THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMMs. Salamat

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The Human Respiratory SystemFUNCTION: To exchange gases (CO2 and O2) between the atmosphere and a respiratory surface in order to maintain homeostasis.

• The human respiratory system is responsible for

o Obtaining oxygen and supplying it to the blood so that it can deliver O2 to all parts of the body.

o Removes Carbon dioxide waste (CO2) that cells produce

GAS EXCHANGE: • The process of obtaining oxygen and releasing carbon

dioxide.

Did you know?

Humans take about 17000 and 29 000 breathes every day.

Humans can capture between 3-4L of air in their lungs?

Aerobic Cellular Respiration• the process in which oxygen is used to obtain energy

from food. The series of chemical reactions that occur in the cell that provides energy and consume oxygen.

• Cellular Respiration is the process by which chemical energy of molecules is released.

C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + heat/energy

(glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + heat/energy)

Cellular Respiration continued…~64% of energy released during cellular respiration is released as thermal energy. This helps birds, mammals and humans maintain a constant body temperature & homeostasis.

~36% is stored as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) = ATP = energy!

Structure of the Lung

Structure of Lung:

o Found within chest cavity of a human.

o Humans have 2 lungs. Left lung has 2 lobes, Right lung has 3 lobes.

o Left lung has 2 lobes making it slightly smaller than right lung to make room for the heart.

Upper respiratory system

Lower respiratory system

Nasal Cavity• Consists of:

o Nostrils (openings in the nose)

o Turbinates (Small bones in the nose)

o The turbinates are covered with a membrane that secretes • mucus to moisten air coming into the nose.

Pharynx (Throat)

o Part of the alimentary canal that connects the mouth and nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus.

o Found at the back of the throat.

Larynx (voice box)

o Referred to as the “Voice Box”

o Contains flaps of tissue called the “vocal chords”.

Glottis & Epiglottis

• o Opening into the trachea.

Trachea

o Located in the chest cavity

o Commonly called the “wind pipe”

o Hollow tube composed of semicircular rings of ‘cartilage’.

The cartilage protects the trachea from collapse and injury.

o Connects the pharynx to the bronchi.

o Contains specialized cells that secrete ‘mucus’ to trap foreign particles and prevent them from entering the lungs.

Bronchi

o These are branches of the trachea.

o There are two branches to the trachea.

o 1 Branch = bronchus, 2 branches = bronchii.

o One bronchus enters each lung.

Bronchioles

o Located in each lung

o Small, hollow, fine branches of each bronchiole

o Each bronchiole ends in a grape –like cluster of tiny air sacs called alveoli.

Alveoli/Alveolus

o Small moist air sacs located at the ends of bronchioles.

o Have a large surface area for gas exchange.

o Each alveolus (singular) is surrounded by a mass of capillaries.

FIT BREAK!

How Gas is Exchanged• Gas Exchange:

Diffusion• the net movement of a substance from a region of high

concentration to a region of low concentration. This is also referred to as the movement of a substance down a concentration gradient.

The Breathing Process• Breathing:

• Ventilation: the process in more complex organisms that ensures a flow of oxygen rich air ____ the lungs and carbon dioxide-rich air ____from the lungs.

Mechanics of BreathingInhalation • The process of bringing air ______ the lungs. �• During inhalation, the following events occur:

• 1) The ribs move up and _______ • 2) The diaphragm moves ________. • 3) The intercostal muscles __________

Mechanics of Breathing Continued…

Exhalation • The process of removing air _______ the lung. �• During Exhalation, the following events occur:

• 1) The ribs move down and _____. • 2) The diaphragm moves ______.• 3) The intercostal muscles _______.

Diaphragm • A muscle that helps separate the upper part of the body

(chest cavity) from the lower part of the body (abdominal cavity

• A set of muscles attached to the ribs within the chest cavity that control the movement of the rib cage.

Intercostal Muscles

Lung Capacity

Lung Capacity1) Total Lung Capacity (TLC)• The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled during a

single breath

2) Tidal Volume (TV) • The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal

breath.

3) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) • The additional volume of air that can be inhaled beyond

a normal inhalation. • This is normally the “extra” air inhaled during a “deep �

breath”.

Lung Capacity Continued…4) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) • The additional volume of air that can be exhaled beyond your normal �

exhalation. • This is the “extra” air you force out during a hard blow of air outward. �

5) Vital Capacity (VC) • The TOTAL volume of gas that can be moved in or out of the lungs. • Calculated using the following formula: �•

6) Residual Volume • The volume of gas that remains in the lungs after a full exhalation. �• This amount of air “never” leaves the lungs because if it did, the lungs �

and • respiratory passageways would collapse.