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![Page 1: The Replicating Rapid-prototyper moving hardware through the wires Adrian Bowyer Centre for Biomimetic & Natural Technology University of Bath Reflections.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e505503460f94b47673/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Replicating Rapid-prototyper
moving hardware through the wires
Adrian Bowyer
Centre for Biomimetic & Natural Technology
University of Bath
Reflections | Projections 2006 - University of Illinois
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The two most important phenomena in biology
Self Replication Self Assembly
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Simple replicators get complicated replicators to do the assembly.
Rhinovirus H. sapiens
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Symbiosis
nectar <-> reproduction
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Symbiosis
nectar <-> reproduction
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Symbiosis
nectar <-> reproduction cookies <-> reproduction
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Artificial self replicators & assemblers
John von Neumann:
Universal Constructor (1950s)
A Universal Constructor would be a computer linked to a manufacturing robot.
The combination would be able to copy themselves. John von Neumann with ENIAC
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Artificial self replicators & assemblers
Viktor Zykov, Hod Lipson et al. (2005)
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Suppose we made a machine that:
● Self-replicated, but didn’t self-assemble (like a virus)
● Existed symbiotically with people, giving them goods in return for being helped to replicate (like flowers)...
● The Replicating Rapid Prototyper Project
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Rapid Prototyping
Wyn Kelly Swainson patent published in 1977.
Now many different technologies.
David Jones - “Daedalus” - 1974
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FDM rapid prototyping
Fused Deposition Modelling
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Rapid-prototyped FDM write-head
A – geared motor
B – screw drive
C – heated extruder
D - electronics
B
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Rapid-prototyped Cartesian robot
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Rapid-prototyped electric circuits
John Sargrove
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Software and communications
PC : Java
Microcontrollers : C
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Does it work?
Testbed machine 13 September 2006
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Hubris
What will happen if RepRap takes off?
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Start by making RepRap open-source
Linux
● The GNU General Public Licence
● People's generosity
● Internet-based cooperatives of volunteers
● Ubiquitous computer ownership
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Exponential growth
10,000 per hour
Say the RepRap machine takes one day to copy itself, and to make one comb...
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Evolution
● People will improve the design.
● Some improvements will be posted back on the Web.
● Old machines can make new designs.
● Artificial selection – speed, simplicity, accuracy, fewer added parts...
● 'Speciation', and runaway symbiotic selection.
The CAD designs (genotype) have to be available with the RepRap machine (phenotype) for it to be able to copy itself.
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Economics
It doesn't matter how much the first RepRap machine costs, all the rest will cost:
$ raw-materials + assembly-time.
● Once you have one, you can have any number.
● No one can make money by selling RepRap. ● Target cost of raw materials, motors, chips etc:
$400
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Economics
● Material supply - biomass.
● Bringing manufacturing to the poorest people.
● Making manufacturing like agriculture.
● Recycling.
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Two Potential RepRap products
Many more on the RepRap website contributed by the public.
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The Open Phone
● TUX phone ● Free open design on the web
● Each phone is also a base station
● Game theory:
1. Attenuate signal with proximity2. Relay signals from neighbours3. Check new connections – only relay if 1 & 2 satisfied
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Open Pharma
● Year’s supply of a new drug: $40,000 and rising ● Cost of a desktop synthesiser: $200,000 and falling
● People can make patented things themselves (UK)
● Have RepRap make the synthesiser
● Open-source drug design, development, and testing
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Darwinian Engineering
● 19th century: steam power
● 20th century: electric data
● 21st century: Darwinian engineering
● History doesn’t happen in centuries...
Darwinian engineering is the design of self-replicating machines and and their extended phenotypes so that they collectively exhibit an evolutionarily stable strategy.
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Self-replicating machines
● Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
● Artificial replicators
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Extended phenotype (Dawkins)
● Phenotype
● Extended phenotype
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Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (Maynard-Smith)
An ESS is a (set of) phenotype(s) that cannot be invaded by a mutation.
Hawk Dove
Hawk -25 +50
Dove 0 +15
ESS:
Hawk : Dove = 3 : 2
● Every ESS is a Nash equilibrium.
● Not every Nash equilibrium is an ESS.
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Darwinian Engineering
The design of self-replicating machines and and their extended phenotypes so that they collectively exhibit an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy.
● RepRap is an example.
● Self-replicating machines: People, RepRap
● Phenotype behaviour: helping to copy; making useful stuff
● ESS: Symbiosis, like the insects and the flowers
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The Future?
A tenth-generation RepRap in every home?
● Fewer factories?
● Less goods transport?
● Less need for money?
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Acknowledgments & the Team● Nuffield Foundation● EPSRC● Bath University IMRC
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Project website:
http://reprap.org