The Right Cropload, Precision Apple Thinning · The Right Cropload, Precision Apple Thinning Philip...
Transcript of The Right Cropload, Precision Apple Thinning · The Right Cropload, Precision Apple Thinning Philip...
1Philip Schwallier
The Right
Cropload,
Precision Apple
Thinning
Philip SchwallierDistrict Horticulture Agent
Clarksville Research Center
Precision Orchard Management
Precision Cropload
Management
nAdjusting cropload is most
important practice.
nPredicting Fruitset Model
Precision Crop Load ManagementIt is a Strategy to achieve a IDEAL number of
fruit/tree by using information and orchard
practices.
• Use pruning
• Use chemical thinning
• Gather & use information
• Use predictive models, Predicting Fruitset.
• Use hand thinning.
Prune to a 1.5x budload of target fruit/tree
Precision Crop Load Management
Steps Example
Tall Spindle
Apples/tree
Determine the IDEAL cropload. 100
Dormant prune to a specific
budload.
150 (1.5x)
Michigan’s Target Budload 2x or 200
Precision Thinning
• Initial Flower Load 400
clusters/tree
• Target Cropload, MI
100 fruit/tree
• Prune bud Load to 2x target 200
buds/tree
• WA= 1x, NY= 1.5x
Statewide Precision Thinning
Initial Flower Load 400 clusters/tree
Target Cropload, MI 100 fruit/tree
Therefore Target 1.5x
70% Underpruned 2x to 3x (5x)
30% Pruned close 1x to 1.25x
Chem Application 1 to 3 Apps
Hand Thinning 30%
A fruit bud
BeforeTarget 100/tree
500 clusters
AfterTarget buds
1.5x
Mark Clusters
n 15 clusters/tree on 5 trees
n 75 total clusters
n Pink to bloom
n Representative clusters
n Not high not low
Kim Kropf
Jill BlattnerBethany Blattner
Recording Fruitlet Diameters
for Fruitset Model 2013
Bridget Engelsma
Nicole Engelsma
Initial Flower Load
Bloom
Petal Fall
10 mm
16 mm
Target Fruit Number
Hand Thinning
Carb Model
Carb Model
Carb Model
Carb Model
Carb Model
Fruit Set Model
Fruit Set Model
Fruit Set Model
Precision Cropload Flow Chart
Predict if a Fruit Will Persist or Abscise
• Persist: A fruit was predicted to persist if the growth
rate over the measurement period was at least 50%
or greater of the fastest growing fruit.
• Abscise: A fruit was predicted to abscise if the
growth rate of the fruit slowed to 50% or less of the
growth rate of the fastest growing fruit.
DAYS AFTER NAA APPLICATION
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
FR
UIT
DIA
METER
(M
M)
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Persist
Abscise
** *** *** ***
DAYS AFTER NAA APPLICATION
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
FR
UIT
DIA
METER
(M
M)
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Persist
Abscise
** *** *** ***
Predicting Percent Fruitset
Predicting Percent Fruitset
Initial Flower Load
Bloom
Petal Fall
10 mm
16 mm
Target Fruit Number
Hand Thinning
Carb Model
Carb Model
Carb Model
Carb Model
Carb Model
Fruit Set Model
Fruit Set Model
Fruit Set Model
Precision Cropload Flow Chart
Natural Apple Background
Sensitivity to Thinning
We applied S+M and S+N every 3.5 days to
determine when thinning occurred.
Started at PF and ended 28 days later
To Gala for 8 years.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pe
rce
nt
DAFB
Natural Apple Backgound Sensitivity to Thinning
Cropload Poly. (Cropload)
CROPLOAD = % FRUIT/TREE OF UTC DAFB=Days After Full Bloom
Pe
tal
Fall
6 m
m
8 m
m
10
mm
12
mm
15
mm
20
mm
24
mm
30
mm
Fu
ll B
loo
m
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pe
rce
nt
DAFB
Natural Apple Backgound Sensitivity to Thinning
Cropload Poly. (Cropload)
CROPLOAD = % FRUIT/TREE OF UTC DAFB=Days After Full Bloom
Pe
tal
Fall
6 m
m
8 m
m
10
mm
12
mm
15
mm
20
mm
24
mm
30
mm
Fu
ll B
loo
m
Nibble or Precision Thinning Concept
Precision Thinning
–Start thinning early
–Plan multiple sprays.
31Philip Schwallier
Initial Flower Load
Bloom
Petal Fall
10 mm
16 mm
Target Fruit Number
Hand Thinning
0 to 5%
10 to 20%
35%
Precision Cropload Flow Chart
5%
100 Apple/tree Target
Yet 400 cluster/tree or 2000 flowers/tree
Precision Thinning
We will often let the early thinning window go
by because we are unsure of fruit set.
– Trees and fruits are resilient
– Frost, bee activity, pollination, fertilization is
unknown.
– All make us unsure of set.
– Abundant initial flower numbers will follow with
abundant fruit numbers.
Philip Schwallier
Precision Thinning
Lets thin a little at every opportunity
Less Risk
More Success
More Confidence
35Philip Schwallier
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Pe
rce
nt
DAFB
Natural Apple Backgound Sensitivity to Thinning
Fu
ll B
loo
m
CROPLOAD = % FRUIT/TREE OF UTC
Pe
tal Fa
ll
6 m
m
8 m
m
10
mm
12
mm
15
mm
20
mm
24
mm
Precision Thinning
Kim Kropf
Predicting Fruitset Project 2014
Precision Cropload
Management
n Start dormant, set target
n Prune to correct budload
n Thin early, Full Bloom and Petal Fall
Precision Cropload
Management
n Nibble the cropload down
n Use models and Information
n Re-thin where needed.
Mark Clusters
n 15 clusters/tree on 5 trees
n 75 total clusters
n Pink to bloom
n Representative clusters
n Not high or low in tree
Jill BlattnerBethany Blattner
Predicting Fruitset Project 2014
Theory of Fruitset
– Temperature affect demand of energy (carbon) from fruit and other tree growth.
– When fruitlets demand energy that exceeds supply, the weakest fruitlets drop.
– When energy is abundant, fruitlets set and resist thinning.
MaluSim Carbohydrate Model
n Carbohydrate Model of Cornell University
– Alan Lakso
– Terence Robinson
n Predicts Tree Carb Balance
– Max, Min, Solar Radiation, Latitude
MaluSim Sparta Carbohydrate Model 2013
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
5/15 5/17 5/19 5/21 5/23 5/25 5/27 5/29 5/31 6/2 6/4 6/6 6/8 6/10 6/12 6/14 6/16
Ca
rbo
hy
dra
te B
ala
nce
MaluSim Sparta 2013
Carb Bal 4 Day Ave
Petal Fall
6 m
m
10 m
m
12 m
m
14 m
m
22 m
m
25 m
m
35 m
m
Full Bloom
72 62 73 33 25 7 22 0 0% Thinning
Stress Stress
No Stress
Honeycrisp Timing Thinning 2013
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
AFW (g)
Fruit/Tree
Cropload AFW
Petal Fall
6 m
m
10 m
m
12 m
m
14 m
m
22 m
m
25 m
m
35 m
m
Full Bloom
Stress Stress
No Stress
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
605
/15
/14
5/1
7/1
4
5/1
9/1
4
5/2
1/1
4
5/2
3/1
4
5/2
5/1
4
5/2
7/1
4
5/2
9/1
4
5/3
1/1
4
6/2
/14
6/4
/14
6/6
/14
6/8
/14
6/1
0/1
4
6/1
2/1
4
6/1
4/1
4
6/1
6/1
4
6/1
8/1
4
6/2
0/1
4
6/2
2/1
4
g c
arb
on
/da
ySparta Carb 2014 6-17-14
Balance 4 Day Ave
Petal Fall
6 m
m
10 m
m
14 m
m
24 m
m
26 m
m
28 m
m
32 m
m
Full Bloom
Thinning applications.
Full Bloom, #3 NAA 15 ppm, #4 Maxcel 100 ppm
All other treatments, Odd # S+N 1 pt + 15 ppm
Even # S+M 1 pt + 50 ppm
67 18 48 35 43 42 80 124 112Cropload
Stress StressNo Stress
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
50
100
150
200
250
300U
TC
HT
N 1
5
M 1
00
S+N
S+M
S+N
S+M
S+N
S+M
S+N
S+M
S+N
S+M
S+N
S+M
S+N
S+M
S+N
S+M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
AFW (g)
Fruit/Tree
Honeycrisp Timing Thinning 2014
Fruit/Tree Ave Fruit Weight
Petal Fall
6 m
m
10 m
m
14 m
m
24 m
m
26 m
m
28 m
m
32 m
m
Full Bloom
Stress StressNo Stress
NAA 15 ppm Full Bloom Honeycrisp
MaxCel 100 ppm Full Bloom Honeycrisp
What is Precision Cropload
Management?
1. Set a Tartget Cropload/Tree.
2. Prune to a Precise Budload/Tree.
3. Start Chemical Thinning Early.
4. Use Models to Predict Set.
5. Repeat Chemical Thinning as needed.
6. Hand Thin
apples.msu.edu
apples.msu.edu
apples.msu.edu
SummaryIt is a Strategy to achieve a IDEAL number of
fruit/tree by using information and orchard
practices.
• Use pruning
• Use chemical thinning
• Gather & use information
• Use predictive models, Predicting Fruitset.
• Use hand thinning.