The Respiratory System Cells produce energy (ATP) For maintenance, growth, defense, and division...

The Respiratory System

Cells produce energy (ATP)For maintenance, growth, defense, anddivision

Krebs's cycle and the electron transport chain use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The respiratory system is divided intoUpper respiratory system: above the larynxLower respiratory system: below the larynxConducting portion: from nasal cavity to terminal bronchiolesRespiratory portion: the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Figure 23-1 The Components of the Respiratory System

Nasal cavity

Internal nares

Pharynx

Sphenoidal sinus

EsophagusClavicle

UPPERRESPIRATORYSYSTEM

LOWERRESPIRATORYSYSTEM

RIGHTLUNG

BronchiolesBronchus

TracheaLarynxHyoid bone

Tongue

NoseNasal conchae

Ribs Diaphragm

LEFTLUNG

RIGHTLUNG

Frontal sinus

p. 815

p. 816 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

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Figure 23-3c Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

Nasal cavity

Internal nares

Nasopharynx

Pharyngeal tonsil

Pharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Epiglottis

Entrance to auditory tube

GlottisVocal fold

Esophagus

The nasal cavity and pharynx, as seen in sagittalsection with the nasal septum removed

Thyroid gland

Trachea

Cricoid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

Hyoid boneLingual tonsil

Mandible

Palatine tonsilSoft palate

Oral cavity

Tongue

Hard palateExternal nares

Nasal vestibule

Inferior

Middle

Superior

Nasal conchae

Frontal sinus

p. 818


Figure 23-4a The Anatomy of the Larynx

Epiglottis

Lesser cornu

Hyoid bone

Thyrohyoidligament

Laryngealprominence

Thyroidcartilage

Cricothyroidligament

Cricoid cartilage

Cricotrachealligament

Trachealcartilages

Anterior view

Trachea

Larynx

p. 820


Figure 23-4b The Anatomy of the Larynx

Epiglottis

Thyroidcartilage

Trachealcartilages

Posterior view

Vestibularligament

Vocalligament

Arytenoidcartilage

p. 820


Figure 23-4c The Anatomy of the Larynx

Vestibularligament

Vocalligament

Arytenoidcartilage

Cricothyroidligament

Cricotrachealligament

Sagittal section

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

Epiglottis

Hyoid bone

Thyroidcartilage

Corniculatecartilage

Cricoidcartilage

Trachealcartilages

p. 820

p. 821




Figure 23-5c The Glottis and Surrounding Structures

This photograph is a representative laryngoscopic view. For this view the camerais positioned within the oro-pharynx, just superior to thelarynx.

Root of tongue

Epiglottis

Vocal fold

Vestibular fold

Cuneiform cartilagein aryepiglottic fold

Glottis (open)

Corniculate cartilage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajbcJiYhFKYhttp://www.voiceinfo.org/

p. 821

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajbcJiYhFKY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajbcJiYhFKY

http://www.voiceinfo.org/


Figure 23-6a The Anatomy of the TracheaHyoidbone

Larynx

Trachea

Root ofright lung

Trachealcartilages

Location of carina(internal ridge)

Lungtissue

Root ofleft lung

Primarybronchi

Secondarybronchi

RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG

A diagrammatic anterior view showing the planeof section for part (b)

p. 823


Figure 23-6b The Anatomy of the Trachea

A cross-sectional view

The trachea

Lumen oftrachea

Trachealcartilage

Respiratoryepithelium

Thyroidgland

Trachealismuscle

Esophagus

LM 3

p. 823


Figure 23-9a The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung

Bronchopulmonarysegment

Respiratorybronchiole

Terminalbronchiole

Bronchioles

Smallerbronchi

Alveoli in apulmonary

lobule

Tertiary bronchi

Secondarybronchus

Visceral pleura

Left primarybronchus

TracheaCartilage plates

The branching pattern ofbronchi in the left lung, simplified

p. 826


Figure 23-9b The Bronchi and Lobules of the LungRespiratory

epitheliumBronchiole

Bronchial artery (red),vein (blue), and

nerve (yellow)

Terminalbronchiole


Elastic fibers

CapillarybedsBranch of

pulmonaryvein Alveolar

duct

ArterioleLymphaticvessel

Alveoli

Alveolar sac

InterlobularseptumVisceral pleura

Pleural cavityParietal pleura

The structure of a single pulmonary lobule, part of abronchopulmonary segment

Branch ofpulmonaryartery

Smooth musclearound terminalbronchiole

p. 826

p. 828




Figure 23-8 The Relationship between the Lungs and Heart

Pericardialcavity

Right lung,middle lobe

Oblique fissure

Right pleuralcavity

Atria

EsophagusAorta

Right lung,inferior lobeSpinal cord Left lung,

inferior lobe

Mediastinum

Bronchi

Parietal pleuraLeft pleural cavity

Visceral pleural

Left lung,superior lobe

Ventricles

Body of sternum

Rib

p. 825


Figure 23-9b The Bronchi and Lobules of the LungRespiratory

epitheliumBronchiole

Bronchial artery (red),vein (blue), and

nerve (yellow)

Terminalbronchiole


Elastic fibers

CapillarybedsBranch of

pulmonaryvein Alveolar

duct

ArterioleLymphaticvessel

Alveoli

Alveolar sac

InterlobularseptumVisceral pleura

Pleural cavityParietal pleura

The structure of a single pulmonary lobule, part of abronchopulmonary segment

Branch ofpulmonaryartery

Smooth musclearound terminalbronchiole

p. 826


Figure 23-16a The Respiratory Muscles

Diaphragmcontracts

Ribs andsternumelevate

Movements of the ribs and diaphragmthat increase the volume of the thoraciccavity. Diaphragmatic movements werealso illustrated in Figure 23–14.p. 835


Figure 23-16b The Respiratory Muscles

Accessory Musclesof Inhalation

Sternocleidomastoidmuscle

Scalene muscles

Pectoralis minormuscle

Serratus anteriormuscle

Primary Muscleof Inhalation

Diaphragm

Internal obliquemuscle

Rectus abdominus

External obliquemuscle

Transversus thoracismuscle

Internal intercostalmuscles

Accessory Musclesof Exhalation

Primary Muscle of Inhalation

External intercostal muscles

An anterior view at rest (with noair movement), showing theprimary and accessoryrespiratory muscles.p. 835


Figure 23-16c The Respiratory Muscles

Primary Muscleof Inhalation

Inhalation. A lateral view during inhalation,showing the muscles that elevate the ribs.

Sternocleidomastoidmuscle

Accessory Muscleof Inhalation(active when needed)

Scalene muscles

Pectoralis minor muscle

Serratus anterior muscle

External intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

p. 835


Figure 23-16d The Respiratory Muscles

Exhalation. A lateral view duringexhalation, showing the muscles thatdepress the ribs. The abdominal musclesthat assist in exhalation are represented by asingle muscle (the rectus abdominis).

Rectus abdominis andother abdominalmuscles (not shown)

Internal intercostalmuscles

Transversus thoracismuscle

Accessory Musclesof Exhalation(active when needed)

p. 835


Figure 23-17 Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

Gender Differences

Vitalcapacity

Males Females

Total lung capacity 6000 mL 4200 mL

Residual volume 1200Residual volume 1200

Inspiratorycapacity

Functionalresidualcapacity

IRV 3300 1900

500500VTERV 1000 700

1100

p. 837


Figure 23-19a An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration

Systemiccircuit

Pulmonarycircuit Alveolus

Respiratorymembrane

Pulmonarycapillary

External Respiration

Systemiccircuit

O = 100P 2CO2 40=P

O = 100P 2

CO2 40=P

O = 40P 2

CO2 45=P

CO2

O2

p. 842


Figure 23-19b An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration

Internal Respiration

Interstitial fluid

Systemiccapillary

O = 95P 2CO2 40=P

CO2

O2

Systemiccircuit

Pulmonarycircuit

Systemiccircuit

CO2 45=PO = 40P 2

O = 40P 2CO2 45=P

p. 842


Figure 23-24 A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport Mechanisms

PlasmaRed blood cell

Alveolarair space

O2 pickup

Pulmonarycapillary

O2 delivery

Alveolarair space

Pulmonarycapillary

Systemiccapillary

CO2 delivery

Systemiccapillary

Red blood cell

Cells inperipheral

tissues

Cells inperipheral

tissues

Chlorideshift

CO2 pickup p. 847


Figure 23-28 Decline in Respiratory Performance with Age and Smoking

Regularsmoker

Disability

Death

Age (years)

Stoppedat age 65

Stoppedat age 45

Never smokedR

es

pir

ato

ry p

erf

orm

an

ce

(% o

f v

alu

e a

t a

ge

25

)

p. 855

The Respiratory System Cells produce energy (ATP) For maintenance, growth, defense, and division...

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