The Rise of Dictators The Rise of Dictators and WWIIand WWII

Students will examine the rise Students will examine the rise of Totalitarianism and the of Totalitarianism and the ineffectiveness of Western ineffectiveness of Western democracies to stop WWIIdemocracies to stop WWII

Failures of WWI lead to a new Failures of WWI lead to a new WARWAR

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Germany- Germany- resentful of their treatment, loss of resentful of their treatment, loss of

territory and the reparations imposed on it territory and the reparations imposed on it by Great Britain and France.by Great Britain and France.

Italy-Italy- resentful that they didn’t get a big resentful that they didn’t get a big enough share of the winner’s pot after WWI enough share of the winner’s pot after WWI while G.B. and France got most of the spoils.while G.B. and France got most of the spoils.

Japan- Japan- resentful they also didn’t get any resentful they also didn’t get any colonies in Asia, they all go to G.B. or France.colonies in Asia, they all go to G.B. or France.

U.S.-U.S.- sees WWI as a failure and only G.B. and sees WWI as a failure and only G.B. and France won anythingFrance won anything

G.B. and France-G.B. and France- are fighting over the spoils are fighting over the spoils do not trust each other.do not trust each other.

FascismFascism

Fascism- It was a mix of Nationalism and Imperialism, stresses the needs of the state over the individual.

Totalitarian- government exerts almost complete control over people.

The Nazis Take Over Germany Adolf Hitler- leader of National Socialist German Workers’ Party,

most evil man in history Mein Kampf- basic beliefs of Nazism, based on extreme

nationalism1. Aryan Super race- Germanic man, fair skin, blond and blue eyes2. Jews- the enemy of the Aryan, they are conspiring to control the world and keep the Aryans from world domination3. Lebensraum- living space, Aryans should by right have more land than the lesser people of Europe

Wants to unite German-speaking people, enforce racial “purification”

Nazis become strongest political party; Hitler named chancellor

Dismantles democratic Weimar Republic; establishes Third Reich

An Evil Man controls the An Evil Man controls the Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin- gains control of the Soviet Union after the death of Lenin in 1924.

1. 1. Replaces private farms with collectives

2. Five Year Plan- Stalin declared that in 5 years the Soviet Union would industrialize, boost coal, oil and electricity production and build factories.

3. Evil- Stalin is rumored to have killed between 25-30 million Soviets during

his reign in power.

The Rise of Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini plays on fears of economic collapse, communism

1.Unemployment, inflation lead to bitter strikes, some communist-led

2. Middle, upper classes want stronger leaders

3. Supported by government officials, police, army

4. 1922 appointed head of government, establishes totalitarian state

Japan gives the finger to the world Manchuria- Japan invades this part of Japan invades this part of

China in 1931, violating both the League China in 1931, violating both the League of Nations and the Open Door Policyof Nations and the Open Door Policy

1. Japan is warned by the League of 1. Japan is warned by the League of Nations, Nations, they walk out of the meeting they walk out of the meeting and ignore any and ignore any warnings.warnings.

2. U.S. afraid to get into another war 2. U.S. afraid to get into another war issues issues a stern warning to Japan but its a stern warning to Japan but its ignored.ignored.

Roosevelt’s Foreign PolicyRoosevelt’s Foreign Policy Good Neighbor Policy-Good Neighbor Policy- Roosevelt says America will be a good Roosevelt says America will be a good

neighbor to its Latin American friends.neighbor to its Latin American friends.1. Can’t do Dollar Diplomacy1. Can’t do Dollar Diplomacy2. Wants Latin American cooperation against Germany 2. Wants Latin American cooperation against Germany

or Italian or Italian aggression.aggression.

American Isolationism-American Isolationism- Americans were disillusioned with WWI Americans were disillusioned with WWI and tried their best to avoid any wars with Japan, Germany or and tried their best to avoid any wars with Japan, Germany or Italy.Italy.

Neutrality Acts- By 1938 both the Republican and Democratic Party are controlled by isolationists and get this passed.

1. Authorized the president to prohibit all arms 1. Authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and shipments and forbid U.S. citizens from traveling on ships forbid U.S. citizens from traveling on ships of countries at war.of countries at war.

2. Forbids the extension of trade or loans to nations at 2. Forbids the extension of trade or loans to nations at warwar

3. Forbids the sale of arms to the sides fighting in the 3. Forbids the sale of arms to the sides fighting in the Spanish Spanish Civil WarCivil War

Civil War Breaks Out in Spain

Spanish Civil War- seen as a struggle between the forces of fascism and democracy.

General Francisco Franco- rebels against Spanish republic wanting to start a fascist state Spanish Civil War begins

1.Support- Hitler, Mussolini back Franco; Stalin aids opposition2. Western democracies remain neutral3. War leads to Rome-Berlin Axis—

alliance between Italy and Germany4. 1939, Franco wins war, becomes

fascist dictator

Steps to WarSteps to War

Hitler rejects the Treaty of Versailles-Hitler rejects the Treaty of Versailles- in 1936 in 1936 and starts to rebuild the German Army and and starts to rebuild the German Army and Navy- France and G.B. wanting to avoid a war Navy- France and G.B. wanting to avoid a war fail to stop him. fail to stop him.

Germany-Italy-Japan- sign an alliance calling sign an alliance calling themselves the themselves the AXIS POWERSAXIS POWERS..

Hitler strikes-Hitler strikes- Annexes Austria, Annexes Austria, Czechoslovakia, and other parts of Europe as Czechoslovakia, and other parts of Europe as German areas that needed to be returned to German areas that needed to be returned to Germany. France and G.B. do nothing to stop Germany. France and G.B. do nothing to stop himhim

Japan-Japan- goes to war with goes to war with China in 1937, League does nothing

Italy-Italy- invades Ethiopia in 1935, League does invades Ethiopia in 1935, League does nothingnothing

WAR

1938 G.B. Prime Minister Chamberlain 1938 G.B. Prime Minister Chamberlain and Hitler-and Hitler- sign a peace treaty. sign a peace treaty. Chamberlain states Chamberlain states “There will be peace in our time”.

1939 Germany signs a non-aggression pact- with the Soviet Union. Hitler and Stalin agree to split the country of Poland.

1939 G.B. and France- warn Hitler if you attack Poland they will declare war. Germany invades Poland.

War is Different War is Different German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) -German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) - new style of new style of

warfare that uses tanks, planes and mobile warfare that uses tanks, planes and mobile infantry. Quick strikes to avoid trench warfare. infantry. Quick strikes to avoid trench warfare.

Poland- falls in 3 weeks, unable to fight the falls in 3 weeks, unable to fight the Blitz, Germany and Soviet Union split the Blitz, Germany and Soviet Union split the country.

Hitler- Hitler- attacks and conquers Norway, Denmark attacks and conquers Norway, Denmark

Stalin-Stalin- attacks and conquers Finland, Estonia, attacks and conquers Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (buffer zone).Latvia and Lithuania (buffer zone).

France UNPREPAREDFrance UNPREPARED Maginot Line- a series of fortifications to stop a direct a series of fortifications to stop a direct

attack by Germany (trench warfare style)attack by Germany (trench warfare style)1. 1. False Protection- this was outdated by WWII this was outdated by WWII

as as Germany just went around it and Germany just went around it and invaded invaded France.France.

22. . Dunkirk- over 380,000 French and British over 380,000 French and British troops troops are evacuated before German troops can are evacuated before German troops can capture capture them in north France to England.them in north France to England.

3. 3. France Falls- Germany launches its Blitzkrieg Germany launches its Blitzkrieg on on France in on May 20th by June 17th France had France in on May 20th by June 17th France had

fallen. fallen. 4. 4. Vichy Government- Nazi puppet government Nazi puppet government in southern France.in southern France.5. 5. Charles DeGaulle- sets up a French sets up a French

government in government in exileexile6. 6. Great Britain- Stands alone against FascismStands alone against Fascism

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain Winston Churchill- leader of G.B. he calls on the

people to remain strong and have faith Germany- Summer 1940, Hitler prepares a fleet to

invade Britain Battle of Britain- German planes bomb British

targets, British citizens hide in the subway. Britain’s RAF (Royal Air Force)- Hitler knew that the

only way to invade England was by destroying the RAF.

Attack- From the spring to the end of the summer of 1940 German airplanes attack Britain but lose to the RAF.

Radar- Britain uses radar to track, shoot down German planes

Invasion ends- Hitler calls off invasion of Britain

Holocaust Hitler-Hitler- blames the Jews for Germany’s loss in WWI, blames the Jews for Germany’s loss in WWI,

economic problems of Germany in the 1920’s and economic problems of Germany in the 1920’s and early 1930’s. Germans were willing to listen because of early 1930’s. Germans were willing to listen because of their anger after WWI and tough economic timestheir anger after WWI and tough economic times

1. 1. “Final Solution”- Hitler’s plan for the enslavement and genocide of all lesser groups in Europe

Holocaust- Hitler systematically executed 6 million Hitler systematically executed 6 million Jews in Europe and over 5 million “non-Aryans” Jews in Europe and over 5 million “non-Aryans” (handicapped, mentally challenged, gypsies, gays, (handicapped, mentally challenged, gypsies, gays, Slavs, Africans)Slavs, Africans)

Europe-Europe- has a long history of Anti-Semitism and Hitler has a long history of Anti-Semitism and Hitler uses this hatreduses this hatred

1. 1. Kristallnacht- Nazis attack Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues. 100 killed, 30,000 arrested

2. Ghetto- Nazis forcefully relocate Jews in Germany, Poland to these locations before the concentration camps.

Holocaust cont’d… Jewish Refugees-Jewish Refugees- France has 40,000 refugees, Britain 80,000;

both refuse more. U.S. takes 100,000, many “persons of exceptional merit”

1. Americans fear strain on economy, enemy agents; much anti-Semitism.

2. St. Louis- shipped filled with Jewish immigrants is turned around everywhere, they return to Germany, later killed in the holocaust.

Concentration Camps- controlled by the SS, people work from dawn to dusk, 7 days a week. Tattooed numbers identify each prisoner.

1. Mass Exterminations- Using Gas Chambers, Ovens, Extermination Squads, experimented on, poisoned,

hung

Survival- those who survive are forever changed by the experience

1. Zionist Movement- grows out of this tragedy, Jews push for a new homeland and are granted Israel in 1947

America mobilizes for WarAmerica mobilizes for War FDR-FDR- sees the writing on the wall and enacts sees the writing on the wall and enacts

several policies to break our neutrality, several policies to break our neutrality, Americans begin to agree with him.Americans begin to agree with him.

1. 1. Selective Service 1940-Selective Service 1940- all men all men must must register, US prepares an army.register, US prepares an army.

2. 2. Lend-Lease Act- this permitted Great Britain to obtain all the U.S. weapons it needed on credit. “Arsenal of

Freedom” later extends this program to the Soviet Union

33. U.S. support-. U.S. support- FDR sees the survival FDR sees the survival of of G.B. as key to the survival of the U.S. G.B. as key to the survival of the U.S. does does everything but declare war on everything but declare war on Germany to Germany to help G.B.help G.B.

Japan and the United StatesJapan and the United States

Relations-Relations- were tense over Japan’s invasion of were tense over Japan’s invasion of ChinaChina

1. FDR-1. FDR- issued the halt of all trade with issued the halt of all trade with Japan if it Japan if it continued to occupy China continued to occupy China and and other European other European Asian colonies. Japan needed Asian colonies. Japan needed U.S. oil and steel U.S. oil and steel to power its military.to power its military.

2. Japan-2. Japan- refused to leave China and both refused to leave China and both sides see sides see war coming, Japan will deliver the war coming, Japan will deliver the first blow.first blow.

3. Codes-3. Codes- America breaks the Japanese America breaks the Japanese Military Codes and picks up word that an Military Codes and picks up word that an attack is imminent. attack is imminent.

Two Big Mistakes made by the Two Big Mistakes made by the Axis PowersAxis Powers

Germany-Germany- In the spring of 1941 Hitler orders his In the spring of 1941 Hitler orders his military to military to invade the Soviet Union.

1. Expectations-1. Expectations- Hitler believed this would be a Hitler believed this would be a quick quick victory, thinks Russians are idiots.victory, thinks Russians are idiots.

2. “Scorched Earth”-2. “Scorched Earth”- Russia pulled back rather Russia pulled back rather than than fight, burning everything as they retreated.fight, burning everything as they retreated.

3. German failure-3. German failure- Stretched their supply lines Stretched their supply lines and and underestimated the Soviet Unions ability to underestimated the Soviet Unions ability to fight.fight.

Pearl Harbor- December 7December 7thth, 1941. A Japanese fleet , 1941. A Japanese fleet launches a sneak attack against the U.S. launches a sneak attack against the U.S. naval base in Hawaii destroying the U.S. battleships and killing well over 3,000 men. U.S. declares war on Japan and Germany

America Declares WARAmerica Declares WAR FDR-FDR- “A date that will live in infamy” “A date that will live in infamy”

War-War- Congress declares war on Japan Congress declares war on Japan the next day, Germany and Italy the next day, Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. honoring their declare war on the U.S. honoring their alliance.alliance.

Atlantic Charter-Atlantic Charter- FDR and Churchill FDR and Churchill meet and discuss their post war plans meet and discuss their post war plans and agree to their commitment for and agree to their commitment for freedom for all countriesfreedom for all countries

The American Home FrontThe American Home Front Volunteers- over 5 million men join the U.S. over 5 million men join the U.S.

military, 10 million more drafted to fight a military, 10 million more drafted to fight a two front war.two front war.

Minority Recruiting and Segregation-Minority Recruiting and Segregation- denied denied basic rights by the U.S. government many basic rights by the U.S. government many felt that by fighting in the war they could felt that by fighting in the war they could EARN their place in America.EARN their place in America.

1. Mexican-Americans-1. Mexican-Americans- 300,000 300,000 volunteervolunteer

2. African-Americans-2. African-Americans- over 1 million over 1 million volunteer, volunteer, segregated units3. Japanese-Americans-3. Japanese-Americans- 33,000 33,000

volunteervolunteer4. Native Americans-4. Native Americans- 25,000 volunteer 25,000 volunteer ((Navajo Wind talkers)

Home Front Cont’d..Home Front Cont’d.. Depression-Depression- with the coming of the war, with the coming of the war,

business profits soared and business profits soared and unemployment nearly vanished by 1944.unemployment nearly vanished by 1944.

Prices/Wages-Prices/Wages- were locked in place by the were locked in place by the government and certain items were government and certain items were rationed.

Financing the War-Financing the War- 1.The U.S. made income tax a part of every 1.The U.S. made income tax a part of every pay checkpay check

2. Sold 2. Sold War Bonds to the people

3. 3. No consumer goods let Americans save money

Home Front Cont’d..Home Front Cont’d.. Industrial Response-Industrial Response- Factories convert from Factories convert from

civilian to wartime production, biggest advantage civilian to wartime production, biggest advantage we had over the Axis powers. we had over the Axis powers. (Mass Production)

1. Labor- over 18 million work in factories producing goods, 2 million minorities but

they face discrimination.2. A. Philip Randolph-2. A. Philip Randolph- organizes a march on organizes a march on Washington D.C. to protest discrimination in Washington D.C. to protest discrimination in

the the workplace. FDR issues an executive order workplace. FDR issues an executive order barring discrimination in the workplace.barring discrimination in the workplace.3. Rationing- Americans donate metals,

newspapers, rubber, clothes, paper to the war effort.

4. Election 1940-4. Election 1940- Roosevelt wins with 55% Roosevelt wins with 55% of the of the vote and unprecedented 3vote and unprecedented 3rdrd term term

Women join the War Effort Women- join by the millions.

1. 1. Factories- millions take the place of men and build the machines of war.

2. Equality- 2. Equality- first time women are first time women are seen seen as equal to their male as equal to their male counterparts. counterparts. Will eventually lead Will eventually lead to greater rights to greater rights for women.for women.

3. 3. Rosie the Riveter- symbol of the American women’s war effort.

Internment of Japanese Americans

Hawaii- governor forced to order internment (confinement) of Japanese

Internment Camps- 1942 FDR signs removal of Japanese Americans in four states (West Coast).

1. U.S. Army forces 110,000 Japanese Americans into prison camps2. 1944 Korematsu v. United States-

Court rules in favor of internment3. Effects- 1988, Congress grants

$20,000 to everyone sent to relocation camp

Battle of the Atlantic Churchill- convinces the U.S. to attack

Germany first. Hitler- orders submarine attacks against

supply ships to Britain, wolf packs (submarine squadrons) destroy hundreds of ships in 1942

Convoys- Allies protect cargo ships with escorts, destroyers with sonar; planes with radar

Liberty ships (cargo carriers) - construction speeds up, deliver tons of supply to Britain.

Turning Point Battles in EuropeTurning Point Battles in Europe Battle of Stalingrad- The Soviet Union destroys a German The Soviet Union destroys a German

army of 300,000 at this city, begin march toward Germany.army of 300,000 at this city, begin march toward Germany.

Italy 1943- Italy 1943- Allies capture key sites, Italians overthrow Allies capture key sites, Italians overthrow Mussolini and kill him. Germany on its own.

D-Day- June 6th, 1944 The Allies (U.S. Britain, France)- invade Normandy, France to free Europe of Nazi control. Considered by most the bloodiest day in the war.

1. 1. Dwight D. Eisenhower- Supreme commander of the Allied forces at D-Day

2. 2. France liberated- Paris is liberated and Germany is on the run

Battle of the Bulge- Germany pushes back with one last desperate attack but have too many losses, it’s the final German offensive of the war.

The Third Reich FallsThe Third Reich Falls Liberation of Concentration Camps- Liberation of Concentration Camps- Allied Allied

soldiers find starving, dying prisoners along soldiers find starving, dying prisoners along with thousands of corpses. with thousands of corpses.

Berlin- Berlin- Stormed by the Soviets who offer no mercy, Berlin is reduced to rubble.

1. Hitler- commits suicide 1. Hitler- commits suicide 2. V-E Day- May 8thth, 1945 end of , 1945 end of

European European warwar3. 3. FDR- died April 12th, 1945. This

shocked the nation, Vice-President Truman takes over for the remainder of the term.

The War Against JapanThe War Against Japan U.S. Strategy- U.S. Strategy- Island hop to Japan, cutting off their Island hop to Japan, cutting off their

supplies from each island.supplies from each island.

Battle of the Coral Sea- Battle of the Coral Sea- U.S. and Australian troops stop U.S. and Australian troops stop advance of Japanese forces, 1advance of Japanese forces, 1stst times since Pearl times since Pearl Harbor Japan is stopped.Harbor Japan is stopped.

Battle of Midway- Led by Admiral Nimitz, the U.S. sinks four Japanese Aircraft carriers to the American one.

1. Turning Point- The Japanese Navy never fully 1. Turning Point- The Japanese Navy never fully recovered from the loss of the aircraft carriers recovered from the loss of the aircraft carriers

and and aviators from this battle.aviators from this battle.2. 2. U.S.- U.S.- Mass Production replaces our losses and Mass Production replaces our losses and

puts puts pressure on Japan.pressure on Japan.

Japanese Defense- Japanese Defense- kamikaze (suicide) attacks by pilots kamikaze (suicide) attacks by pilots against U.S. ships, loaded with bombs.against U.S. ships, loaded with bombs.

Key Battles of the Pacific Key Battles of the Pacific WarWar

Battle of Leyte Gulf-Battle of Leyte Gulf- Japanese navy is virtually destroyed and is Japanese navy is virtually destroyed and is a non-threat for the remainder of the war.a non-threat for the remainder of the war.

Battle of Iwo JimaBattle of Iwo Jima1. Key- Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes can

reach Japan2. Costs- 6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700

Japanese, 200 survive

The Battle for Okinawa- April 1945 U.S. Marines invade Okinawa1. Amphibious Assault- largest in history, fiercest battle

fought in WWII, Japanese soldiers will make them pay for every yard

2. Key- staging area for Allied invasion of mainland Japan3. Costs- Over 75,000 Marines, 65,000 Japanese, 150,000

civilians4. Allies- begin to realize that taking Japan might mean

over a million casualties, begin to think another option is needed to make Japan surrender

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer- director of the project with the

greatest minds in the world including Einstein, etc.. Develop the 1st nuclear bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico.

Test- Successfully tested in July, 1945 President Truman- gives the Japanese government an

ultimatum to surrender or face the complete destruction of their country.

Hiroshima- Aug. 6th Truman order the first bomb dropped on this city.

1. Enola Gay- plane that will drop the Fat Man on Hiroshima

Nagasaki- Aug 9th Truman orders a second bomb dropped on this city

Impact1. Death toll- over 250,000 people die either

immediately or just after due to exposure to the bomb2. Japan Surrenders- V-J Day September 2, 1945

Wartime ConferencesWartime Conferences Tehran- Stalin, FDR and Churchill all meet in Iran in Tehran- Stalin, FDR and Churchill all meet in Iran in

November 1943.November 1943.1. Goals- U.S. and G.B. will invade Europe and free 1. Goals- U.S. and G.B. will invade Europe and free

France. France. Soviets will attack from east. After Germany Soviets will attack from east. After Germany defeated all will defeated all will attack Japan.attack Japan.

Yalta- Feb. 1945 they establish the outline for what to do after Yalta- Feb. 1945 they establish the outline for what to do after the war is over.the war is over.

1. Germany would be divided into occupation zones.1. Germany would be divided into occupation zones.2. All Eastern European countries would have free 2. All Eastern European countries would have free

elections elections (currently controlled by the USSR)(currently controlled by the USSR)3. Soviets would attack Japan after Germany was 3. Soviets would attack Japan after Germany was

defeateddefeated4. The United Nations would be formed to maintain 4. The United Nations would be formed to maintain

peace in the peace in the world.world.

Potsdam- only Stalin remains of the Big Three. FDR died and Potsdam- only Stalin remains of the Big Three. FDR died and Churchill was voted out of officeChurchill was voted out of office

1. Will have War Crime trials on Nazi leaders1. Will have War Crime trials on Nazi leaders

Effects of World War IIEffects of World War II Legacy-Legacy- most destructive war in history, most destructive war in history,

changed every nation forever who was changed every nation forever who was involved.involved.

The Nuremberg War Trials- The Nuremberg War Trials- 24 Nazi leaders 24 Nazi leaders are charged with crimes against humanity.are charged with crimes against humanity.

1. Decisions- 1. Decisions- several are executed, several are executed, others others jailed.jailed.

2. Precedence- 2. Precedence- establishes that leaders establishes that leaders will be will be held for their roles in war.held for their roles in war.

Japanese Occupation- Japanese Occupation- turned into a turned into a democracy, democracy, constitution, capitalism, no constitution, capitalism, no military ever the military ever the U.S. will protect it.U.S. will protect it.

Effects cont’d…Effects cont’d… Super Powers- Super Powers- The United States and Soviet Union The United States and Soviet Union

emerge as the two strongest nations in the world.emerge as the two strongest nations in the world.1. Relations- 1. Relations- US does not trust Stalin, Stalin US does not trust Stalin, Stalin

resents resents US delayed fighting Germany and let them US delayed fighting Germany and let them take the take the brunt of the deaths.brunt of the deaths.

2. Differences- 2. Differences- Democracy vs. Totalitarianism Democracy vs. Totalitarianism means means the two will never get along.the two will never get along.

Marshall Plan- Marshall Plan- U.S. policy proposed by Sec. Marshall U.S. policy proposed by Sec. Marshall gives economic aid to 16 nations.gives economic aid to 16 nations.

1. Reason- provide aid to keep communist rebels 1. Reason- provide aid to keep communist rebels from taking over, establish democracies in from taking over, establish democracies in

Europe.Europe.2. The money given is used to buy American 2. The money given is used to buy American

goods goods from American companies, stimulated our from American companies, stimulated our economy.economy.

Cold WarCold WarPolicy of Containment-Policy of Containment- Established under President Established under President

Truman in 1947 the U.S. would try to contain Truman in 1947 the U.S. would try to contain communism around the world. (give money, communism around the world. (give money, military aid to fight communism)military aid to fight communism)

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)- Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)- policy preached policy preached by both the U.S. and Soviet Union not to fight a by both the U.S. and Soviet Union not to fight a direct war because they both have enough nuclear direct war because they both have enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other.weapons to destroy each other.