The Respiratory System Lecture 3 Done by: Alaa Al-Hasani.

The Respiratory System

Lecture 3

Done by: Alaa Al-Hasani

Objective of the lecture

On the completion of this lecture, you will able to:

Identify and describe the major

structures and functions of the

respiratory system.

Recognize, define, spell and pronounce

terms related to the pathology, the

diagnostic and treatment procedures of

the respiratory system.

Lecture Content

Functions of the Respiratory System

Structures of the Respiratory System

I. The Upper Respiratory System

II. The Lower Respiratory System

Medical terms

Functions of the Respiratory System

I. Bring oxygen- rich air into the body for delivery to

the body tissues through the blood.

II. Expel waste product (carbon dioxide) returned to

the lungs by the blood.

• (This process is accomplished through act of

respiration )

III. Produce the airflow through the larynx that makes

speech possible.


The respiratory system is divided into:

1) The Upper respiratory tract consists of the

nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx and trachea.

2) The Lower respiratory tract consists of the

bronchial tree and lungs.

The Upper Respiratory System

1 -The Nose

Functions of the nose:

1) It serves as an air passageway.

2) It warms and moistens inhaled air.

3) Its cilia and mucous membrane trap dust,

bacteria and other foreign matter.

4) It contains olfactory receptors, which sort out

odors.


1 -The Nose

Medical Terminology:1) Rhin/o/plasty (Rhin/o- means nose, -plasty

means surgical repair) Definition: surgical repair of the nose.

2) Rhin/o/rrhea (Rhin/o- means nose, -rrhea means flow, discharge)

Definition: discharge from the nose.

3) Rhin/o/scopy (Rhin/o- means nose, -scopy means process of visual examination)

Definition: process of visual examination of the nose.


2 -The Pharynx

The pharynx or throat is divided into 3 parts:1) Naso/pharynx (Naso- means nose) located behind

the nose.

2) Oro/pharynx (oro- means mouth) located behind the mouth.

3) Laryngo/pharynx (laryngo- means larynx) located behind the larynx.

The functions of the pharynx or throat : Serves as a passageway for both air and food at the

back of the throat.


2 -The Pharynx

Medical Terminology:

1) Pharyng/itis (Pharyng- means pharynx, -itis

means inflammation)

Definition: inflammation of the pharynx.

2) Naso/o/Pharyng/itis (Naso/o- means nose , -

Pharyng- means pharynx, -itis means

inflammation).

Definition: inflammation of the nose and

pharynx.


3 -The Larynx (voice box)

Cartilages of the Larynx:

1. The Thyroid Cartilage : known as “Adam’s

Apple”

2. The Epiglottic Cartilage (know as Epiglottis):

prevent aspiration of the food into the trachea.

3. The Cricoid Cartilage

General functions of the Larynx : Production of the vocal sounds.


3 -The Larynx (voice box)


1) Laryng/itis (Laryng- means larynx, -itis

means inflammation)

Definition: inflammation of the larynx.

2) Laryng/o/scope (Laryng/o- means larynx, -

scope means instrument).

Definition: an instrument used to examine

the larynx.


4 -The Trachea

General functions of the Trachea (windpipe): Provide an open passageway for air to the lung.


4 -The Trachea


1) Trache/algia (Trache- means trachea, -algia means pain)

Definition: pain in the trachea.

2) Trache/o/laryng/o/tomy (Trache/o- means trachea,

laryng/o means larynx , -tomy means incision).

Definition: incision into the trachea and larynx.

3) Trache/o/stomy (Trache/o- means trachea , -stomy

means new opening).

Definition: new opining into the trachea.


The Lower Respiratory System

1 -The Bronchial tree

The trachea divides into 2 branches called Bronchi

(singular called Bronchus) , one branch goes into each lung.

The Bronchi provide the passageway for air to the lungs.

The Bronchi are further subdivided into Bronchioles.

Eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs

called Alveoli.

Alveoli are the very small grape-like clusters found at

the end of each bronchiole.

Capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the

exchange of gases with the blood occurs.


1 -The Bronchial tree Medical Terminology:

1) Bronchi/ ectasis (Bronchi- means bronchi, -ectasis

means dilation, expansion or stretching)

Definition: dilation of the bronchi.

2) Bronchiol/itis (Bronchiol- means bronchiole, -itis means

inflammation).

Definition: inflammation of the bronchiole.

3) Bronch/o/scope (Bronch/o means bronchi, -scope means

instrument).

Definition: an instrument used to examine the bronchi.


2 -The Lung

The lungs are divided into lobes;

I. The right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle

and inferior)

II. The left lung has 2 lobes (superior and inferior),

and it slightly smaller than right lung because of

the space taken by the heart.


2 -The Lung


1) Pulmon/ectomy (pulmon- means lung, -ectomy

means excision)

Definition: surgical excision of the lung or part of

a lung.

2) Pneumon/itis (Pneumon- means lung, -itis means

inflammation).

Definition: inflammation of the lung.


The Diaphragm

Is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity

from the abdominal cavity.

The contraction and relaxation of this muscle

makes breathing possible.


Meaning Combining form

Meaning Combining form

Membrane surrounding the

lung

Pleur/o Bronchial tube- bronchus

Bronch/o bronchi/o

Diaphragm Phren/o Larynx Laryng/o

Air sac Alveol/o Throat-pharynx Pharyng/o

Rib Cost/o Lung- air Pneum/o pneumon/o

Blood Hemo Lung Pulm/o - Pulmon/o

Bluish discoloration

Cyno Chest Thorac/o- Steth/o

Epiglottis Epiglott/o Trachea(Windpipe)

Trache/o

Nose Nas/o – Rhin/o To breath Spir/o

Sound – voice Phon/o - Phonia Cough Tuss/i

Oxygen Ox/o/i/

Main word roots and their meanings

Examples of Suffixes

Meaning Suffix Meaning SuffixIncision into -tomy Breathing -pnea

Surgical fixation

-pexy Pertaining to breathing

-pneic

Technique of making an X-

ray

-graphy To measure -metry

Instrument to view

-scope Enlargement – dilatation- expansion

-ectasis

- ectasia

Visual examination

-scopy Surgical repair -plasty

opening -stomy Removal-excision

-ectomy

Paralysis -plegia Sudden involuntary contraction

-spam

Medical Terms

Pathology of the Respiratory System

Anoxia : absence of oxygen from the body.

Hypoxia : decreased (below normal) oxygen in body

tissue.

Hemoptysis : coughing (spitting up) of blood (-ptysis

means spitting).

Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of skin due to lack of

oxygen.

Hiccup: chronic spasm of diaphragm.

Breathing disorders

Apnea : without breathing

Tachypnea: rapid breathing

Bradypnea :slow breathing

Dyspnea : difficult or painful breathing (shortness of

breath “SOB”)

Orthopnea: difficult breathing while supine

Laryngoplegia: paralysis of the larynx.

Bronchiectasis: chronic , irreversible enlargement of

bronchi.

Bronchorrhea: an excessive discharge of mucus from

the bronchi.

Pleuritis: inflammation of the pleura.

Pneumothorax: accumulation of air in the chest

cavity.

Hydrothorax: accumulation of water in the chest

cavity

Pyothorax: accumulation of pus in the chest cavity.

Hemothorax: accumulation of blood in the chest

cavity.

Pneumorrhagia: bleeding from the lung.

Emphysma: is the progressive loss of lung

function in which alveoli (air sacs) lose their

elasticity and breakdown resulting in a loss of

respiratory surface in the lungs.

Shortness of breath is the chief symptom

(smoking frequently leads to this disorder).

Asthma : is a chronic allergic disorder caused by several factors such as swelling and inflammation of the lining of the airway.

Asthma characterized by episode of severe breathing difficulty, coughing and wheezing.

Pleural effusion: which

is the abnormal

accumulation of fluid in

the pleural space.

(effusion is the escape of

fluid from blood or lymph

vessels into cavity).

Pulmonary edema: is an accumulation

of fluid in lung tissues. (edema means

swelling)

Tuberculosis: which is an infectious

disease caused by mycobacterium

tuberculosis.

Aspiration pneumonia: inhaling or

drawing a foreign substances into the

upper respiratory tract.

Pneumonia: is serious infection or

inflammation of the lung in which the

smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with

pus and other liquid. (pneumon- means

lung , -ia means abnormal condition)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) : is a genetic

disorder in which the lungs and pancreas

are clogged with large quantities of

abnormally thick mucus.

Diagnostic procedures

Laryngoscopy and Bronchoscopy : visual

examination of larynx and bronchi with endoscope.

Spirometry: is instrument use to measure the

procedure of ventilation of lungs by spirometer (Spir/o

means to breath / -metry means to measure).

Bronchography : Radiological examination of the

bronchial tree.

Stethoscope : instrument used to hear chest

sounds .

Surgical procedures

Pulmonectomy: surgical removal of the lung or a part

of a lung.

Thoracoplasty: surgical repair of the chest.

Thoracotomy: incision into (cutting into) the chest.

Tracheostomy: new opening into trachea .

Tracheolaryngotomy: incision into the trachea and

larynx.

Thoracocentesis: surgical puncture using needle to

remove fluid from chest.

Ventilator: device used for providing artificial

respiration.

Instrument for visual examination = - scope

Visual examination by instrument = -scopy

Which one is correct ,Laryngoscope or laryngoscopy ?

Surgical opening = - stomy

Cutting into = -tomy

Treatment

Drug groups

Antitussive: drug inhibit or prevent cough.

Mucolytic: drug dissolve sputum.

Inhalant : drug administer by inhalation, act

locally on respiratory system.

Bronchodilator: expands the opening of the

air passages.

Medical specialist related to the

respiratory system

Otorhinologist: Physician who specializes in diagnosis and treating diseases of ear and nose .

Pulmonologist :Physician who specializes in diagnosis and treating diseases of lung .

The Respiratory System Lecture 3 Done by: Alaa Al-Hasani.

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