChair Professor of Comparative PolicyChair Professor of Comparative Policy

Dean, Faculty of Arts and SciencesDean, Faculty of Arts and SciencesAssociate Vice President (External Relations)Associate Vice President (External Relations)

The Hong Kong Institute of EducationThe Hong Kong Institute of Education

Personal webpage:Personal webpage:https://oraas0.ied.edu.hk/rich/web/people_details.jsp?pid=112774https://oraas0.ied.edu.hk/rich/web/people_details.jsp?pid=112774

Email:Email: [email protected] [email protected] Tel:Tel: (852) 2948 7322(852) 2948 7322

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

Thanks must be extended to the Research Grants Council Thanks must be extended to the Research Grants Council of the HKSAR Government for offering research grant of the HKSAR Government for offering research grant support to enable the author to undertake the present support to enable the author to undertake the present research. The research support is generated from HKIEd research. The research support is generated from HKIEd 70057005--PPRPPR--6.6.

The Rise of Transnational Higher Education in Asia · PDF fileThe Rise of Transnational Higher...

Documents

Transcript of The Rise of Transnational Higher Education in Asia · PDF fileThe Rise of Transnational Higher...