The Review and Analysis of Difficult Couplets of One of Khaqani’s...

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Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 12, Issue 1, No. 45, Spring 2020 29 The Review and Analysis of Difficult Couplets of One of Khaqani’s Odes with the Commitment on using ‘Sobh’ Mansoor Sadat Ebrahimi * Amir Soltan Mmohamadi * * Abstract Khāqāni Shirwāni, is one of the best poets who created a new form and style in Persian literature by his unique features. Some of the features are utilizing the maximum of linguistic and literary capacities, having complete knowledge of all kinds of sciences of his age and using them artistically in a poem, exact descriptions, new kinds of imagination, and making delicate links and relations. These special features have, of course, added to the complexity and difficulty of his poems. For this reason, the appearance of all the hidden points and the literary and technical beauty of his poetry requires the reader's diligence and endeavor. Due to this fact, various interpretations have been written on his Divan (collection). Nevertheless, problems in his poems have not been solved yet. One of his odes, which has difficult couplets, is the one in the praise of Khāqān-e Akbar Manoochehr Shirvānshāh, and the closure of Bāqlāni dam by use of ‘Sobh’ in each couplet. In this study, while investigating and criticizing all the previous interpretations, we have decided to take another step towards eliminating the poetry complexities and clarifying Khāqāni's words by studying and analyzing nine difficult couplets of this ode. Introduction Khāqāni Sharvāni is one of the brilliant Persian poets who has his own language and literary taste. He has his own unique and significant style. Using verbal and semantical capacities in its full extent, and also employing scientific concepts and terminologies of his own time in a creative way lead him to become a virtuoso. Khāqāni introduced figure of speech into scientific knowledge, and by doing so, he represented genuine images which lead to aesthetic values and poetic intrications in his works. There are various interpretations on his Divan (collection). Despite all of these attempts, there are still many complications in his works which many critics could not perceive them, and even in some cases interpreters follow the wrong set of assumptions. The purpose of this study was to analyze nine difficult couplets of one of Khaqani’s odes with the emphasis on using the word ‘Sobh’. Material & Methods In this study, library sources was used; through which some of Khāqāniʼs abstruse verses are studied rigorously. By using credible and original sources such as archaic tomes, inter-textual and intra-textual evidence, and by interpreting and analyzing contemporary perspectives, we can reach a veracious interpretation for every verses. In this study, some arguments were introduced to correct some of the peculiarities of the verses. Discussion of Results & Conclusions One of the Khāqāniʼs odes which has abstract and intricate verses put emphasis on the word ‘Sobh’ to extol ‘Khāqān-e Akbar Manoochehr Sharvānshāh’ and the closure of Bāqlāni dam. This paper aimed to go through and interpret nine verses of this ode which, from the authors’ viewpoint, need more probe and investigations. In each case, by referring to various manuscripts and publications of Khāqāniʼs Divan, we attempted to find the best semantical interpretation of these * Ph.D. of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran * * Ph.D. of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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The Review and Analysis of Difficult Couplets of One of Khaqani’s Odes with the

Commitment on using ‘Sobh’

Mansoor Sadat Ebrahimi∗

Amir Soltan Mmohamadi∗∗

Abstract Khāqāni Shirwāni, is one of the best poets who created a new form and style in Persian

literature by his unique features. Some of the features are utilizing the maximum of linguistic

and literary capacities, having complete knowledge of all kinds of sciences of his age and using

them artistically in a poem, exact descriptions, new kinds of imagination, and making delicate

links and relations. These special features have, of course, added to the complexity and difficulty

of his poems. For this reason, the appearance of all the hidden points and the literary and

technical beauty of his poetry requires the reader's diligence and endeavor. Due to this fact,

various interpretations have been written on his Divan (collection). Nevertheless, problems in his

poems have not been solved yet. One of his odes, which has difficult couplets, is the one in the

praise of Khāqān-e Akbar Manoochehr Shirvānshāh, and the closure of Bāqlāni dam by use of

‘Sobh’ in each couplet. In this study, while investigating and criticizing all the previous

interpretations, we have decided to take another step towards eliminating the poetry complexities

and clarifying Khāqāni's words by studying and analyzing nine difficult couplets of this ode.

Introduction

Khāqāni Sharvāni is one of the brilliant Persian poets who has his own language and literary

taste. He has his own unique and significant style. Using verbal and semantical capacities in its

full extent, and also employing scientific concepts and terminologies of his own time in a

creative way lead him to become a virtuoso. Khāqāni introduced figure of speech into scientific

knowledge, and by doing so, he represented genuine images which lead to aesthetic values and

poetic intrications in his works. There are various interpretations on his Divan (collection).

Despite all of these attempts, there are still many complications in his works which many critics

could not perceive them, and even in some cases interpreters follow the wrong set of

assumptions. The purpose of this study was to analyze nine difficult couplets of one of

Khaqani’s odes with the emphasis on using the word ‘Sobh’.

Material & Methods

In this study, library sources was used; through which some of Khāqāniʼs abstruse verses are

studied rigorously. By using credible and original sources such as archaic tomes, inter-textual

and intra-textual evidence, and by interpreting and analyzing contemporary perspectives, we can

reach a veracious interpretation for every verses. In this study, some arguments were introduced

to correct some of the peculiarities of the verses.

Discussion of Results & Conclusions One of the Khāqāniʼs odes which has abstract and intricate verses put emphasis on the word

‘Sobh’ to extol ‘Khāqān-e Akbar Manoochehr Sharvānshāh’ and the closure of Bāqlāni dam. This

paper aimed to go through and interpret nine verses of this ode which, from the authors’ viewpoint,

need more probe and investigations. In each case, by referring to various manuscripts and

publications of Khāqāniʼs Divan, we attempted to find the best semantical interpretation of these

∗ Ph.D. of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

∗∗ Ph.D. of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 12, Issue 1, No. 45, Spring 2020

30

nine verses, and then by using archaic sources, considering inter-textual and intra-textual hints and

analyzing previous interpretations, we tried to terminate ambiguities. Hence, by doing so, we can

achieve crystal clear meanings. In this way, we paid special attention to delicate semantic and

verbal interrelation build up poetic texture of Khāqāniʼs works. We also paid attention to his

distinctive style in using the knowledge of the time and in employing poetical and aesthetical

images. The findings showed that if we ignore his creative conventions and imaginary forms, and

if we overlook his mastery over his knowledge of his epoch, wrong assumptions will be made. By

analyzing these verses, it was revealed that, in some cases, interpreters’ misreading and

misconceptions created a huge obstacle for understanding the true meaning of his works. Another

issue was Khāqāniʼs attention to multilayer meanings and concepts of some words and using these

in an ambiguous way. Disregarding this poetic characteristic can lead to misjudgment of his poetic

method. Analyzing and re-reading of this odes open up some new ways for perceiving the poetic

intention and solving his poetic ambiguities, by which we can represent an analytic approach to

understand hidden layers of his poems and to illuminate his main viewpoint as well as other

interpreters and researchers’ perspective.

Keywords Khāqani’s Poetry, Ode, Review of Interpretations, Interpretation of Couplets.

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