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Transcript of The Reproductive System Reproduction l Primary function: to produce offspring l genetic material...
The Reproductive The Reproductive SystemSystem
ReproductionReproduction
Primary function: to produce Primary function: to produce offspringoffspring
genetic material passed from genetic material passed from generation to generationgeneration to generation
Sharing intimate feelings with Sharing intimate feelings with another personanother person
Some terms to knowSome terms to know Gonads: the organs in the body Gonads: the organs in the body
that produce the sex cells that produce the sex cells (GAMETES)(GAMETES)
Male = testes --> SpermMale = testes --> Sperm Female = ovaries --> Ova or Egg Female = ovaries --> Ova or Egg
cellscells Ducts: transport and secreteDucts: transport and secrete Glands: secreteGlands: secrete
TestesTestes Paired organs Paired organs
located inside located inside the scrotumthe scrotum
Located outside Located outside the body to the body to ensure proper ensure proper temp for sperm temp for sperm productionproduction
Function of the testesFunction of the testes
Produce and mature Produce and mature spermsperm
maturation of sperm maturation of sperm takes approximately takes approximately 74 days74 days
Protect sperm and Protect sperm and sperm sperm development--development--Sertoli cellsSertoli cells
Produce Produce testosterone: Leydig testosterone: Leydig cellscells
Functions of Functions of TestosteroneTestosterone the principle male hormonethe principle male hormone
produced by Cells of Leydigproduced by Cells of Leydig responsible for the male secondary responsible for the male secondary
sexual characteristics:sexual characteristics: growth and developmentgrowth and development maintenance of sex organsmaintenance of sex organs bone growthbone growth influences sexual behaviorinfluences sexual behavior influences final maturation of sperm influences final maturation of sperm
cellscells
Seminiferous TubulesSeminiferous Tubules tightly coiled tubules tightly coiled tubules
in testes in testes Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis
occursoccurs Spermatogonia = Spermatogonia =
immature Sperm Cellimmature Sperm Cell Spermatozoa = Spermatozoa =
mature Sperm Cellmature Sperm Cell Interstitial Cells Interstitial Cells
(Cells of Leydig) = (Cells of Leydig) = endocrine cells endocrine cells produce and secrete produce and secrete testosteronetestosterone
EpididymisEpididymis• 7 m long7 m long• HeadHead - -
superior, superior, receives receives spermatozoaspermatozoa
• BodyBody • TailTail - leads to - leads to
ductus ductus deferensdeferens
EpididymisEpididymis• Functions:Functions:• 1) Monitors and 1) Monitors and
adjusts tubular adjusts tubular fluidfluid
• 2) Recycles 2) Recycles damaged damaged spermatozoaspermatozoa
• 3) Stores sperm 3) Stores sperm and facilitates and facilitates maturationmaturation
Ductus (Vas) DeferensDuctus (Vas) Deferens long duct (18 long duct (18
inches) inches) passageway for passageway for sperm from sperm from epididymis to epididymis to urethraurethra
enters the body enters the body through the through the pelvic floor called pelvic floor called the Inguinal Canalthe Inguinal Canal
Ejaculatory DuctsEjaculatory Ducts
union of union of seminal vesicles seminal vesicles and the ductus and the ductus (vas)deferens(vas)deferens
eject sperm into eject sperm into the prostatic the prostatic urethra prior to urethra prior to ejaculationejaculation
UrethraUrethra passageway for passageway for
sperm and urine sperm and urine to the external to the external environmentenvironment
measures about 8 measures about 8 inches in lengthinches in length
4 sections of the 4 sections of the UrethraUrethra
UrethraUrethra
11
22
33
1. 1. prostatic prostatic urethraurethra2.2.MembranoMembranous urethraus urethra
3. 3. spongy spongy urethraurethra
UrethraUrethra
44
4. external urethral 4. external urethral orificeorifice
Accessory Male Sex Accessory Male Sex GlandsGlands
secrete most of the liquid secrete most of the liquid portion of Semenportion of Semen
provides a liquid, nutrious provides a liquid, nutrious medium for the support of medium for the support of sperm cellssperm cells
Seminal VesiclesSeminal Vesicles Paired, on Paired, on
posterior wall of posterior wall of urinary bladderurinary bladder
Tubular Tubular (~ 15 cm)(~ 15 cm)
Produce 60% of Produce 60% of semen, semen, hormones, hormones, fructose, etc.fructose, etc.
Activate sperm Activate sperm (leading to (leading to motility)motility)
Prostate GlandProstate Gland about the size of a about the size of a
chestnut located chestnut located inferior to the urinary inferior to the urinary bladder - surrounds bladder - surrounds the urethrathe urethra
secretes a fluid rich secretes a fluid rich in citric acid, in citric acid, prostatic acid, prostatic acid, phosphatase, and phosphatase, and prostaglandinsprostaglandins
makes up about 13% makes up about 13% - of the semen- of the semen
often site of often site of cancerous growth in cancerous growth in malesmales
Bulbourethral Glands (CowperBulbourethral Glands (Cowper’’s s Glands)Glands)
• Pea size, paired, Pea size, paired, at base of penisat base of penis
• Produce about Produce about 10% of semen10% of semen
• Alkaline mucus -Alkaline mucus -neutralize acidic neutralize acidic nature of nature of female vaginafemale vagina
Semen (Seminal Fluid)Semen (Seminal Fluid)
mixture of sperm and mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory glandssecretions of accessory glands
2.5 - 5.0 ml of semen per 2.5 - 5.0 ml of semen per ejaculation (1/2 tsp)ejaculation (1/2 tsp)
300-500 million sperm per 300-500 million sperm per ejaculationejaculation
if less than 100 million sperm-- if less than 100 million sperm-- male is considered infertilemale is considered infertile
MALE: EXTERNAL MALE: EXTERNAL GENITALIAGENITALIA
SCROTUMSCROTUM
supports and supports and protects testes protects testes
continuation of continuation of abdominal wall abdominal wall skinskin
Separated by a Separated by a structure structure called the called the rapheraphe
Cremaster muscle
SCROTUMSCROTUM
Dartos muscle in dermisDartos muscle in dermis Cremaster muscle - continuous with Cremaster muscle - continuous with
abdominal wall musclesabdominal wall muscles Involuntary contraction in response to Involuntary contraction in response to
TEMP changes TEMP changes Temp must be 2-3Temp must be 2-3oo Lower than body temp Lower than body temp
PenisPenis used to used to
introduce sperm introduce sperm into the female into the female vagina during vagina during intercourseintercourse
Voids urine Voids urine (urination)(urination)
cylindrical in cylindrical in shapeshape
Three parts of penisThree parts of penis BodyBody : 3 : 3
cylindrical masses cylindrical masses of tissueof tissue
Corpora Corpora Cavernosa Penis ( Cavernosa Penis ( 2)2)
Corpus Corpus Spongiosum PenisSpongiosum Penis
Made of erectile Made of erectile tissue filled with tissue filled with blood sinusesblood sinuses
Penis (cont)Penis (cont) Root--portion Root--portion
attached to attached to pubic areapubic area
Bulb--attached Bulb--attached to abdominal to abdominal wallwall
Crus--Attached Crus--Attached to muscles to muscles that aid in that aid in erectionerection
Glans Glans penispenis Slightly enlarged Slightly enlarged
portion of the portion of the corpus spongiosumcorpus spongiosum
Separated from Separated from body by coronabody by corona
Contains many Contains many nerve endingsnerve endings
Uncircumcised Uncircumcised glans contains glans contains prepuce or prepuce or foreskinforeskin
Penis erectionPenis erection
With sexual With sexual stimulation, stimulation, arteries dilate, arteries dilate, veins constrict, veins constrict, large quantities large quantities of blood enter of blood enter sinuses and an sinuses and an erection occurserection occurs
Erections occur Erections occur also to maintain also to maintain health of penishealth of penis
End of male End of male REPRODUCTIVE SystemREPRODUCTIVE System
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSYSTEM
OvariesOvaries the female the female
gonadsgonads oogenesis oogenesis
occurs occurs females are females are
born with all born with all egg cells as egg cells as they will ever they will ever have have (500,000)(500,000)
OogenesisOogenesis
Maturing of an oocyte (egg)Maturing of an oocyte (egg) Begins with primary follicles, ends with Begins with primary follicles, ends with
secondary ooctyesecondary ooctye other primary follicles donate material to other primary follicles donate material to
developing eggdeveloping egg
Ovarian folliclesOvarian follicles each month about each month about
20 primary 20 primary oocytes are oocytes are stimulated to stimulated to undergo meiosisundergo meiosis
usually only one of usually only one of these 20 these 20 completes the completes the process of process of oogenesis & oogenesis & develops into a develops into a secondary oocytesecondary oocyte
Graffian FollicleGraffian Follicle
Oocyte continues Oocyte continues to mature before to mature before released by ovary released by ovary during ovulationduring ovulation
Contains two Contains two partsparts
Antrum and Antrum and oocyteoocyte
Secretes Secretes estrogenestrogen
OvulationOvulation
Process where Process where secondary secondary oocyte is oocyte is released from released from ovaryovary
About day 14 of About day 14 of cyclecycle
Corpus Luteum and Corpus Corpus Luteum and Corpus AlbicansAlbicans
Glandular body that Glandular body that develops after develops after release of eggrelease of egg
Secretes Secretes progesterone, progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, estrogen, relaxin, inhibininhibin
Becomes corpus Becomes corpus albicans if egg is albicans if egg is NOT fertilizedNOT fertilized
Stays in tact during Stays in tact during pregnancypregnancy
Uterine (Fallopian) Uterine (Fallopian) TubesTubes ducts transport ducts transport
ova from site of ova from site of ovulation to ovulation to uterusuterus
Infundibulum = Infundibulum = funnel shaped, funnel shaped, open distal endopen distal end– Fimbriae = Fimbriae =
““little fingerslittle fingers”” on on distal enddistal end
Uterine (Fallopian) Uterine (Fallopian) TubesTubes Ampulla = widest, Ampulla = widest,
longest portion of longest portion of the uterine tubesthe uterine tubes– fertilization usually fertilization usually
occurs in this occurs in this regionregion
Isthmus = narrow, Isthmus = narrow, constricted, constricted, proximal end proximal end where the tubes where the tubes attach to the attach to the uterusuterus
UterusUterus serves as the site of serves as the site of
menstruation, menstruation, implantation of a implantation of a fertilized ovum, and fertilized ovum, and development and development and maintenance of fetus maintenance of fetus during pregnancyduring pregnancy
inverted pear inverted pear shaped muscular shaped muscular organorgan
has 3 sections or has 3 sections or areasareas– FundusFundus – BodyBody – CervixCervix
Tissue Layers of the Tissue Layers of the UterusUterus 3 tissue layers3 tissue layers
Perimetrium = Perimetrium = outermost layeroutermost layer
Myometrium = middle, Myometrium = middle, muscular layermuscular layer– majority of the uterusmajority of the uterus– consists of three layers consists of three layers
of smooth muscleof smooth muscle Endometrium = Endometrium =
innermost layer of the innermost layer of the uterus uterus
Made of stratum Made of stratum functionalis and functionalis and stratum basalisstratum basalis
VaginaVagina
tubular fibromuscular organ lined with tubular fibromuscular organ lined with mucous membranemucous membrane
passageway for sperm & menstrual flowpassageway for sperm & menstrual flow receptacle for penis during sexual receptacle for penis during sexual
intercourseintercourse lower portion of birth canallower portion of birth canal
FEMALE: EXTERNAL FEMALE: EXTERNAL GENITALIAGENITALIA
Female External Female External GenitaliaGenitalia Vulva = term used Vulva = term used
to describe female to describe female external genitalia external genitalia
Mons Pubis = Mons Pubis = adipose tissue adipose tissue above the pubic above the pubic symphysis, covered symphysis, covered by skin and coarse by skin and coarse pubic hairpubic hair
Labia Majora = an Labia Majora = an area of longitudinal area of longitudinal folds of tissuefolds of tissue
Labia Minora = Labia Minora = medial longitudinal medial longitudinal folds of tissue folds of tissue
Female External Genitalia Female External Genitalia (cont)(cont)
Vestibule: the Vestibule: the space between the space between the Labia MinoraLabia Minora
Bulb of vestibule Bulb of vestibule contain:contain:
Greater Vestibular Greater Vestibular Glands (BartholinGlands (Bartholin’’s)s)
produce mucoid produce mucoid substancesubstance
Provide lubrication Provide lubrication for sexual for sexual intercourseintercourse
Female External Female External Genitalia (cont)Genitalia (cont)
Clitoris: small Clitoris: small cylyndrical cylyndrical mass of mass of nervous and nervous and erectile tissueerectile tissue
Prepuce: layer Prepuce: layer of skin from of skin from labia minora labia minora covers clitoriscovers clitoris
Hymen: thin Hymen: thin membrane membrane partially partially covering the covering the vaginavagina
Mammary Glands Mammary Glands (Breasts)(Breasts) modified modified
sudoriferous glands sudoriferous glands (Sweat Glands)(Sweat Glands)
each gland contains each gland contains 15 - 20 lobes or 15 - 20 lobes or compartments compartments separated by adipose separated by adipose tissuetissue
amount of adipose amount of adipose tissue between lobes tissue between lobes determines breast determines breast sizesize
breast size is not breast size is not related to milk related to milk productionproduction
Mammary Glands Mammary Glands (Breasts)(Breasts)
each lobe has each lobe has compartments compartments called lobulescalled lobules
Inside lobules are Inside lobules are milk secreting cellsmilk secreting cells
Nipple = the raised Nipple = the raised area on the breast area on the breast that an infant that an infant suckles to receive suckles to receive milk and stimulate milk and stimulate lactationlactation
Areola = the dark, Areola = the dark, circular, pigmented circular, pigmented area that encircles area that encircles the nipple the nipple
LactationLactationthe process of milk the process of milk
production, secretion, and production, secretion, and ejectionejection
Menstrual and Ovarian Menstrual and Ovarian CyclesCycles Ovarian Cycle = Ovarian Cycle =
maturation and maturation and ovulation of an ovumovulation of an ovum
Menstrual Cycle = Menstrual Cycle = changes of the changes of the endometrial lining of endometrial lining of the uterusthe uterus– preparation for preparation for
implantation of a implantation of a fertilized ovumfertilized ovum
correlated with each correlated with each other and are under other and are under the influence of the influence of hormoneshormones
Endocrine influenceEndocrine influence Hypothalamus Hypothalamus
stimulates pituitary stimulates pituitary FSH and LHFSH and LH
FSH : ovarian folliclesFSH : ovarian follicles LH: ovulation--LH: ovulation--
stimulates stimulates production of production of estrogen, estrogen, progesterone and progesterone and relaxinrelaxin
Ovaries produce Ovaries produce estrogen and estrogen and progesteroneprogesterone
EstrogenEstrogen
6 different types6 different types development and development and
maintenance of the female maintenance of the female reproductive systemreproductive system
helps control fluid and helps control fluid and electrolyte balanceelectrolyte balance
Keeps heart strongKeeps heart strong Keeps bones strongKeeps bones strong
ProgesteroneProgesterone hormone of maturationhormone of maturation prepares the endometrial prepares the endometrial
lining for implantation lining for implantation stimulates milk production stimulates milk production
and secretionand secretion Drop in progesterone Drop in progesterone
starts menstrual cyclestarts menstrual cycle
Relaxin and InhibinRelaxin and Inhibin
Relaxin = produced by the corpus Relaxin = produced by the corpus luteum during pregnancyluteum during pregnancy
Relaxin = most prominent during Relaxin = most prominent during the final trimester of pregnancythe final trimester of pregnancy
relaxes the pubic symphysis and relaxes the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the cervixhelps dilate the cervix
Inhibin = is the negative feedback Inhibin = is the negative feedback hormone for estrogen and hormone for estrogen and progesteroneprogesterone
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTandand
INHERITANCEINHERITANCE
HUMAN DEVLOPMENTHUMAN DEVLOPMENT The continuous process of The continuous process of
body changesbody changes Begins at fertilizationBegins at fertilization Continues until deathContinues until death Two periodsTwo periods Prenatal: Conception until Prenatal: Conception until
birthbirth Postnatal: birth until deathPostnatal: birth until death
Spermatogenesis vs. Spermatogenesis vs. OogenesisOogenesis
SpermatogenesiSpermatogenesis: production & s: production & maturation of maturation of spermsperm
Oogenesis: Oogenesis: production & production & maturation of maturation of eggegg
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development
changes that occur prior to Birthchanges that occur prior to Birth Divided into Two PeriodsDivided into Two Periods The Embryonic PeriodThe Embryonic Period
– fertilization until eight weeksfertilization until eight weeks The Fetal PeriodThe Fetal Period
– eight weeks until birtheight weeks until birth
FertilizationFertilization also called also called
““ConceptionConception”” union of sperm & union of sperm &
oocyteoocyte one sperm cell one sperm cell
penetrates layers of penetrates layers of the eggthe egg
aided by enzyme on aided by enzyme on head of spermhead of sperm
oocyte cell membrane oocyte cell membrane changes changes biochemicallybiochemically
The Embryonic PeriodThe Embryonic Period
first 8 weeks of lifefirst 8 weeks of life fertilized egg called fertilized egg called
ZygoteZygote first cell divisions of first cell divisions of
Zygote are called:Zygote are called: CLEAVAGE --result in CLEAVAGE --result in
ball of cells called ball of cells called MorulaMorula
Morula turns into a Morula turns into a large mass of cells large mass of cells called Blastocystcalled Blastocyst
Blastocyst Stages of Blastocyst Stages of DevelopmentDevelopment
Implantation = Implantation = attachment of the attachment of the Blastocyst to the Blastocyst to the endometriumendometrium
about 6 days after about 6 days after fertilizationfertilization
Blastocyst Blastocyst differentiates into differentiates into primary Germ primary Germ Layers Layers (Endoderm, (Endoderm, Mesoderm, Mesoderm, EctodermEctoderm))
Trophoblast Trophoblast Development and Development and
ImplantationImplantation Becomes Becomes
Trophoblast-- Trophoblast-- layers form layers form (Chorion, (Chorion, Amnion, and Yolk Amnion, and Yolk Sac) begin to Sac) begin to form around the form around the embryoembryo
Called pregnancy Called pregnancy when implantedwhen implanted
Embryonic PeriodEmbryonic Period 5 weeks after 5 weeks after
conceptionconception Bones begin to Bones begin to
form, major blood form, major blood vessels formvessels form
other systems other systems formform
Heart forms & Heart forms & starts to beatstarts to beat
Nervous system Nervous system formsforms
Embryonic Embryonic DevelopmentDevelopment
Development of Development of Body FormBody Form– weeks three to eightweeks three to eight– the embryo the embryo
resembles a human resembles a human like figurelike figure
Development of Development of OrgansOrgans– most major organs most major organs
appear during the appear during the first eight weeks of first eight weeks of developmentdevelopment
Embryonic PeriodEmbryonic Period
8 weeks8 weeks Resembles Resembles
a human a human and is and is called a called a FETUS—FETUS—Latin word Latin word for for OFFSPRINGOFFSPRING
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development
18 weeks18 weeks Face looks Face looks
humanhuman Joints formJoints form Bones ossifyBones ossify Rapid Rapid
development development of body of body organsorgans
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development Can Can
recognize recognize soundssounds
Urine formsUrine forms
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development 18 weeks18 weeks Rapid Rapid
developmendevelopment of body t of body organsorgans
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development
• 20 weeks20 weeks• Lanugo appears-Lanugo appears-
protects fetus protects fetus from waste in from waste in amniotic fluidamniotic fluid
• Fetal movements Fetal movements felt by motherfelt by mother
• Hair appears on Hair appears on headhead
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development
20 weeks20 weeks
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development
24 weeks24 weeks Sense of taste Sense of taste
develops, lungs are develops, lungs are ready to produce ready to produce surfactantsurfactant
Substantial weight gainSubstantial weight gain Eyelashs formEyelashs form Can survive outside Can survive outside
womb (viable)womb (viable)
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development 30 weeks30 weeks Head and body Head and body
more proportionatemore proportionate In male, testes In male, testes
descenddescend Fetus assumes Fetus assumes
upside down upside down positionposition
Subcutaneous fat Subcutaneous fat depositeddeposited
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development 40 weeks40 weeks Additional Additional
subcutaneous subcutaneous fat accumulatesfat accumulates
Lungs secrete Lungs secrete oxytocinoxytocin
Lanugo is shedLanugo is shed Fetus is full Fetus is full
termterm Is ready at 38 Is ready at 38
weeksweeks
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development
LaborLabor movement of the fetus through movement of the fetus through
birth canal in response to uterine birth canal in response to uterine contractionscontractions
Three Stages of LaborThree Stages of Labor Stage One Stage One = dilation & effacement= dilation & effacement contractions push fetus against contractions push fetus against
cervixcervix amniotic sac rupturesamniotic sac ruptures cervix dilatescervix dilates Once cervix dilates to 10 cm Stage Once cervix dilates to 10 cm Stage
Two beginsTwo begins
Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development Stage Two Stage Two = =
delivery and delivery and birth birth
Stage Three Stage Three = = expulsion of expulsion of the placentathe placenta
Stages of Physical Stages of Physical DevelopmentDevelopment
Neonate - Neonate - ““newbornnewborn”” InfancyInfancy ToddlerhoodToddlerhood ChildhoodChildhood Adolescence – pubertyAdolescence – puberty AdulthoodAdulthood Middle AgeMiddle Age Advanced AgeAdvanced Age