The rest of the Semester All of Chemistry Today...
Transcript of The rest of the Semester All of Chemistry Today...
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The rest of the Semester
All of Chemistry
Today
Groups 1V-VIII
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C60 + nanotubes
"wrapped up" graphite
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Why are we excited about C60 and nanotubes
ConductingSoluble in different solvents
Strong materialsMight be useful for electronics, drug delivery, sensors...
"Nanobuilding blocks"
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Metals, Insulators, Semiconductors
Semiconductors, bands are close but there is a gap.Need thermal energy to move into unoccupied states
Or dopant (add or remove an electron)
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Why is Silicon semiconductingwhile Diamond is an insulator (same structure)
A. Silicon is larger so their is less interaction between the atoms and a lower splitting between the levels
B. Silicon is smaller so their is less interaction between the atoms and a lower splitting between the levels
C. Silicon is larger so their is more interaction between the atoms and a greater splitting between the levels
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Graphite is sp2 carbons
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Diamond and Silicon all sp3
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Carbon (diamond)
close atomic spacing leads to strong orbital overlap and large splitting between the bonding
and antibonding bandsINSULATOR
Silicon
larger atomic spacing leads to weak orbital overlap and a small splitting between the
bonding and antibonding bandsSEMI-CONDUCTOR
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How might you "add an electron" to silicon?
A. Substitute a P for a silicon atom in the solid
B. Substitute a B for a silicon atom in the solid
C. Substitue a C for a silicon atom in the solid
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Group III will take an electron and "leave" a positive charge in the Si lattice P-doping (P = positive)
Group V will "give an electron" and resulting in a negative charge in the Si lattice
N-doping (N = negative)
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Last but not least
Silicone (rubber)
Back bone
...-Si-O-Si-O-Si-O-Si-O-.....
Silicon can form two more bondsAdd various organic molecules for different properties
household "caulk", silly putty, ....
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Group V, VI, VII
Four very important chemicals
Phophoric Acid (H3PO4)Ammonia (NH3)
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)Chlorine Gas (Cl2)
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4 Largest Production Chemical in the US
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Sulfuric Acid
used for lots of thingsSteel production
Phosphoric Acid ProductionRecovery of Ammonia in Steel Production
Industrialized Nation = Nation with lots of Sulfuric Acid
Oxidizing AgentStrong Acid
Dehydrating Agent
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Fertilizer
Ammonia (N source) + Phosphoric Acid (P source)
Ammonia used to make Nitric Acid (Ostwald Process)
Sulfuric Acid used to make soluble phosphates
Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 2CaSO4 + Ca(H2PO4)2
2NH3(g) + 4O2(g) 2HNO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)HNO3(aq) + NH3(g) NH4NO3(s)
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Ammonia
Production Haber Process
3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)catalyst
UsesWeak base (cleaning agent)Refrigerant (no longer used)
fertilizernitric acid production
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the Many NO compounds
N2O nitrous oxide (anaesthesia)
NO neurotransmitter
NO2 brown gas (NOx smog)
also NO2 + OH = HNO3 = acid rain
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Group VI
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Important Chemistry
Nearly everything oxidizesLots of oxides very stable
Sulfur Chemistry
H2SO4 very importantsee previous comments
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Halogens
Need one electron to make a nobel gas structureExcellent oxidizing agentsHigh ionization energies
Small atoms and ionsLarge electronegativities
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Lot's of Chemistry
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Cl2 Used for halogenating compounds
also used as a disinfectant Very poisonous (highly reactive)
"pool chlorine" HOCl
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
"chlorine bleach"
NaOClOCl- is a strong oxidizing agent
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Fluorine unusual
High charge density makes moreinsoluble salts
Also fluorinated compounds tend to be very stable and can have unique properties
polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
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Nobel Gases
Few reactions. Nearly all with Xe (highly polarizable)