The Rise of Totalitarianism Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Francisco Franco Hideki TojoJoseph Stalin.
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Transcript of The Rise of Totalitarianism Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Francisco Franco Hideki TojoJoseph Stalin.
The Rise of TotalitarianismThe Rise of Totalitarianism
Benito Mussolini
Adolf Hitler Francisco Franco
Hideki TojoJoseph Stalin
Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism
Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism
• 'Authoritarian' refers to the structure of government rather than to society.
• Totalitarian regimes seek to control virtually all aspects of the social life.– Including: economy, education, art,
science, private life and morals of citizens.
• 'Authoritarian' refers to the structure of government rather than to society.
• Totalitarian regimes seek to control virtually all aspects of the social life.– Including: economy, education, art,
science, private life and morals of citizens.
Rise of Totalitarianism
Rise of Totalitarianism
• Totalitarianism can be traced back to the Great War.– Attrition made required total effort– War required all institutions &
individuals to subordinate their interests to victory
• Russia (1917), Italy (1922), Germany (1933), Spain (1939), Japan (1926)
• Totalitarianism can be traced back to the Great War.– Attrition made required total effort– War required all institutions &
individuals to subordinate their interests to victory
• Russia (1917), Italy (1922), Germany (1933), Spain (1939), Japan (1926)
RussiaRussia
• Vladimir Lenin & emergence of USSR– After the Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks
& Lenin had solidified control by 1923.
• Lenin died in 1924 Joseph Stalin rose to power in Soviet Russia
• Stalin pursued the policy of subordinating the individual to the ‘party’.
• Vladimir Lenin & emergence of USSR– After the Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks
& Lenin had solidified control by 1923.
• Lenin died in 1924 Joseph Stalin rose to power in Soviet Russia
• Stalin pursued the policy of subordinating the individual to the ‘party’.
StalinismStalinism• “Stalinism”- Stalin’s style for the Soviet
government– Stalin
• Rejected dissent • Stalin = sole interpreter• World wide Communist revolution post-poned
– Economic Changes• Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans) • Collectivization of Agriculture
– Effective BUT…
– Purges•Millions killed•Guilty executed or sent to Gulag
• “Stalinism”- Stalin’s style for the Soviet government– Stalin
• Rejected dissent • Stalin = sole interpreter• World wide Communist revolution post-poned
– Economic Changes• Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans) • Collectivization of Agriculture
– Effective BUT…
– Purges•Millions killed•Guilty executed or sent to Gulag
Italy & WWI Italy & WWI
• WWI leaves Italy with many problems:– Heavy debts– Did not receive the
land promised by France & G.B.
– Rising unemployment led to unrest, particularly in cities.
• WWI leaves Italy with many problems:– Heavy debts– Did not receive the
land promised by France & G.B.
– Rising unemployment led to unrest, particularly in cities.
March on RomeMarch on RomeMarch on Rome: October, 1922
– Coup d'état Mussolini's National Fascist Party rise to power in Italy
– Ousted Prime Minister– King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to
Mussolini. • Mussolini widely supported by military, business, & liberal
right-wing.
• Mussolini quickly moved to establish dictatorship
March on Rome: October, 1922– Coup d'état Mussolini's National Fascist Party
rise to power in Italy – Ousted Prime Minister– King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to
Mussolini. • Mussolini widely supported by military, business, & liberal
right-wing.
• Mussolini quickly moved to establish dictatorship
FascismFascism• Fascism is a combination of many
ideas– Corporatism: Power exercised through
large organizations (businesses, trade unions) working with each other, directed by the state
– Syndicalism: bringing industry & gov’t under control of labor unions
– Nationalism, Expansionism, Social Progress, Anti-Communism in combination with censorship & state propaganda
– Ideas of racial superiority
• Fascism is a combination of many ideas– Corporatism: Power exercised through
large organizations (businesses, trade unions) working with each other, directed by the state
– Syndicalism: bringing industry & gov’t under control of labor unions
– Nationalism, Expansionism, Social Progress, Anti-Communism in combination with censorship & state propaganda
– Ideas of racial superiority
Nationalism, Race &Fascism
Nationalism, Race &Fascism
• Struggle of nation & race fundamental in society– Communists emphasized class struggle
• Nations bind people by their ancestry • Nations are natural & good
• Fascism sought to solve economic, political, and social problems via ‘national rebirth’– Celebrates the nation & race above all else,– Cults of unity, strength and purity.
• Struggle of nation & race fundamental in society– Communists emphasized class struggle
• Nations bind people by their ancestry • Nations are natural & good
• Fascism sought to solve economic, political, and social problems via ‘national rebirth’– Celebrates the nation & race above all else,– Cults of unity, strength and purity.
Communism FascismCommunism Fascism1. History = class
struggle2. Nations are
arbitrary class should unite the world
3. Global viewpoint4. Gov’t runs industry
1. History = class struggle
2. Nations are arbitrary class should unite the world
3. Global viewpoint4. Gov’t runs industry
1. Struggle between nations & races
2. Nations are natural thus national pride is emphasized
3. National viewpoint4. Gov’t has some
control over industry
1. Struggle between nations & races
2. Nations are natural thus national pride is emphasized
3. National viewpoint4. Gov’t has some
control over industry
Germany: Weimar Republic
Germany: Weimar Republic
• A parliamentary republic established in 1919.
• Faced numerous problems– Hyperinflation– Political extremists – War Reparations
• Collapsed in the early 1930s
• A parliamentary republic established in 1919.
• Faced numerous problems– Hyperinflation– Political extremists – War Reparations
• Collapsed in the early 1930s
Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler• Austrian-born German • Decorated WWI veteran• Leader of the National Socilaist
German Workers Party (NSDAP) better known as the Nazi Party
• Austrian-born German • Decorated WWI veteran• Leader of the National Socilaist
German Workers Party (NSDAP) better known as the Nazi Party
HitlerHitler
• By 1921 Hitler & Oratory ability• Nazi Party: Centered in Munich
– German nationalist movement
• S.A. (Sturmabteilung)– Stormtroopers/”brown shirts”– Paramilitary organization
• S.S. (Schutzstaffel)– Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler
• Gestapo: official secret police of Nazi Germany
• By 1921 Hitler & Oratory ability• Nazi Party: Centered in Munich
– German nationalist movement
• S.A. (Sturmabteilung)– Stormtroopers/”brown shirts”– Paramilitary organization
• S.S. (Schutzstaffel)– Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler
• Gestapo: official secret police of Nazi Germany
Beer Hall PutschNovember, 1923
Beer Hall PutschNovember, 1923
• Failed Coup attempt• Hitler wanted to emulate the March on
Rome• November 8th: Declares a new
government in a Beer Hall• November 9th –The March Begins
– To Bavarian War Ministry– Clash with police and march destroyed
• Failed Coup attempt• Hitler wanted to emulate the March on
Rome• November 8th: Declares a new
government in a Beer Hall• November 9th –The March Begins
– To Bavarian War Ministry– Clash with police and march destroyed
Arrest, Trial, PrisonArrest, Trial, Prison• Hitler arrested for High Treason• Trial
• Uses trial as a platform• Gains noteriety & popularity
• April 1924 – Sentenced to 5 years – Served less than one year
• Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”– Part Autobiography part political rant– Helps spread his ideas.
• Hitler arrested for High Treason• Trial
• Uses trial as a platform• Gains noteriety & popularity
• April 1924 – Sentenced to 5 years – Served less than one year
• Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”– Part Autobiography part political rant– Helps spread his ideas.
Strategy of LegalityStrategy of Legality• Hitler changed his strategy to come
to power.• The Strategy of Legality:
– adhere to the rules of Weimar – Use the institutions of Weimar Republic
to destroy it/come to power
• Hitler changed his strategy to come to power.
• The Strategy of Legality: – adhere to the rules of Weimar – Use the institutions of Weimar Republic
to destroy it/come to power
Depression, ElectionDepression, Election• By 1930 the Depression strikes
Germany • President Paul von Hindenburg ran
for re-election in 1932 – The only one who could defeat Hitler– Wins election– Has difficulty fending off Nazis
• 1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany
• By 1930 the Depression strikes Germany
• President Paul von Hindenburg ran for re-election in 1932 – The only one who could defeat Hitler– Wins election– Has difficulty fending off Nazis
• 1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany
Reichstag FireReichstag Fire• February 1933: Reichstag set on fire• The fire began Hitler’s rise to total
power– Reichstag Fire Decree (February ‘33)
• Suspends civil liberties.– Enabling Act (March ’33)
• Parliament gave Hitler's legislative powers.
– Hindenburg dies (August ’34)• Hitler declared the office of President
vacant • Hitler makes himself head of state or "
Führer”
• February 1933: Reichstag set on fire• The fire began Hitler’s rise to total
power– Reichstag Fire Decree (February ‘33)
• Suspends civil liberties.– Enabling Act (March ’33)
• Parliament gave Hitler's legislative powers.
– Hindenburg dies (August ’34)• Hitler declared the office of President
vacant • Hitler makes himself head of state or "
Führer”
Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco• Head of State of Spain from 1936-1975. • Franco's governance went through
various phases• All emphasized:
– Spanish nationalism– Maintaining territorial integrity– Catholicism– Anti-Communism– Emphasis on traditional values
• Head of State of Spain from 1936-1975. • Franco's governance went through
various phases• All emphasized:
– Spanish nationalism– Maintaining territorial integrity– Catholicism– Anti-Communism– Emphasis on traditional values
Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War
• 1936 -1939: It began after a coup by Spanish Army Generals
• The war ended with the victory of the rebel forces– Republican gov’t overthrown– Dictatorship established with Franco at
it’s helm.
• 1936 -1939: It began after a coup by Spanish Army Generals
• The war ended with the victory of the rebel forces– Republican gov’t overthrown– Dictatorship established with Franco at
it’s helm.
Guernica Guernica
• Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of Guernica by German & Italian war planes.
• Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of Guernica by German & Italian war planes.
The Empire of JapanThe Empire of Japan• Rapid industrialization and
Militarization emergence as a world power– Leads to membership in the Axis
Alliance of WWII
• Gained notoriety war crimes against the people within their Empire.
• Rapid industrialization and Militarization emergence as a world power– Leads to membership in the Axis
Alliance of WWII
• Gained notoriety war crimes against the people within their Empire.
TimelineTimeline• 1931-32
– Japan invades Manchuria
• 1935: – Italy invades Ethiopia– Germany reintroduces
Conscription (violation)
• 1936– Germany
Remilitarized Rhineland
– Franco revolts against Spainish Gov’t.
– Tripartate Pact:– First Concentration
Camps
• 1931-32 – Japan invades
Manchuria• 1935:
– Italy invades Ethiopia– Germany reintroduces
Conscription (violation)
• 1936– Germany
Remilitarized Rhineland
– Franco revolts against Spainish Gov’t.
– Tripartate Pact:– First Concentration
Camps
• 1937– Japan – full scale invasion
of China (Rape of Nanking)• 1938
– Anschluss: Germany invades/ annex Austria
– Hitler claims Sudetenland – Germany seizes
Czechoslovakia• 1939
– Italy invades/annexes Albania
– Hitler demands Danzig (Poland)
– Sept. 1, 1939
• 1937– Japan – full scale invasion
of China (Rape of Nanking)• 1938
– Anschluss: Germany invades/ annex Austria
– Hitler claims Sudetenland – Germany seizes
Czechoslovakia• 1939
– Italy invades/annexes Albania
– Hitler demands Danzig (Poland)
– Sept. 1, 1939