THE RELIGIOUS WARS: The English Civil War (aka English/Puritan Revolution or The Wars of the Three...

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THE RELIGIOUS WARS: THE RELIGIOUS WARS: The English Civil The English Civil War War (aka (aka English/Puritan English/Puritan Revolution Revolution or or The Wars of The Wars of the Three Kingdoms the Three Kingdoms ) )

Transcript of THE RELIGIOUS WARS: The English Civil War (aka English/Puritan Revolution or The Wars of the Three...

THE RELIGIOUS WARS:THE RELIGIOUS WARS:The English Civil WarThe English Civil War (aka (aka English/Puritan English/Puritan Revolution Revolution oror The The Wars of the Three Wars of the Three

KingdomsKingdoms))

Origins of the ConflictOrigins of the Conflict The wars were the outcome of tensions The wars were the outcome of tensions

between king and subjects over religious between king and subjects over religious and civil issues.and civil issues.

Religious disputes centered on whether Religious disputes centered on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the subject.or the choice of the subject.

Civil questions were to what extent the Civil questions were to what extent the king's rule was constrained by parliaments.king's rule was constrained by parliaments.

The wars also had an element of national The wars also had an element of national conflict, as Ireland and Scotland rebelled conflict, as Ireland and Scotland rebelled against England's primacy within the Three against England's primacy within the Three Kingdoms. Kingdoms.

King James VI & I (r. 1603-King James VI & I (r. 1603-1625)1625) House of Stuart of Scotland.House of Stuart of Scotland. Belief in “divine right of Belief in “divine right of

kings,” wanted to rule kings,” wanted to rule without Parliament without Parliament

Leadership of Church went Leadership of Church went to those with to those with Arminian Arminian beliefs (predestination but beliefs (predestination but with “good works”)with “good works”)

Archbishop LaudArchbishop Laud tried to tried to impose Catholic-style ritual; impose Catholic-style ritual; Puritans dismayed.Puritans dismayed.

King claimed King claimed “no bishop, “no bishop, no kingno king” to Puritan ” to Puritan demand to end bishop demand to end bishop control.control.

Charles I (r. 1625-1649)Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Charles sought to rule Charles sought to rule

without Parliament and to without Parliament and to control the Anglican control the Anglican ChurchChurch

Petition of Right, 1628Petition of Right, 1628: : Parliament attempt to Parliament attempt to bribe king (taxes) in return bribe king (taxes) in return for accepting Parliament’s for accepting Parliament’s right to tax, right to tax, habeas habeas corpuscorpus, no quartering, and , no quartering, and no martial law in no martial law in peacetimepeacetime

Charles dissolved Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629; ruled Parliament in 1629; ruled without until 1640 using without until 1640 using collection of ship moneycollection of ship money

Revolt in ScotlandRevolt in Scotland

In 1637, English gov’t ordered the In 1637, English gov’t ordered the use of Anglican service in Scottish use of Anglican service in Scottish churches (churches (Book of Common Book of Common PrayerPrayer).).

In 1638, thousands of Scots signed In 1638, thousands of Scots signed the the Solemn League and Solemn League and CovenantCovenant, pledging to defend the , pledging to defend the Presbyterianism (Calvinism)Presbyterianism (Calvinism)

In 1639-40, the Scots rose in revolt, In 1639-40, the Scots rose in revolt, in which became in which became The Bishops WarThe Bishops War. .

The Short ParliamentThe Short Parliament

Charles needed money to stop the revolt, so Charles needed money to stop the revolt, so he called Parliament into session in April 1640.he called Parliament into session in April 1640.

The session lasted only three weeks as The session lasted only three weeks as Parliament demanded concessions from the Parliament demanded concessions from the king.king.

Charles dissolved Parliament and used already Charles dissolved Parliament and used already assembled forces in Ireland and Scotland to assembled forces in Ireland and Scotland to suppress the revolt.suppress the revolt.

His forces were defeated at Newburn on Tyne His forces were defeated at Newburn on Tyne in Aug. 1640, he needed to pay the Scots to in Aug. 1640, he needed to pay the Scots to keep peace until settlement was reached, keep peace until settlement was reached, therefore he recalled Parliament.therefore he recalled Parliament.

The Long ParliamentThe Long Parliament

Parliament met on Nov. 3 1640 (and Parliament met on Nov. 3 1640 (and did not dissolve until 1653).did not dissolve until 1653).

Parliament impeached and Parliament impeached and eventually condemned to death the eventually condemned to death the Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud.Laud.

Parliament barred the levy of taxes Parliament barred the levy of taxes without its approval, that Parliament without its approval, that Parliament should meet every 3 yrs, and the should meet every 3 yrs, and the king could not dissolve Parliamentking could not dissolve Parliament

Civil War BeginsCivil War Begins

In the In the Grand Remonstrance Grand Remonstrance of of Nov. 1641, Parliament summarized Nov. 1641, Parliament summarized its political and religious grievances. its political and religious grievances.

In Jan. 1642, Charles sent troops to In Jan. 1642, Charles sent troops to Parliament to arrest 5 of its leaders, Parliament to arrest 5 of its leaders, they were warned and escaped.they were warned and escaped.

Fearing for his safety, Charles left Fearing for his safety, Charles left London and headed North to gather London and headed North to gather forces.forces.

Civil WarCivil WarCavaliersCavaliers: :

supported the supported the king, strong in king, strong in North and West.North and West.

RoundheadsRoundheads, , Lawyers, doctors, Lawyers, doctors, merchants, merchants, gentry; Puritans gentry; Puritans opposed king; opposed king; strong in South strong in South and East; allied and East; allied with Scots.with Scots.

Civil WarCivil War Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell led led

“New Model Army”“New Model Army” Defeat the Cavaliers at Defeat the Cavaliers at

Marstoon Moor in July 1644 Marstoon Moor in July 1644 and Nasby in June 1645.and Nasby in June 1645.

King taken prisoner in May King taken prisoner in May 1646.1646.

““Pride’s Purge”Pride’s Purge” creates creates Rump Parliament in Dec. Rump Parliament in Dec. 1648.1648.

Rump Parliament executes Rump Parliament executes Charles in Jan 1649.Charles in Jan 1649.Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

The Interregnum:The Interregnum:The Commonwealth (1649-The Commonwealth (1649-

1653)1653) Political power held in one-house parliament.Political power held in one-house parliament. Council of State conducted daily affairs.Council of State conducted daily affairs. Cromwell pushes Puritan religious agenda.Cromwell pushes Puritan religious agenda. English control established over Scotland; English control established over Scotland;

revolt in Ireland brutally crushed.revolt in Ireland brutally crushed. Clashed with radicals and lower classes.Clashed with radicals and lower classes.

LevellersLevellers: Radical religious revolutionaries; sought : Radical religious revolutionaries; sought social and political reform – proto-communism.social and political reform – proto-communism.

QuakersQuakers: believed in “inner light”; rejected church : believed in “inner light”; rejected church authority; pacifists.authority; pacifists.

The Interregnum:The Interregnum:The Protectorate (1653-1659)The Protectorate (1653-1659) Cromwell dissolves the Council of State Cromwell dissolves the Council of State

and the Rump Parliament in Apr. 1653; he and the Rump Parliament in Apr. 1653; he replaces it with 140-member replaces it with 140-member Barebone’s Barebone’s ParliamentParliament..

In late 1653, he dissolves this and takes In late 1653, he dissolves this and takes title of title of Lord ProtectorLord Protector (one man (one man dictatorship supported by the army).dictatorship supported by the army).

Cromwell goes to war with the Dutch and Cromwell goes to war with the Dutch and Spain over commercial issues. Dutch were Spain over commercial issues. Dutch were defeated in 1654; in 1655 the English take defeated in 1654; in 1655 the English take Jamaica from the Spanish.Jamaica from the Spanish.

The Restoration - 1660The Restoration - 1660

Cromwell dies in Sept. Cromwell dies in Sept. 1658. He is succeeded 1658. He is succeeded by his son Richard.by his son Richard.

Richard resigns in May Richard resigns in May 1659 and the army 1659 and the army took power.took power.

General Monk moves to General Monk moves to restore the monarchy.restore the monarchy.

Charles IICharles II (r. 1660- (r. 1660-1685) returns to power 1685) returns to power from Francefrom France

King Charles II