The Renaissance
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Transcript of The Renaissance
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The RenaissanceThe Renaissance
Cultural Awakening&
Church Response
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Foundational ConceptsFoundational Concepts
• Name: Renaissance– Implies a rebirth
• Locus– Broadly: 1350-1650 in Western Europe
– Narrowly: 14th Century in Italy
• Name: Renaissance– Implies a rebirth
• Locus– Broadly: 1350-1650 in Western Europe
– Narrowly: 14th Century in Italy
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Foundational ConceptsFoundational Concepts
Theo-centric concentration Anthropocentric view of life
Corporate-sacred focus Individualistic-secular focus
Pessimistic(fearful/superstitious)
Optimistic way of living (experimental/hypothesizing)
Futuristic thinking Present thinking
• Nature
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Foundational ConceptsFoundational Concepts• Sources
1. Economic transformation
2. Centralizing governments
3. Rise of Italian merchant cities as independent republics
4. Proliferation of written materials
5. Nominalism replaced “realism” as philosophical foundation
• Sources1. Economic transformation
2. Centralizing governments
3. Rise of Italian merchant cities as independent republics
4. Proliferation of written materials
5. Nominalism replaced “realism” as philosophical foundation
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Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance and Humanism
• Tendency to place humans (humanity) at the
center of the universe
• In 14-16th c. humanism implied a literary
methodology
• Term evolved to mean “the study of the
humanities”
• Tendency to place humans (humanity) at the
center of the universe
• In 14-16th c. humanism implied a literary
methodology
• Term evolved to mean “the study of the
humanities”
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Expressions/forms of Humanism Expressions/forms of Humanism
• Literary
• Scientific
• Classical
• Italian (cultural/artistic humanism)
• Literary
• Scientific
• Classical
• Italian (cultural/artistic humanism)
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Contributions of Humanism Contributions of Humanism 1. New curriculum in universities
2. Preserved classical literature
3. Textual criticism emerged as important science(Lorenzo Valla)
4. Historical Awareness
5. Literary form and style
6. Revolutionized science (Galileo)
7. Repositioned foundation of cultural morality (Machiavelli)
1. New curriculum in universities
2. Preserved classical literature
3. Textual criticism emerged as important science(Lorenzo Valla)
4. Historical Awareness
5. Literary form and style
6. Revolutionized science (Galileo)
7. Repositioned foundation of cultural morality (Machiavelli)
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Figures of Italian RenaissanceFigures of Italian Renaissance• Petrarch (1304-1374)
– Founder of Renaissance humanism
• Boccaccio (1313-1375) – Launched Greek classic revival (Decameron)
• Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)– Director of Platonic Academy in Florence
• Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)– Wrote The Dignity of Man
• Petrarch (1304-1374)– Founder of Renaissance humanism
• Boccaccio (1313-1375) – Launched Greek classic revival (Decameron)
• Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)– Director of Platonic Academy in Florence
• Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)– Wrote The Dignity of Man
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Giotto (1266-1336)
– The Death of St. Francis
• Giotto (1266-1336)
– The Death of St. Francis
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Giotto (1266-1336)
– The Lamentation of Christ
• Giotto (1266-1336)
– The Lamentation of Christ
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
– Last Supper
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
– Last Supper
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
– Mona Lisa
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
– Mona Lisa
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Raphael (1483-
1520)
– Julian Apartments
at St. Peter’s
• Raphael (1483-
1520)
– Julian Apartments
at St. Peter’s
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
– Sculptures:
• David, Moses, Pieta
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
– Sculptures:
• David, Moses, Pieta
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David
Moses
Pieta
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
– Paintings:
• Sistine Chapel
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
– Paintings:
• Sistine Chapel
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
– Structures:
• St. Peter’s Basilica
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
– Structures:
• St. Peter’s Basilica
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
– Clothing:
• Papal Swiss Guard
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
– Clothing:
• Papal Swiss Guard
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Renaissance flowering in arts Renaissance flowering in arts
• Bernini (1598-1680)
– St. Peter’s Chair, Baldacchino
– St. Peter’s Square – Colonnades
– Palazzo Senatorio
– Ecstasy of St. Teresa
• Bernini (1598-1680)
– St. Peter’s Chair, Baldacchino
– St. Peter’s Square – Colonnades
– Palazzo Senatorio
– Ecstasy of St. Teresa
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BaldacchinoSt. Peter’s Cathedra
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Ecstasy of St. Teresa
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Renaissance – Papal AmbitionsRenaissance – Papal Ambitions
• Nine Infamous Popes of the
Renaissance
1. Nicholas V (1447-55)
2. Calixtus III (1455-58)
3. Pius II (1458-64)
4. Paul II (1464-71)
5. Sixtus IV (1471-84)
6. Innocent VIII (1484-92)
7. Alexander VI (Borgia) (1492-1503)
8. Julius II (1503-1513)
9. Leo X (1513-1521)
• Nine Infamous Popes of the
Renaissance
1. Nicholas V (1447-55)
2. Calixtus III (1455-58)
3. Pius II (1458-64)
4. Paul II (1464-71)
5. Sixtus IV (1471-84)
6. Innocent VIII (1484-92)
7. Alexander VI (Borgia) (1492-1503)
8. Julius II (1503-1513)
9. Leo X (1513-1521)
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Renaissance Adaptation: Northern HumanismRenaissance Adaptation: Northern Humanism
• Links bridging two expressions of
humanism
– Foreign correspondence of Italian
humanists
– Printed books, originating in places like
Aldine press in Venice
– European scholars
• Links bridging two expressions of
humanism
– Foreign correspondence of Italian
humanists
– Printed books, originating in places like
Aldine press in Venice
– European scholars
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Renaissance Adaptation: Northern HumanismRenaissance Adaptation: Northern Humanism
• Three Ideals
1. Concern for bonae litterae (good/fine
literature)
2. Emphasized religious program directed
towards revival of the Christian church
3. Struck a pacifistic note in most areas
• Three Ideals
1. Concern for bonae litterae (good/fine
literature)
2. Emphasized religious program directed
towards revival of the Christian church
3. Struck a pacifistic note in most areas
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Key Figures: Northern HumanismKey Figures: Northern Humanism
• John Colet (1467-1519)
• Thomas Moore (1478-1535)
• Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522)
• Erasmus (1466-1536)
– Handbook of the Christian Soldier (1503) – Praise of Folly (1511)
– Greek New Testament (Lorenzo Valla influence) (1516)
– Colloquies (1518)
– On Free Will (c. 1524) “Laid the egg that Luther hatched”
• John Colet (1467-1519)
• Thomas Moore (1478-1535)
• Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522)
• Erasmus (1466-1536)
– Handbook of the Christian Soldier (1503) – Praise of Folly (1511)
– Greek New Testament (Lorenzo Valla influence) (1516)
– Colloquies (1518)
– On Free Will (c. 1524) “Laid the egg that Luther hatched”
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Renaissance Resistance: Mystical AlternativeRenaissance Resistance: Mystical Alternative
• Quest– Direct contact with God / Practice the presence of
God
• Two Forms– Psychological – emotional union– Philosophical – essential union
• Causes– Reaction against scholastic excesses of rationalism – Nominalism’s emphasis on individual and limits of
reason – Protest against troubled times in the church and
society
• Quest– Direct contact with God / Practice the presence of
God
• Two Forms– Psychological – emotional union– Philosophical – essential union
• Causes– Reaction against scholastic excesses of rationalism – Nominalism’s emphasis on individual and limits of
reason – Protest against troubled times in the church and
society
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Influential MysticsInfluential Mystics
• John (Meister) Eckhart (1260-1327)
– Father of German mysticism
• Julian of Norwich (1342-1423)
– Greatest woman mystic of middle ages
• Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)
– Latin mysticism (emotional) at its best
• John of Ruysbroeck (1293-1381)
– Influenced mystical movement in Holland
• Gerard Groote (1340-1384)
– Modern Devotion movement / Brethren of Common Life
• Thomas A’Kempis (1380-1471)
– Imitation of Christ
• John (Meister) Eckhart (1260-1327)
– Father of German mysticism
• Julian of Norwich (1342-1423)
– Greatest woman mystic of middle ages
• Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)
– Latin mysticism (emotional) at its best
• John of Ruysbroeck (1293-1381)
– Influenced mystical movement in Holland
• Gerard Groote (1340-1384)
– Modern Devotion movement / Brethren of Common Life
• Thomas A’Kempis (1380-1471)
– Imitation of Christ
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Consequences of MysticismConsequences of Mysticism
1. Emphasis on subjectiveness of Gospel message
2. Tended to substitute inner authority for the Bible (minimized doctrine)
3. Could become too passivistic --
no outward action to match
inward reflection
1. Emphasis on subjectiveness of Gospel message
2. Tended to substitute inner authority for the Bible (minimized doctrine)
3. Could become too passivistic --
no outward action to match
inward reflection
I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may think that I am lying. The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus (1515-1582)
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Renaissance Resistance:Ultra-ConservativesRenaissance Resistance:Ultra-Conservatives
Garolano Savonarola (1452-1498) • Background
• Ministry Career
• Political entanglements
• Penitential city of Florence
– Burning of the Vanities
• Downfall and death (May 23, 1498)
• Message in his life and death
Garolano Savonarola (1452-1498) • Background
• Ministry Career
• Political entanglements
• Penitential city of Florence
– Burning of the Vanities
• Downfall and death (May 23, 1498)
• Message in his life and death
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