The Rise of the Nazi Dictatorship From the Weimar Republic to Adolf Hilter, 1919-1933.
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Transcript of The Rise of the Nazi Dictatorship From the Weimar Republic to Adolf Hilter, 1919-1933.
The Rise of the Nazi Dictatorship
From the Weimar Republic to Adolf Hilter, 1919-1933
Weimar Republic, 1919-1933• Republic was alien to German political culture.• “November criminals” had created republic.• Tepid support came from “Centrist” parties• Left and Right (40% of electorate) wanted to destroy
Weimar Republic
Left Center Right
KPD Liberals, German Democrats,SPD, Catholic Center Party
Nationalists,NSDAP
Problems of Weimar Republic
• Sparticists Rebellion/execution of Wilhelm Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
• Kapp Putch• Ruhr Occupation (1923)• Hyperinations (1923)• Street violence: left vs. right• Of 376 political murders between 1919 and
1922, 354 committed by right wingers.• Beer Hall Putsch (1923)
A Glimmer of Hope, 1925-1929
• Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929)• Dawes Plan/Young Plan• Fulfillment• Admission to League of Nation• Intellectuals drift toward Weimar: “Where
they burn books, they will one day burn children.”—Thomas Mann, Magic Lantern.
Stresemann,Chancellor, 1923,Foreign Secretary,1924-1929
Great Depression• High unemployment• Right blames Weimar Government for
Depression; Left sees it as the end of capitalism.
• Nazi Party Grew in Numbers—largest party in Reichstag in 1931
• 1932 Elections see Communist Party gains: Big Business supports Hitler
• From Heinrich Brüning to Adolf Hitler; Jan 30, 1933
Date Votes %age Seats in Reichstag Background
May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison
December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler is released from
prison
May 1928 810,100 2.6 12
September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis
July 1932 13,745,800 37.4 230
November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196
March 1933 17,277,000 43.9 288 After Hitler had become
Chancellor
Adolf Hitler, 1889-1945
Rassenpolitik undLebensraum
Hitler’s contradiction: Use ofTechnology to bring back a Medieval social order
HITLER and Nazi Party• June 1934—purge of Ernst Röhm and Sturmabteilung• Schutzstaffel und Geheimestaatspolizei• 1934 Nuremburg Party Congress• Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938• Horst Wessel/Horst Wesel Lied• Wehrmacht oath (August 2, 1934)• "Ich schwöre bei Gott diesen heiligen Eid, daß ich dem
Führer des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes Adolf Hitler, dem Oberbefehlshaber der Wehrmacht, unbedingten Gehorsam leisten und als tapferer Soldat bereit sein will, jederzeit für diesen Eid mein Leben einzusetzen."
• ("I swear by God this sacred oath that to the Leader of the German state and people, Adolf Hitler, supreme commander of the armed forces, I shall render unconditional obedience and that as a brave soldier I shall at all times be prepared to give my life for this oath.“)
Undoing of World Order
• Japanese invasion of Manchuria, 1933• Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 1935• German conscription resumes, 1936• Spanish Civil War, 1936-39• Anschluß mit Austria, 1938• Sudetenland/Munich Conference, 1939
Blitzkrieg into Poland, Sept. 1, 1939